Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The concept of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to burn a few milligrams of fuel compressed to more than 1000 times liquid density within the time interval in which mass inertia keeps the burning ...
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The concept of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to burn a few milligrams of fuel compressed to more than 1000 times liquid density within the time interval in which mass inertia keeps the burning fuel together. The required densities can be obtained by imploding a spherical shell ‘target’ (or ‘capsule’) by high-power radiation (laser beams, ion beams, X-rays). Deposition of the beam energy leads to heating and ablation of the surface of the shell and generates the pressure that drives the implosion. The stages of shell implosion, ignition, and propagating burn are then essentially independent of the driver and the irradiation scheme. This chapter discusses the principles of inertial confinement fusion in a simple, almost self-contained manner, and illustrates them by 1-D simulation results of the implosion of a typical direct-drive laser-driven ICF target. Aspects of implosion symmetry are discussed and illustrated by 2-D simulations. The energy output of ICF reactor-size targets is also briefly described.Less
The concept of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to burn a few milligrams of fuel compressed to more than 1000 times liquid density within the time interval in which mass inertia keeps the burning fuel together. The required densities can be obtained by imploding a spherical shell ‘target’ (or ‘capsule’) by high-power radiation (laser beams, ion beams, X-rays). Deposition of the beam energy leads to heating and ablation of the surface of the shell and generates the pressure that drives the implosion. The stages of shell implosion, ignition, and propagating burn are then essentially independent of the driver and the irradiation scheme. This chapter discusses the principles of inertial confinement fusion in a simple, almost self-contained manner, and illustrates them by 1-D simulation results of the implosion of a typical direct-drive laser-driven ICF target. Aspects of implosion symmetry are discussed and illustrated by 2-D simulations. The energy output of ICF reactor-size targets is also briefly described.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do ...
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Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.Less
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.
D. Harlan Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041433
- eISBN:
- 9780252050039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041433.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This biocritical study of J. G. Ballard is the first book to account for the entire life and work of the eccentric, prolific SF author. Ballard began his career publishing short stories in SF ...
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This biocritical study of J. G. Ballard is the first book to account for the entire life and work of the eccentric, prolific SF author. Ballard began his career publishing short stories in SF magazines. Rather than explore outer space, his fiction explores “inner space,” drawing on the aesthetics of Surrealism and Freudian psychoanalysis. In the 1960s, he became associated with the New Wave movement in SF, which eschewed the principles of pulp SF in favor of literary modernism. Ballard’s oeuvre maps the unfolding of the mediapocalypse from the dawn of the Space Age into the 21st century; pathologized by the technology of electronic media, his characters are chronically harrowed by an implosion of real and cinematic landscapes as they struggle to find agency from the “death of affect” incited by the forces of late capitalism. Some scholarship has tried to remove Ballard from SF, arguing that he abandoned the genre halfway through his career, especially after publishing the fictional autobiography Empire of the Sun. As this book avows, however, Ballard began as, and always remained, a SF writer.Less
This biocritical study of J. G. Ballard is the first book to account for the entire life and work of the eccentric, prolific SF author. Ballard began his career publishing short stories in SF magazines. Rather than explore outer space, his fiction explores “inner space,” drawing on the aesthetics of Surrealism and Freudian psychoanalysis. In the 1960s, he became associated with the New Wave movement in SF, which eschewed the principles of pulp SF in favor of literary modernism. Ballard’s oeuvre maps the unfolding of the mediapocalypse from the dawn of the Space Age into the 21st century; pathologized by the technology of electronic media, his characters are chronically harrowed by an implosion of real and cinematic landscapes as they struggle to find agency from the “death of affect” incited by the forces of late capitalism. Some scholarship has tried to remove Ballard from SF, arguing that he abandoned the genre halfway through his career, especially after publishing the fictional autobiography Empire of the Sun. As this book avows, however, Ballard began as, and always remained, a SF writer.
Colin F. Baxter
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813175287
- eISBN:
- 9780813175294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813175287.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Military History
World War II ended with unexpected suddenness. The dropping of two atomic bombs appeared to make conventional explosives obsolete; however, RDX and Composition B played a critical role in creating ...
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World War II ended with unexpected suddenness. The dropping of two atomic bombs appeared to make conventional explosives obsolete; however, RDX and Composition B played a critical role in creating the detonation shockwave that “squeezed” the plutonium core of the “Fat Man” bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.Less
World War II ended with unexpected suddenness. The dropping of two atomic bombs appeared to make conventional explosives obsolete; however, RDX and Composition B played a critical role in creating the detonation shockwave that “squeezed” the plutonium core of the “Fat Man” bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
Steve Redhead
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627882
- eISBN:
- 9780748671182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter is an extract from Baudrillard’s Simulacra and Simulation, with an editorial overview
This chapter is an extract from Baudrillard’s Simulacra and Simulation, with an editorial overview
Chris Bishop
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781496808509
- eISBN:
- 9781496808547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496808509.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
Failure can be just as illuminating as success, and so this looks at the alarmingly short-lived Beowulf: Dragon Slayer. By the mid-1970s, when the Anglo-Saxon hero appeared in his own title series, ...
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Failure can be just as illuminating as success, and so this looks at the alarmingly short-lived Beowulf: Dragon Slayer. By the mid-1970s, when the Anglo-Saxon hero appeared in his own title series, Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon poem, was yet to transition from an academic to a popular milieu, and a continuous and steadfastly nationalist interpretation made it very difficult for the poem’s eponymous hero to get the sort of traction enjoyed by folk heroes such as Robin Hood or Thor. Subsequently, Beowulf: Dragon Slayer, despite the innate worthiness of its subject and despite the efforts of DC heavyweights like Michael Uslan, was doomed before issue one hit the newsstands.Less
Failure can be just as illuminating as success, and so this looks at the alarmingly short-lived Beowulf: Dragon Slayer. By the mid-1970s, when the Anglo-Saxon hero appeared in his own title series, Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon poem, was yet to transition from an academic to a popular milieu, and a continuous and steadfastly nationalist interpretation made it very difficult for the poem’s eponymous hero to get the sort of traction enjoyed by folk heroes such as Robin Hood or Thor. Subsequently, Beowulf: Dragon Slayer, despite the innate worthiness of its subject and despite the efforts of DC heavyweights like Michael Uslan, was doomed before issue one hit the newsstands.
Harold A. Feiveson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027748
- eISBN:
- 9780262319188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027748.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Fissile materials can sustain a nuclear chain reaction and are used in weapons and as reactor fuels. This chapter explains the production and use of the most common fissile materials, highly enriched ...
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Fissile materials can sustain a nuclear chain reaction and are used in weapons and as reactor fuels. This chapter explains the production and use of the most common fissile materials, highly enriched uranium and plutonium. The highly enriched uranium typically used in weapons is enriched to 90 percent or higher in the isotope uranium-235. Gaseous diffusion was used to produce most of the highly enriched uranium in the world, but has been replaced by gas centrifuge technology. Plutonium is produced from uranium in reactors and separated from spent nuclear fuel in a reprocessing plant. Plutonium of almost any isotopic composition, including that produced in civilian power reactors, is weapons usable. In the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, a gun-type assembly was used to create a supercritical mass of highly enriched uranium able to sustain an explosive chain reaction, while the Nagasaki weapon used a plutonium implosion compression assembly. In modern thermonuclear weapons, an implosion fission “primary” ignites a fusion-fission “secondary.” Such weapons generally typically contain about 3?4 kilograms of plutonium and 15?25 kilograms of highly enriched uranium.Less
Fissile materials can sustain a nuclear chain reaction and are used in weapons and as reactor fuels. This chapter explains the production and use of the most common fissile materials, highly enriched uranium and plutonium. The highly enriched uranium typically used in weapons is enriched to 90 percent or higher in the isotope uranium-235. Gaseous diffusion was used to produce most of the highly enriched uranium in the world, but has been replaced by gas centrifuge technology. Plutonium is produced from uranium in reactors and separated from spent nuclear fuel in a reprocessing plant. Plutonium of almost any isotopic composition, including that produced in civilian power reactors, is weapons usable. In the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, a gun-type assembly was used to create a supercritical mass of highly enriched uranium able to sustain an explosive chain reaction, while the Nagasaki weapon used a plutonium implosion compression assembly. In modern thermonuclear weapons, an implosion fission “primary” ignites a fusion-fission “secondary.” Such weapons generally typically contain about 3?4 kilograms of plutonium and 15?25 kilograms of highly enriched uranium.
Robert L. Devaney
Araceli Bonifant, Mikhail Lyubich, and Scott Sutherland (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159294
- eISBN:
- 9781400851317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159294.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter surveys dynamical properties of the families fsubscript c,𝜆(z) = zⁿ + c + λ/zᵈ for n ≥ 2, d ≥ 1, with c corresponding to the center of a hyperbolic component of the Multibrot set. These ...
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This chapter surveys dynamical properties of the families fsubscript c,𝜆(z) = zⁿ + c + λ/zᵈ for n ≥ 2, d ≥ 1, with c corresponding to the center of a hyperbolic component of the Multibrot set. These rational maps produce a variety of interesting Julia sets, including Sierpinski carpets and Sierpinski gaskets, as well as laminations by Jordan curves. The chapter describes a curious “implosion” of the Julia sets as a polynomial psubscript c = zⁿ + c is perturbed to a rational map fsubscript c,𝜆. In this way the chapter shows yet another way of producing rational maps through “singular” perturbations of complex polynomials.Less
This chapter surveys dynamical properties of the families fsubscript c,𝜆(z) = zⁿ + c + λ/zᵈ for n ≥ 2, d ≥ 1, with c corresponding to the center of a hyperbolic component of the Multibrot set. These rational maps produce a variety of interesting Julia sets, including Sierpinski carpets and Sierpinski gaskets, as well as laminations by Jordan curves. The chapter describes a curious “implosion” of the Julia sets as a polynomial psubscript c = zⁿ + c is perturbed to a rational map fsubscript c,𝜆. In this way the chapter shows yet another way of producing rational maps through “singular” perturbations of complex polynomials.
