Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The accession of Frederick the Great as king of Prussia in 1740 has been regarded as the start of Austro-Prussian dualism and the beginning of the end of the Reich. The years 1740-1763, culminating ...
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The accession of Frederick the Great as king of Prussia in 1740 has been regarded as the start of Austro-Prussian dualism and the beginning of the end of the Reich. The years 1740-1763, culminating in the Seven Years War, were dominated by Austria's unsuccessful efforts to regain Silesia, but these conflicts strengthened the Reich. After the short and disastrous rule of the Bavarian emperor Charles VII, the princes turned to the Habsburgs again and elected Maria Theresa's husband as Francis I; he restored equilibrium in the Reich. Joseph II's efforts to reform the Reich and plans to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria aroused intense opposition. A league of princes (Fürstenbund) opposed him but Prussia was unable to exploit this. The Reich's central and intermediate institutions (Reichstag, Kreise, law courts) functioned well; this inspired S.J. Pütter to define the Reich as a state ‘composed of other particular states’.Less
The accession of Frederick the Great as king of Prussia in 1740 has been regarded as the start of Austro-Prussian dualism and the beginning of the end of the Reich. The years 1740-1763, culminating in the Seven Years War, were dominated by Austria's unsuccessful efforts to regain Silesia, but these conflicts strengthened the Reich. After the short and disastrous rule of the Bavarian emperor Charles VII, the princes turned to the Habsburgs again and elected Maria Theresa's husband as Francis I; he restored equilibrium in the Reich. Joseph II's efforts to reform the Reich and plans to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria aroused intense opposition. A league of princes (Fürstenbund) opposed him but Prussia was unable to exploit this. The Reich's central and intermediate institutions (Reichstag, Kreise, law courts) functioned well; this inspired S.J. Pütter to define the Reich as a state ‘composed of other particular states’.
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153216
- eISBN:
- 9781400845217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153216.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter presents a 2009 lecture titled “We Are All Children of Byzantium”, given at the 19th Annual Runciman Lecture at King's College London. The lecture discussed the gendered character of the ...
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This chapter presents a 2009 lecture titled “We Are All Children of Byzantium”, given at the 19th Annual Runciman Lecture at King's College London. The lecture discussed the gendered character of the imperial court in Constantinople, which brought into focus a set of forces from Roman law to Greek education and Christian monogamy that permitted the quite exceptional, continuous influence of women at the center of the Byzantine Empire through its 1,100 years. Although the empire shared an overwhelmingly patriarchal culture and forms of male domination and female marginalization found in all premodern societies, women can frequently be seen to exercise power. How was it that women so often exercised influence over the millennial empire?Less
This chapter presents a 2009 lecture titled “We Are All Children of Byzantium”, given at the 19th Annual Runciman Lecture at King's College London. The lecture discussed the gendered character of the imperial court in Constantinople, which brought into focus a set of forces from Roman law to Greek education and Christian monogamy that permitted the quite exceptional, continuous influence of women at the center of the Byzantine Empire through its 1,100 years. Although the empire shared an overwhelmingly patriarchal culture and forms of male domination and female marginalization found in all premodern societies, women can frequently be seen to exercise power. How was it that women so often exercised influence over the millennial empire?
Anne Walthall (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520254435
- eISBN:
- 9780520941519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520254435.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This book asks the reader to consider the lives of the mothers, wives, concubines, entertainers, attendants, officials, maids, and drudges of the dynasties of history. By offering the first ...
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This book asks the reader to consider the lives of the mothers, wives, concubines, entertainers, attendants, officials, maids, and drudges of the dynasties of history. By offering the first comparative view of the women who lived, worked, and served in royal courts around the globe, this book opens a new perspective on the monarchies that have dominated much of human history. Written by historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists, the chapters in this book take us from Mayan states to twentieth-century Benin in Nigeria, to the palace of Japanese Shoguns, the Chinese imperial courts, eighteenth-century Versailles, Mughal India, and beyond. Together they investigate how women's roles differed, how their roles changed over time, and how their histories can illuminate the structures of power and the societies in which they lived. This work also furthers our understanding of how royal courts, created to project the authority of male rulers, maintained themselves through the reproductive and productive powers of women.Less
This book asks the reader to consider the lives of the mothers, wives, concubines, entertainers, attendants, officials, maids, and drudges of the dynasties of history. By offering the first comparative view of the women who lived, worked, and served in royal courts around the globe, this book opens a new perspective on the monarchies that have dominated much of human history. Written by historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists, the chapters in this book take us from Mayan states to twentieth-century Benin in Nigeria, to the palace of Japanese Shoguns, the Chinese imperial courts, eighteenth-century Versailles, Mughal India, and beyond. Together they investigate how women's roles differed, how their roles changed over time, and how their histories can illuminate the structures of power and the societies in which they lived. This work also furthers our understanding of how royal courts, created to project the authority of male rulers, maintained themselves through the reproductive and productive powers of women.
Hamilton Hess
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198269755
- eISBN:
- 9780191601163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269757.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are ...
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In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are devoted to specifying appropriate causes for petition and for regulating the ways in which they should be presented. Canons 8 (Greek VII) and 10b draw a distinction between self‐seeking petitions, which are condemned, and petitions concerning widows, orphans, those who suffer injustice, and exiles, and stipulates that no bishop shall go to the court unless he is summoned or invited by the emperor. Canon 9a (Greek VIII) directs that the petitions should be delivered to the court by the petitioning bishop's deacon, and canon 9b (Greek IXa) adds that the petitions should first be approved by the metropolitan bishop of the province. Canon 10a (Greek IXb) makes a provision for bishops who have petitions and who are going to Rome that the Roman bishop may examine and send approved petitions to the court. This chapter also considers the development of the office of the metropolitan bishop in the East in the light of the evidence provided by Canon 9b (Greek IXa).Less
In response to a general problem in the fourth‐century Church arising from ambitious or unworthy petitions submitted to the imperial court by individual bishops, seven of the Serdican canons are devoted to specifying appropriate causes for petition and for regulating the ways in which they should be presented. Canons 8 (Greek VII) and 10b draw a distinction between self‐seeking petitions, which are condemned, and petitions concerning widows, orphans, those who suffer injustice, and exiles, and stipulates that no bishop shall go to the court unless he is summoned or invited by the emperor. Canon 9a (Greek VIII) directs that the petitions should be delivered to the court by the petitioning bishop's deacon, and canon 9b (Greek IXa) adds that the petitions should first be approved by the metropolitan bishop of the province. Canon 10a (Greek IXb) makes a provision for bishops who have petitions and who are going to Rome that the Roman bishop may examine and send approved petitions to the court. This chapter also considers the development of the office of the metropolitan bishop in the East in the light of the evidence provided by Canon 9b (Greek IXa).
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153018
- eISBN:
- 9781400845224
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153018.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This volume explores the political, cultural, and ecclesiastical forces that linked the metropolis of Byzantium to the margins of its far-flung empire. Focusing on the provincial region of Hellas and ...
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This volume explores the political, cultural, and ecclesiastical forces that linked the metropolis of Byzantium to the margins of its far-flung empire. Focusing on the provincial region of Hellas and Peloponnesos in central and southern Greece, the book shows how the prestige of Constantinople was reflected in the military, civilian, and ecclesiastical officials sent out to govern the provinces. It evokes the ideology and culture of the center by examining different aspects of the imperial court, including diplomacy, ceremony, intellectual life, and relations with the church. Particular topics treat the transmission of mathematical manuscripts, the burning of offensive material, and the church's role in distributing philanthropy. The book contrasts life in the capital with provincial life, tracing the adaptation of a largely rural population to rule by Constantinople from the early medieval period onward. The letters of Michael Choniates, archbishop of Athens from 1182 to 1205, offer a detailed account of how this highly educated cleric coped with life in an imperial backwater, and demonstrate a synthesis of ancient Greek culture and medieval Christianity that was characteristic of the Byzantine elite. The chapters draw together a significant body of scholarship on problems of empire. The book features a general introduction, two previously unpublished essays, and a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into the book's broader analysis of the unusual brilliance and longevity of Byzantium.Less
This volume explores the political, cultural, and ecclesiastical forces that linked the metropolis of Byzantium to the margins of its far-flung empire. Focusing on the provincial region of Hellas and Peloponnesos in central and southern Greece, the book shows how the prestige of Constantinople was reflected in the military, civilian, and ecclesiastical officials sent out to govern the provinces. It evokes the ideology and culture of the center by examining different aspects of the imperial court, including diplomacy, ceremony, intellectual life, and relations with the church. Particular topics treat the transmission of mathematical manuscripts, the burning of offensive material, and the church's role in distributing philanthropy. The book contrasts life in the capital with provincial life, tracing the adaptation of a largely rural population to rule by Constantinople from the early medieval period onward. The letters of Michael Choniates, archbishop of Athens from 1182 to 1205, offer a detailed account of how this highly educated cleric coped with life in an imperial backwater, and demonstrate a synthesis of ancient Greek culture and medieval Christianity that was characteristic of the Byzantine elite. The chapters draw together a significant body of scholarship on problems of empire. The book features a general introduction, two previously unpublished essays, and a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into the book's broader analysis of the unusual brilliance and longevity of Byzantium.
Warren T. Woodfin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199592098
- eISBN:
- 9780191808302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199592098.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter deals with the evolution of the Byzantine liturgical vestments from eleventh up to the fourteenth centuries and its relation to the imperial court. It argues that the progressive ...
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This chapter deals with the evolution of the Byzantine liturgical vestments from eleventh up to the fourteenth centuries and its relation to the imperial court. It argues that the progressive changes, referred to as ‘inflationary pressures’, in the liturgical iconography is parallel to that of the court costumes. The increasing detailedness of the liturgical insignia gave emphasis to the clergy’s ranks and highlighted their hierarchy. Such ornate embroidery put the system of liturgical vesture at par with that of the imperial court, especially at the time of the Komnenian and Palaiologan dynasties. This chapter primarily looks at the wardrobe of the emperor and his adherents, its decorations and symbolism, in an effort to understand the connection between the imperial garbs and the liturgical vestments.Less
This chapter deals with the evolution of the Byzantine liturgical vestments from eleventh up to the fourteenth centuries and its relation to the imperial court. It argues that the progressive changes, referred to as ‘inflationary pressures’, in the liturgical iconography is parallel to that of the court costumes. The increasing detailedness of the liturgical insignia gave emphasis to the clergy’s ranks and highlighted their hierarchy. Such ornate embroidery put the system of liturgical vesture at par with that of the imperial court, especially at the time of the Komnenian and Palaiologan dynasties. This chapter primarily looks at the wardrobe of the emperor and his adherents, its decorations and symbolism, in an effort to understand the connection between the imperial garbs and the liturgical vestments.
Sara Ludin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780823283712
- eISBN:
- 9780823286164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823283712.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This essay takes a close look at the "power of attorney" document drafted in 1531 by a group of German princes and cities in which they appoint two lawyers to represent them collectively in all ...
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This essay takes a close look at the "power of attorney" document drafted in 1531 by a group of German princes and cities in which they appoint two lawyers to represent them collectively in all disputes in which "one or more of us is sued on account of our holy faith, religion, ceremonies, and what attaches to them." In the 1530s and '40s, this power of attorney was invoked in dozens of civil and public law disputes that had arisen from local reformations-concerning church property, jurisdiction, and the land-peace. Many regard the case files of these highly politicized Reformation cases as the "wrong place" to look for law. This essay illustrates that even in the most apparently formalistic and legalistic documents of a case file, such as the power of attorney, we can identify moments of juridical experimentation that operated as unexpected proxies or even prerequisites for larger constitutional questions of status and recognition. In particular, the study shows that long before the Protestants, as a group, and Lutheranism, as a confession, were given legal status in the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, the "protesting estates" had achieved ad hoc legal legibility in the shuffle of courtroom disputes.Less
This essay takes a close look at the "power of attorney" document drafted in 1531 by a group of German princes and cities in which they appoint two lawyers to represent them collectively in all disputes in which "one or more of us is sued on account of our holy faith, religion, ceremonies, and what attaches to them." In the 1530s and '40s, this power of attorney was invoked in dozens of civil and public law disputes that had arisen from local reformations-concerning church property, jurisdiction, and the land-peace. Many regard the case files of these highly politicized Reformation cases as the "wrong place" to look for law. This essay illustrates that even in the most apparently formalistic and legalistic documents of a case file, such as the power of attorney, we can identify moments of juridical experimentation that operated as unexpected proxies or even prerequisites for larger constitutional questions of status and recognition. In particular, the study shows that long before the Protestants, as a group, and Lutheranism, as a confession, were given legal status in the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, the "protesting estates" had achieved ad hoc legal legibility in the shuffle of courtroom disputes.
Richard G. Wang
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199767687
- eISBN:
- 9780199950607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199767687.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter 2 focuses first on the general ritual institutions in each princely establishment and then on the Divine Music Abbey system for each principality at the local level. Many rituals and ...
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Chapter 2 focuses first on the general ritual institutions in each princely establishment and then on the Divine Music Abbey system for each principality at the local level. Many rituals and sacrifices were practiced in the princely establishments, and they played an extremely important role in the lives of the princes and of their courts. In terms of the Divine Music Abbey system, each princedom had a branch of it which was staffed with Daoist ritual musicians and dancers (yuewusheng). This chapter illustrates how Daoist priests functioned as key performers in state rituals at the local level managed by the Ming princes. As a result of this, the princely courtly rites were characterized by a Daoist flavour.Less
Chapter 2 focuses first on the general ritual institutions in each princely establishment and then on the Divine Music Abbey system for each principality at the local level. Many rituals and sacrifices were practiced in the princely establishments, and they played an extremely important role in the lives of the princes and of their courts. In terms of the Divine Music Abbey system, each princedom had a branch of it which was staffed with Daoist ritual musicians and dancers (yuewusheng). This chapter illustrates how Daoist priests functioned as key performers in state rituals at the local level managed by the Ming princes. As a result of this, the princely courtly rites were characterized by a Daoist flavour.
W. H. C. Frend
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198264088
- eISBN:
- 9780191682704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198264088.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
Eleven years saw the defeat of the Donatist movement in North Africa. The tactics pursued by the two Churches can be reconstructed in their detail. The great personal duel between Augustine and ...
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Eleven years saw the defeat of the Donatist movement in North Africa. The tactics pursued by the two Churches can be reconstructed in their detail. The great personal duel between Augustine and Petilian of Constantine becomes alive amidst the arid dialectic of the Augustinian anti-Donatist tracts. At the same time, the canons of the annual Catholic Councils provide the background of the internal condition of the victorious Catholic Church. The laws of the Codex Theadarianus shed light on the policy of the Imperial Court, and provide a clue towards understanding the mission of the Imperial mandatory Marcellinus to Africa in 411. Meanwhile, the Acta of the Council of Carthage, over which Marcellinus himself presided in June 411, reveals both the conflicting ideas of the two Churches and the outlook and personal beliefs of the advocates who defended them.Less
Eleven years saw the defeat of the Donatist movement in North Africa. The tactics pursued by the two Churches can be reconstructed in their detail. The great personal duel between Augustine and Petilian of Constantine becomes alive amidst the arid dialectic of the Augustinian anti-Donatist tracts. At the same time, the canons of the annual Catholic Councils provide the background of the internal condition of the victorious Catholic Church. The laws of the Codex Theadarianus shed light on the policy of the Imperial Court, and provide a clue towards understanding the mission of the Imperial mandatory Marcellinus to Africa in 411. Meanwhile, the Acta of the Council of Carthage, over which Marcellinus himself presided in June 411, reveals both the conflicting ideas of the two Churches and the outlook and personal beliefs of the advocates who defended them.
Farzin Vejdani
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791533
- eISBN:
- 9780804792813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791533.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter demonstrates that the Qajar court’s creation of the Translation and Publication Bureaus in the mid-nineteenth century marked a break with previous patterns of court patronage for ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the Qajar court’s creation of the Translation and Publication Bureaus in the mid-nineteenth century marked a break with previous patterns of court patronage for official chroniclers. The court charged government officials with the task of translating and composing histories not only to bolster the legitimacy of the Iranian imperial monarchy, but also to seek out autocratic top-down models for modernization through the biographies of European monarchs. By the late nineteenth century and especially with the 1906 Iranian Constitutional Revolution, historians outside of the court gained a measure of autonomy from the patronage and authority of the Qajar state. This chapter argues that the autonomy in the realm of printing was reflected in the selection of histories on revolution, anti-imperialism, and democracy for translation into Persian.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the Qajar court’s creation of the Translation and Publication Bureaus in the mid-nineteenth century marked a break with previous patterns of court patronage for official chroniclers. The court charged government officials with the task of translating and composing histories not only to bolster the legitimacy of the Iranian imperial monarchy, but also to seek out autocratic top-down models for modernization through the biographies of European monarchs. By the late nineteenth century and especially with the 1906 Iranian Constitutional Revolution, historians outside of the court gained a measure of autonomy from the patronage and authority of the Qajar state. This chapter argues that the autonomy in the realm of printing was reflected in the selection of histories on revolution, anti-imperialism, and democracy for translation into Persian.
Anja Amend-Traut
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198704744
- eISBN:
- 9780191774041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704744.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter analyses select early modern monetary economy and policy issues brought before the German Imperial Chamber Court. A survey of source material from various archives focuses on court cases ...
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This chapter analyses select early modern monetary economy and policy issues brought before the German Imperial Chamber Court. A survey of source material from various archives focuses on court cases challenging the consequences of currency debasement that resulted from the great inflation of the years 1620–23. The primary focus of research was on the relationships between economic activities and forensic legal practice. The court cases underscore the difficulties faced by merchants and private persons as a result of currency fluctuations over time. The chapter discusses legal, social and economic effects of the inflation: It shows, how legal practice dealt with the inflation and its consequences. While large portions of the population were reduced to subsistence by rising pricing, a small number of profiteers engaged in speculative coin trade. The practice of so-called tipping and see-sawing led to a financial crisis throughout the Holy Roman Empire.Less
This chapter analyses select early modern monetary economy and policy issues brought before the German Imperial Chamber Court. A survey of source material from various archives focuses on court cases challenging the consequences of currency debasement that resulted from the great inflation of the years 1620–23. The primary focus of research was on the relationships between economic activities and forensic legal practice. The court cases underscore the difficulties faced by merchants and private persons as a result of currency fluctuations over time. The chapter discusses legal, social and economic effects of the inflation: It shows, how legal practice dealt with the inflation and its consequences. While large portions of the population were reduced to subsistence by rising pricing, a small number of profiteers engaged in speculative coin trade. The practice of so-called tipping and see-sawing led to a financial crisis throughout the Holy Roman Empire.
Duncan Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198827252
- eISBN:
- 9780191866180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Political History, European Early Modern History
This final case study in associative political culture’s shaping of the evolving Holy Roman Empire examines the new legislation passed during the reign of King/Emperor Maximilian, which modern ...
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This final case study in associative political culture’s shaping of the evolving Holy Roman Empire examines the new legislation passed during the reign of King/Emperor Maximilian, which modern historians have often called ‘imperial reforms’. At the heart of the reform narrative is the idea that the Empire experienced a constitutional watershed around 1495/1500 as a set of new institutions was established through laws issued at the imperial diets, such as the so-called ‘eternal public peace’ (Ewiger Landfriede), the imperial chamber court (Reichskammergericht), and the imperial council (Reichsregiment). However, the functions and discourses of these institutions and the legislation that created them were remarkably similar to associative practices and documentation. Viewed from the perspective of the Upper German culture of multilateral assistance through stipulated mutual obligations and adjudication and negotiation at Tage, the outcomes of ‘imperial reform’ appear not as radical departures, but as iterations of deeply rooted structures and dynamics.Less
This final case study in associative political culture’s shaping of the evolving Holy Roman Empire examines the new legislation passed during the reign of King/Emperor Maximilian, which modern historians have often called ‘imperial reforms’. At the heart of the reform narrative is the idea that the Empire experienced a constitutional watershed around 1495/1500 as a set of new institutions was established through laws issued at the imperial diets, such as the so-called ‘eternal public peace’ (Ewiger Landfriede), the imperial chamber court (Reichskammergericht), and the imperial council (Reichsregiment). However, the functions and discourses of these institutions and the legislation that created them were remarkably similar to associative practices and documentation. Viewed from the perspective of the Upper German culture of multilateral assistance through stipulated mutual obligations and adjudication and negotiation at Tage, the outcomes of ‘imperial reform’ appear not as radical departures, but as iterations of deeply rooted structures and dynamics.
Warren T. Woodfin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199592098
- eISBN:
- 9780191808302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199592098.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter argues that aside from the interrelationship between the church and imperial court hierarchies, there is third, heavenly one led by Christ which could also reflect the hierarchies of the ...
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This chapter argues that aside from the interrelationship between the church and imperial court hierarchies, there is third, heavenly one led by Christ which could also reflect the hierarchies of the two previous earthly foundations. It cites Pseudo-Dionysius' works The Celestial Hierarchies and The Ecclesiastical Hierarchies as references to the earthly order having a heavenly counterpart. The Emperor's garments demonstrate his position as the leader of an earthly hierarchy; however the diocese is integrally associated with heaven, depicting Christ (bishop/patriarch) and his angels (deacons/priests). Nevertheless, when the Emperor is inside the church he becomes one of the angels, much like a deacon in dress and in action.Less
This chapter argues that aside from the interrelationship between the church and imperial court hierarchies, there is third, heavenly one led by Christ which could also reflect the hierarchies of the two previous earthly foundations. It cites Pseudo-Dionysius' works The Celestial Hierarchies and The Ecclesiastical Hierarchies as references to the earthly order having a heavenly counterpart. The Emperor's garments demonstrate his position as the leader of an earthly hierarchy; however the diocese is integrally associated with heaven, depicting Christ (bishop/patriarch) and his angels (deacons/priests). Nevertheless, when the Emperor is inside the church he becomes one of the angels, much like a deacon in dress and in action.
G. G. Rowley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231158541
- eISBN:
- 9780231530873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231158541.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on Nakanoin Nakako’s life as a concubine in the imperial court. In the aftermath of the battle of Sekigahara, Emperor GoYōzei slowly restored the regental families to something ...
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This chapter focuses on Nakanoin Nakako’s life as a concubine in the imperial court. In the aftermath of the battle of Sekigahara, Emperor GoYōzei slowly restored the regental families to something like their former prominence, appointing senior courtiers to unfilled offices and ordering them to organize ceremonies that had been held in abeyance. During this period of revival at court, Nakako made her first appearance in the historical record. Early in 1601, she entered service at the imperial palace. If she was indeed born in 1591, she would have been in her eleventh year when she knelt before the women who ran the Bureau of Palace Attendants, whose number she was joining. It could be that the Nakanoin arranged—perhaps even lobbied—for Nakako to become an imperial concubine. This chapter describes the working lives of palace attendants based on the logbook known as the Daily Records, including their performance of kabuki dancing.Less
This chapter focuses on Nakanoin Nakako’s life as a concubine in the imperial court. In the aftermath of the battle of Sekigahara, Emperor GoYōzei slowly restored the regental families to something like their former prominence, appointing senior courtiers to unfilled offices and ordering them to organize ceremonies that had been held in abeyance. During this period of revival at court, Nakako made her first appearance in the historical record. Early in 1601, she entered service at the imperial palace. If she was indeed born in 1591, she would have been in her eleventh year when she knelt before the women who ran the Bureau of Palace Attendants, whose number she was joining. It could be that the Nakanoin arranged—perhaps even lobbied—for Nakako to become an imperial concubine. This chapter describes the working lives of palace attendants based on the logbook known as the Daily Records, including their performance of kabuki dancing.
Rastko Vrbaski
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198704744
- eISBN:
- 9780191774041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704744.003.0026
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter presents a case study of the Austrian Coupon Cases of the 1870s and 1880s, which involved internationally issued bonds of Austrian railway companies that were originally denominated in ...
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This chapter presents a case study of the Austrian Coupon Cases of the 1870s and 1880s, which involved internationally issued bonds of Austrian railway companies that were originally denominated in multiple currencies. Some of these currencies became extinct when the German Empire was created in 1871 and they were merged into the German mark, which was based on gold and appreciated against Austrian silver currency. The disputes were about whether the debt was to be converted into the appreciated mark. The courts consistently ruled in favour of the bondholders, but their reasoning in the six principal decisions evolved: while the initial decisions applied a metallistic approach and treated the issue as a conflict of laws, the later decisions of the German Imperial Court developed a nominalist concept of monetary debt, and on that basis concluded that the law of the currency was universally applicable.Less
This chapter presents a case study of the Austrian Coupon Cases of the 1870s and 1880s, which involved internationally issued bonds of Austrian railway companies that were originally denominated in multiple currencies. Some of these currencies became extinct when the German Empire was created in 1871 and they were merged into the German mark, which was based on gold and appreciated against Austrian silver currency. The disputes were about whether the debt was to be converted into the appreciated mark. The courts consistently ruled in favour of the bondholders, but their reasoning in the six principal decisions evolved: while the initial decisions applied a metallistic approach and treated the issue as a conflict of laws, the later decisions of the German Imperial Court developed a nominalist concept of monetary debt, and on that basis concluded that the law of the currency was universally applicable.
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226720159
- eISBN:
- 9780226720166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226720166.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter looks at a very different aspect of the roles assigned to eunuchs by Byzantine culture, discussed as a case of transcendence. Of all of the situations wherein eunuchs were perceived as ...
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This chapter looks at a very different aspect of the roles assigned to eunuchs by Byzantine culture, discussed as a case of transcendence. Of all of the situations wherein eunuchs were perceived as having readier access to spiritual matters than ordinary men, the most striking involve the perennial confusion between eunuchs and angels. Eunuchs, like angels, were thought to have special powers beyond those of other men. They were an integral part of the material world of mankind but, because of their distinctive gender, they could also penetrate farther along the material–spiritual spectrum than ordinary men. The ease with which eunuchs could cross over into spiritual realms is illustrated in literary themes that regularly play upon the frequent confusion between eunuchs and angels. It was thought that angels were organized in a hierarchical manner and that the heavenly hierarchy was echoed in the hierarchical structures of both the church and the imperial court. The chapter discusses the story of St. Michael the Archangel, who is mistaken for a eunuch. The depiction exactly follows Biblical angelic convention.Less
This chapter looks at a very different aspect of the roles assigned to eunuchs by Byzantine culture, discussed as a case of transcendence. Of all of the situations wherein eunuchs were perceived as having readier access to spiritual matters than ordinary men, the most striking involve the perennial confusion between eunuchs and angels. Eunuchs, like angels, were thought to have special powers beyond those of other men. They were an integral part of the material world of mankind but, because of their distinctive gender, they could also penetrate farther along the material–spiritual spectrum than ordinary men. The ease with which eunuchs could cross over into spiritual realms is illustrated in literary themes that regularly play upon the frequent confusion between eunuchs and angels. It was thought that angels were organized in a hierarchical manner and that the heavenly hierarchy was echoed in the hierarchical structures of both the church and the imperial court. The chapter discusses the story of St. Michael the Archangel, who is mistaken for a eunuch. The depiction exactly follows Biblical angelic convention.
Farzin Vejdani
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804791533
- eISBN:
- 9780804792813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804791533.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This book provides a novel perspective on the relationship between institutions, the position of individual historians in relation to the state, and the contours of specific interpretations of the ...
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This book provides a novel perspective on the relationship between institutions, the position of individual historians in relation to the state, and the contours of specific interpretations of the past in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Iran. It advances debates about Iranian nationalist historiography beyond a consideration of a few “great men” by discussing the complex sets of interactions among a wide cross section of Iranian society—scholars, schoolteachers, students, intellectuals, feminists, government, and poets—who were crucial in defining Iranian nationalism. In order to show these interactions, the book draws on a rich array of primary sources including published histories, textbooks, newspaper and magazines, yearbooks, memoirs, school curricula, pedagogical manuals, and unpublished letters. Using critical social theories on the public sphere and institutions, it argues that the relative autonomy of historians, educational institutions, and voluntary associations had a direct bearing on the degree to which history upheld the status quo or became an instrument for radical change.Less
This book provides a novel perspective on the relationship between institutions, the position of individual historians in relation to the state, and the contours of specific interpretations of the past in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Iran. It advances debates about Iranian nationalist historiography beyond a consideration of a few “great men” by discussing the complex sets of interactions among a wide cross section of Iranian society—scholars, schoolteachers, students, intellectuals, feminists, government, and poets—who were crucial in defining Iranian nationalism. In order to show these interactions, the book draws on a rich array of primary sources including published histories, textbooks, newspaper and magazines, yearbooks, memoirs, school curricula, pedagogical manuals, and unpublished letters. Using critical social theories on the public sphere and institutions, it argues that the relative autonomy of historians, educational institutions, and voluntary associations had a direct bearing on the degree to which history upheld the status quo or became an instrument for radical change.
Tony Honoré
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260783
- eISBN:
- 9780191682155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260783.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the laws that were enacted during the Ravenna Period. From the time the imperial court moved to Ravenna until Honorius' death, excerpts survive from 199 constitutions and are ...
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This chapter discusses the laws that were enacted during the Ravenna Period. From the time the imperial court moved to Ravenna until Honorius' death, excerpts survive from 199 constitutions and are drawn from 260 texts. These excerpts are mainly preserved in the Theodosian Code and also include ten from the Sirmodian constitutions.Less
This chapter discusses the laws that were enacted during the Ravenna Period. From the time the imperial court moved to Ravenna until Honorius' death, excerpts survive from 199 constitutions and are drawn from 260 texts. These excerpts are mainly preserved in the Theodosian Code and also include ten from the Sirmodian constitutions.
Mattias P. Gassman
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190082444
- eISBN:
- 9780190082475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190082444.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
The controversy over the altar of Victory shows how pagans and Christians expressed competing ideas on the public role of religion in an increasingly Christian empire. In 382, Gratian revoked funding ...
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The controversy over the altar of Victory shows how pagans and Christians expressed competing ideas on the public role of religion in an increasingly Christian empire. In 382, Gratian revoked funding from the Roman state priesthoods and removed the altar from the Senate house. Following Gratian’s death in 383, the Senate appealed to his brother, Valentinian II, through the urban prefect, Symmachus, whose communiqué was successfully countered by Ambrose of Milan. Recent scholarship has favoured Symmachus’ account, which it sees as an appeal for religious tolerance, and argued that the affair was decided by the power politics of a child emperor’s unstable court. In response, this chapter argues that Symmachus was actually trying to exclude the emperor’s Christianity from public decision-making. All religions may, for Symmachus, lead to God, but the old cults are Rome’s divinely appointed defence, as well as the bond between Senate and emperors. Ambrose put Valentinian’s duty to God at the heart of his appeal. Ambrose’s Senate contained many Christians, and Ambrose was bound to resist an emperor who endorsed pagan sacrifices (the closest either work comes to explicit political gamesmanship). Together, their works show how malleable Rome’s public religion still was, more than seventy years after Constantine embraced Christianity.Less
The controversy over the altar of Victory shows how pagans and Christians expressed competing ideas on the public role of religion in an increasingly Christian empire. In 382, Gratian revoked funding from the Roman state priesthoods and removed the altar from the Senate house. Following Gratian’s death in 383, the Senate appealed to his brother, Valentinian II, through the urban prefect, Symmachus, whose communiqué was successfully countered by Ambrose of Milan. Recent scholarship has favoured Symmachus’ account, which it sees as an appeal for religious tolerance, and argued that the affair was decided by the power politics of a child emperor’s unstable court. In response, this chapter argues that Symmachus was actually trying to exclude the emperor’s Christianity from public decision-making. All religions may, for Symmachus, lead to God, but the old cults are Rome’s divinely appointed defence, as well as the bond between Senate and emperors. Ambrose put Valentinian’s duty to God at the heart of his appeal. Ambrose’s Senate contained many Christians, and Ambrose was bound to resist an emperor who endorsed pagan sacrifices (the closest either work comes to explicit political gamesmanship). Together, their works show how malleable Rome’s public religion still was, more than seventy years after Constantine embraced Christianity.
Kathryn M. Ringrose
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226720159
- eISBN:
- 9780226720166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226720166.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This book reevaluates the place of eunuchs in Byzantium, using the modern concept of gender as a social construct to identify eunuchs as a distinct gender and to illustrate how gender was defined in ...
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This book reevaluates the place of eunuchs in Byzantium, using the modern concept of gender as a social construct to identify eunuchs as a distinct gender and to illustrate how gender was defined in the Byzantine world. At the same time, the author explores the changing role of the eunuch in Byzantium from 600 to 1100. Accepted for generations as a legitimate and functional part of Byzantine civilization, eunuchs were prominent in both the imperial court and the church. They were distinctive in physical appearance, dress, and manner, and were considered uniquely suited for important roles in Byzantine life. Transcending conventional notions of male and female, eunuchs lived outside of normal patterns of procreation and inheritance and were assigned a unique capacity for mediating across social and spiritual boundaries, which allowed them to perform tasks from which prominent men and women were constrained, making them, in essence, perfect servants.Less
This book reevaluates the place of eunuchs in Byzantium, using the modern concept of gender as a social construct to identify eunuchs as a distinct gender and to illustrate how gender was defined in the Byzantine world. At the same time, the author explores the changing role of the eunuch in Byzantium from 600 to 1100. Accepted for generations as a legitimate and functional part of Byzantine civilization, eunuchs were prominent in both the imperial court and the church. They were distinctive in physical appearance, dress, and manner, and were considered uniquely suited for important roles in Byzantine life. Transcending conventional notions of male and female, eunuchs lived outside of normal patterns of procreation and inheritance and were assigned a unique capacity for mediating across social and spiritual boundaries, which allowed them to perform tasks from which prominent men and women were constrained, making them, in essence, perfect servants.
