Carl-Ulrik Schierup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198280521
- eISBN:
- 9780191603730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280521.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of ...
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This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.Less
This chapter examines EU policies concerning social exclusion, migrant integration, labour migration, and asylum in the early 21st century. A two-pronged approach analyzes EU efforts in the realm of migrant integration together with its interventions in the area of immigration and asylum. A new anti-discrimination orientation is being turned into mandatory EU directives and EU-sponsored transnational development programmes, but this reorientation towards diversity, social inclusion, and equal opportunity is part of a new European Social Model, which is conditioned by a neo-liberal policy dynamic. The contours of the EU’s modernized Social Model are those of a post-national workfare regime. This has critical implications for the transformation of the frameworks of citizenship marking the post-war European welfare states in general, and the incorporation of immigrants and ethnic minorities in European societies in particular. The first part of the chapter explores the changing conditionality posed by the neo-liberal turn and changing frameworks of citizenship with regard to the inclusion of resident denizens and citizens with migrant background. That is, it focuses on the actual condition of being a citizen. The second half of the chapter discusses the changing conditions for becoming (or not becoming) a citizen, framed by a newly emerging supranational political economy of border control, migration management, and asylum.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International ...
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This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.Less
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter outlines illegal immigration in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan, demonstrating the magnitude, strength, and pervasive nature of illegal-immigrant networks. It begins by analyzing the ...
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This chapter outlines illegal immigration in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan, demonstrating the magnitude, strength, and pervasive nature of illegal-immigrant networks. It begins by analyzing the neglect of illegal immigration within developing countries, pointing out the troubled relationship between the state and data generation. These methodological challenges explain why illegal immigration is rendered invisible. Then, it lifts the veil on illegal immigration in some countries, establishing the large and expanding number of illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan. Particular focus is placed on the illegal Bangladeshis settled in Assam, Northeast India. Next, it describes the invisible flows of Filipinos and Indonesians to Malaysia, paying particular attention to their pervasive networks in Sabah, East Malaysia. Data showed that large illegal immigrant flows into India, Malaysia, and Pakistan are being silently absorbed into the host states.Less
This chapter outlines illegal immigration in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan, demonstrating the magnitude, strength, and pervasive nature of illegal-immigrant networks. It begins by analyzing the neglect of illegal immigration within developing countries, pointing out the troubled relationship between the state and data generation. These methodological challenges explain why illegal immigration is rendered invisible. Then, it lifts the veil on illegal immigration in some countries, establishing the large and expanding number of illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan. Particular focus is placed on the illegal Bangladeshis settled in Assam, Northeast India. Next, it describes the invisible flows of Filipinos and Indonesians to Malaysia, paying particular attention to their pervasive networks in Sabah, East Malaysia. Data showed that large illegal immigrant flows into India, Malaysia, and Pakistan are being silently absorbed into the host states.
Lisa Rose Mar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199733132
- eISBN:
- 9780199866533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733132.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, World Medieval History
One of the most curious aspects of anti-Chinese policies was officials’ practice of hiring immigrant Chinese interpreters, thus foiling exclusionary laws. The clash of two titans, Yip On and David ...
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One of the most curious aspects of anti-Chinese policies was officials’ practice of hiring immigrant Chinese interpreters, thus foiling exclusionary laws. The clash of two titans, Yip On and David Lew, shows how political alliances across racial lines compromised enforcement of anti-Chinese immigration policies. The study of interpreters and the politics through which they won, held, and lost their posts reveals a new understanding of how immigration policy was made. As an ethnic collaborator, the interpreter engaged in policy-making from a distinctive position. He had a duty to carry out the mandates of Parliament, but he gained political leadership from supporters who viewed anti-Chinese laws as illegitimate.Less
One of the most curious aspects of anti-Chinese policies was officials’ practice of hiring immigrant Chinese interpreters, thus foiling exclusionary laws. The clash of two titans, Yip On and David Lew, shows how political alliances across racial lines compromised enforcement of anti-Chinese immigration policies. The study of interpreters and the politics through which they won, held, and lost their posts reveals a new understanding of how immigration policy was made. As an ethnic collaborator, the interpreter engaged in policy-making from a distinctive position. He had a duty to carry out the mandates of Parliament, but he gained political leadership from supporters who viewed anti-Chinese laws as illegitimate.
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
It has been observed that illegal immigrants are living comfortably as citizens. This book attempts to follow the innovative though illegal paths that immigrants have devised. They pose an important ...
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It has been observed that illegal immigrants are living comfortably as citizens. This book attempts to follow the innovative though illegal paths that immigrants have devised. They pose an important puzzle by subverting legal immigration procedures and overturning the standard concepts of citizenship. The subject of citizenship: the citizen, is discussed. The infrastructure of citizenship is focused on distinguishing between citizens and immigrants, especially illegal immigrants. This introduction identifies some of the theoretical misconceptions that plague the understanding of illegal-immigrant citizenship in developing states. Part I of this book introduces a theory of illegal-immigrant citizenship, and part II strives to prove it empirically, using cases of illegal immigration to India, Malaysia, and Pakistan. It provides a considerably different view than the one inherited from the developed Western states.Less
It has been observed that illegal immigrants are living comfortably as citizens. This book attempts to follow the innovative though illegal paths that immigrants have devised. They pose an important puzzle by subverting legal immigration procedures and overturning the standard concepts of citizenship. The subject of citizenship: the citizen, is discussed. The infrastructure of citizenship is focused on distinguishing between citizens and immigrants, especially illegal immigrants. This introduction identifies some of the theoretical misconceptions that plague the understanding of illegal-immigrant citizenship in developing states. Part I of this book introduces a theory of illegal-immigrant citizenship, and part II strives to prove it empirically, using cases of illegal immigration to India, Malaysia, and Pakistan. It provides a considerably different view than the one inherited from the developed Western states.
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter illustrates that illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan are traveling abroad under their assumed identities. It poses a direct challenge to sovereignty and global security. ...
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This chapter illustrates that illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan are traveling abroad under their assumed identities. It poses a direct challenge to sovereignty and global security. Specifically, some of the ways that documented illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan threaten the security of these states are reported. The processes arising from the civil society, such as illegal immigration and documentary citizenship, have undermined states' sovereignty. Confronting the challenges of illegal immigration to sovereignty and security involves a large global enterprise. It also requires the centralization and standardization of entire civil registration systems so that identity and membership are no longer blurred in the developing states which send illegal immigrants to Western states. Moreover, it involves the monitoring and surveillance of already existing ethnic immigrant communities so that ethnic-kinship networks do not trump receiving states' control by providing instant membership through documentation. Finally, it entails eliminating all corruption, bribery, and political or ethnic sympathy as a result of which complicity may happen within states.Less
This chapter illustrates that illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan are traveling abroad under their assumed identities. It poses a direct challenge to sovereignty and global security. Specifically, some of the ways that documented illegal immigrants in India, Malaysia, and Pakistan threaten the security of these states are reported. The processes arising from the civil society, such as illegal immigration and documentary citizenship, have undermined states' sovereignty. Confronting the challenges of illegal immigration to sovereignty and security involves a large global enterprise. It also requires the centralization and standardization of entire civil registration systems so that identity and membership are no longer blurred in the developing states which send illegal immigrants to Western states. Moreover, it involves the monitoring and surveillance of already existing ethnic immigrant communities so that ethnic-kinship networks do not trump receiving states' control by providing instant membership through documentation. Finally, it entails eliminating all corruption, bribery, and political or ethnic sympathy as a result of which complicity may happen within states.
Libby Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226122458
- eISBN:
- 9780226122595
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226122595.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Stolen Borders tells the history of the Jewish illegal immigration occasioned by the nation-based, restrictive immigration quotas implemented by federal laws passed in 1921 and 1924. A chaotic ...
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Stolen Borders tells the history of the Jewish illegal immigration occasioned by the nation-based, restrictive immigration quotas implemented by federal laws passed in 1921 and 1924. A chaotic underground of illegal immigration emerged in the wake of these quota laws, which barred nearly all immigrants from Asia and most from southern and eastern Europe, people widely considered inferior and “undesirable.” In the years after the quotas, Jewish migrants sailed into New York with fake German passports and came into Florida from Cuba, hidden in the hold of boats loaded with contraband liquor. This book explores the responses that government officials, journalists, Jewish organizations, alien smugglers, and migrants themselves had to this unsanctioned flow of people over U.S. borders. Ultimately, Stolen Borders challenges a central narrative of U.S. historiography—the narrative of the “closing of the gates” to European immigrants in 1924. It demonstrates that the “gates” did not simply close. Rather, the reordering of the nation’s boundaries in the quota era happened unevenly, confusedly, and with much contention. The book also traces the process through which Jews came to be associated with, and then to be uncoupled from, “illegal alienness.” We know in retrospect that Jews, like other European ethnics, ultimately escaped the category of “illegal alienness”—despite their history of illegal entry—in a way that, for example, Mexicans have not. How this happened has been less well understood. Yet, in its twists and turns this story offers compelling insights into the contingent nature of citizenship, belonging, and Americanness.Less
Stolen Borders tells the history of the Jewish illegal immigration occasioned by the nation-based, restrictive immigration quotas implemented by federal laws passed in 1921 and 1924. A chaotic underground of illegal immigration emerged in the wake of these quota laws, which barred nearly all immigrants from Asia and most from southern and eastern Europe, people widely considered inferior and “undesirable.” In the years after the quotas, Jewish migrants sailed into New York with fake German passports and came into Florida from Cuba, hidden in the hold of boats loaded with contraband liquor. This book explores the responses that government officials, journalists, Jewish organizations, alien smugglers, and migrants themselves had to this unsanctioned flow of people over U.S. borders. Ultimately, Stolen Borders challenges a central narrative of U.S. historiography—the narrative of the “closing of the gates” to European immigrants in 1924. It demonstrates that the “gates” did not simply close. Rather, the reordering of the nation’s boundaries in the quota era happened unevenly, confusedly, and with much contention. The book also traces the process through which Jews came to be associated with, and then to be uncoupled from, “illegal alienness.” We know in retrospect that Jews, like other European ethnics, ultimately escaped the category of “illegal alienness”—despite their history of illegal entry—in a way that, for example, Mexicans have not. How this happened has been less well understood. Yet, in its twists and turns this story offers compelling insights into the contingent nature of citizenship, belonging, and Americanness.
Ananda Rose
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199890934
- eISBN:
- 9780199949793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890934.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at the fears that many Arizonans feel concerning illegal immigration, as well as the logic behind current anti-illegal immigration sentiment. It discusses the rise of Civil Patrol ...
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This chapter looks at the fears that many Arizonans feel concerning illegal immigration, as well as the logic behind current anti-illegal immigration sentiment. It discusses the rise of Civil Patrol groups in southern Arizona and addresses the rationale of Border Patrol strategies to gain and maintain control of the border. It discusses the ways in which illegal immigration is having a detrimental effect on local ranchers, and addresses the criminal threats, domestic threats, and cultural threats that many anti-illegal immigration activists fear, not just in Arizona but across the nation. This chapter serves as a juxtaposition to the first half of the book, providing a stage for the voices of people who stress the need for law, order, and security at the border.Less
This chapter looks at the fears that many Arizonans feel concerning illegal immigration, as well as the logic behind current anti-illegal immigration sentiment. It discusses the rise of Civil Patrol groups in southern Arizona and addresses the rationale of Border Patrol strategies to gain and maintain control of the border. It discusses the ways in which illegal immigration is having a detrimental effect on local ranchers, and addresses the criminal threats, domestic threats, and cultural threats that many anti-illegal immigration activists fear, not just in Arizona but across the nation. This chapter serves as a juxtaposition to the first half of the book, providing a stage for the voices of people who stress the need for law, order, and security at the border.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted ...
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This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted in the postwar period because they appeared to offer a manageable alternative to unregulated migration. However, to the extent that this was managed migration, it was managed to benefit the nation's largest farm employers, not the farmworkers. Managed migration was a success from the growers' perspective, precisely because the Caribbean and Mexican guestworker programs kept wages low and labor plentiful. From the policy makers' perspective, the guestworker programs seemed like sensible and legitimate ways to keep the border open. Temporary worker contracts and guestworkers' deportability added a patina of legality to what was, in essence, a grower-dominated labor recruitment scheme.Less
This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted in the postwar period because they appeared to offer a manageable alternative to unregulated migration. However, to the extent that this was managed migration, it was managed to benefit the nation's largest farm employers, not the farmworkers. Managed migration was a success from the growers' perspective, precisely because the Caribbean and Mexican guestworker programs kept wages low and labor plentiful. From the policy makers' perspective, the guestworker programs seemed like sensible and legitimate ways to keep the border open. Temporary worker contracts and guestworkers' deportability added a patina of legality to what was, in essence, a grower-dominated labor recruitment scheme.
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter considers the implications of documentary citizenship for the understanding of immigration and citizenship in the developing world. It also analyzes its full impact on nations. By ...
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This chapter considers the implications of documentary citizenship for the understanding of immigration and citizenship in the developing world. It also analyzes its full impact on nations. By allowing illegal immigrants access to national suffrage and other political rights, documentary citizenship is a response from civil society to citizenship from above. After this discussion, it examines documentary citizenship as a central attribute of globalization, further demonstrating its common occurrence in developing countries. Finally, it looks at the tension between embracing documentary citizenship as an addition to the diversity of a state and viewing it as a threat with potentially serious implications for national sovereignty.Less
This chapter considers the implications of documentary citizenship for the understanding of immigration and citizenship in the developing world. It also analyzes its full impact on nations. By allowing illegal immigrants access to national suffrage and other political rights, documentary citizenship is a response from civil society to citizenship from above. After this discussion, it examines documentary citizenship as a central attribute of globalization, further demonstrating its common occurrence in developing countries. Finally, it looks at the tension between embracing documentary citizenship as an addition to the diversity of a state and viewing it as a threat with potentially serious implications for national sovereignty.
Mathias Risse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142692
- eISBN:
- 9781400845507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142692.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the relationship between immigration and collective ownership of the earth, and whether the physical aspect of immigration provides constraints on immigration policy. The fact ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between immigration and collective ownership of the earth, and whether the physical aspect of immigration provides constraints on immigration policy. The fact that the earth is originally collectively owned must affect how communities can regulate access to what they occupy. The chapter first considers an account of relative over- and underuse of original resources before discussing illegal immigration in the United States, using a parallel to the civil law notion of “adverse possession” to argue that, under certain conditions, illegal immigration is morally unobjectionable. It then formulates conditions under which it would be reasonable for co-owners to refrain from entering certain regions, even though they would violate no duties of justice by doing so. This proposal is part of the overall approach to global justice that pluralist internationalism develops.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between immigration and collective ownership of the earth, and whether the physical aspect of immigration provides constraints on immigration policy. The fact that the earth is originally collectively owned must affect how communities can regulate access to what they occupy. The chapter first considers an account of relative over- and underuse of original resources before discussing illegal immigration in the United States, using a parallel to the civil law notion of “adverse possession” to argue that, under certain conditions, illegal immigration is morally unobjectionable. It then formulates conditions under which it would be reasonable for co-owners to refrain from entering certain regions, even though they would violate no duties of justice by doing so. This proposal is part of the overall approach to global justice that pluralist internationalism develops.
Libby Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226122458
- eISBN:
- 9780226122595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226122595.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores how established Jewish organizations confronted the legal conundrums the quota laws posed. It examines Jewish leaders’ responses to the illegal immigration of Jews over the ...
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This chapter explores how established Jewish organizations confronted the legal conundrums the quota laws posed. It examines Jewish leaders’ responses to the illegal immigration of Jews over the Mexico-Texas border and to the plight of Jews stranded in Europe with U.S visas rendered defunct by the Immigration Act of 1924. The quota laws posed new dilemmas for American Jewish leaders, pitting their desire to operate in solidarity with Jewish migrants against their need to be regarded as law-abiding Americans. Moreover, there were a number of gray areas that remained in the laws themselves. Jewish leaders exploited this lack of clarity in their efforts to shape the regime of U.S. immigration law as best they could. Whenever possible, they sought to engage in a strategic balancing act, trying to argue the cases of Jewish migrants without seeming to encourage or condone any law-breaking on the part of those migrants.Less
This chapter explores how established Jewish organizations confronted the legal conundrums the quota laws posed. It examines Jewish leaders’ responses to the illegal immigration of Jews over the Mexico-Texas border and to the plight of Jews stranded in Europe with U.S visas rendered defunct by the Immigration Act of 1924. The quota laws posed new dilemmas for American Jewish leaders, pitting their desire to operate in solidarity with Jewish migrants against their need to be regarded as law-abiding Americans. Moreover, there were a number of gray areas that remained in the laws themselves. Jewish leaders exploited this lack of clarity in their efforts to shape the regime of U.S. immigration law as best they could. Whenever possible, they sought to engage in a strategic balancing act, trying to argue the cases of Jewish migrants without seeming to encourage or condone any law-breaking on the part of those migrants.
Libby Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226122458
- eISBN:
- 9780226122595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226122595.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Holocaust, the establishment of the state of Israel, the Cold War, postwar American prosperity and the American civil rights movement all recast debates about race, immigration, and law. Chapter ...
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The Holocaust, the establishment of the state of Israel, the Cold War, postwar American prosperity and the American civil rights movement all recast debates about race, immigration, and law. Chapter Six traces how these forces, along with ongoing American Jewish activism, helped redefine the relationship between Jews and U.S. immigration law, and complete the process of severing the association between Jews and illegal immigration. The new language of “refugees” helped to validate the claims that European migrants had on the nation. So did the 1965 abolition of the quota system, which had come to be seen as an embarrassing legacy of a racist past. During this same period, illegal immigration increasingly came to be defined as nearly synonymous with Mexican immigration, a racialized equation which, in turn, helped erase the history of the illegal European incursions of the prewar period.Less
The Holocaust, the establishment of the state of Israel, the Cold War, postwar American prosperity and the American civil rights movement all recast debates about race, immigration, and law. Chapter Six traces how these forces, along with ongoing American Jewish activism, helped redefine the relationship between Jews and U.S. immigration law, and complete the process of severing the association between Jews and illegal immigration. The new language of “refugees” helped to validate the claims that European migrants had on the nation. So did the 1965 abolition of the quota system, which had come to be seen as an embarrassing legacy of a racist past. During this same period, illegal immigration increasingly came to be defined as nearly synonymous with Mexican immigration, a racialized equation which, in turn, helped erase the history of the illegal European incursions of the prewar period.
Patrick Emmenegger and Romana Careja
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199797899
- eISBN:
- 9780199933488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797899.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Western European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ ...
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Western European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ access to social benefits. We argue that in ‘reluctant countries of immigration’ such as France, Germany, and Great Britain, this tension is attenuated by reforms of social and migration policies. Firstly, migration policies are changed to encourage the arrival of ‘desired’ workers, while barriers to entry for ‘undesired’ immigrants are erected. Secondly, immigrant-specific social security schemes are reformed in order to reduce the incentive for immigrants to come in the first place. Finally, immigrants are disproportionately affected by the cutbacks in social security programs since the 1990s. These reforms contribute to the persistence of socio-economic differences between immigrants and citizens despite considerable efforts aimed at integrating the immigrants into their host societies.Less
Western European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ access to social benefits. We argue that in ‘reluctant countries of immigration’ such as France, Germany, and Great Britain, this tension is attenuated by reforms of social and migration policies. Firstly, migration policies are changed to encourage the arrival of ‘desired’ workers, while barriers to entry for ‘undesired’ immigrants are erected. Secondly, immigrant-specific social security schemes are reformed in order to reduce the incentive for immigrants to come in the first place. Finally, immigrants are disproportionately affected by the cutbacks in social security programs since the 1990s. These reforms contribute to the persistence of socio-economic differences between immigrants and citizens despite considerable efforts aimed at integrating the immigrants into their host societies.
Eithne Luibhéid
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816680993
- eISBN:
- 9781452946634
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816680993.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This book-length study explores the discursive construction of pregnant migrants in Ireland as paradigmatic figures of illegal immigration; the measures that were taken in response; and the cultural, ...
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This book-length study explores the discursive construction of pregnant migrants in Ireland as paradigmatic figures of illegal immigration; the measures that were taken in response; and the cultural, social, and economic consequences of these developments for migrants and citizens. It argues that these Irish transformations drew on and contributed to similar transformations globally, including in the United States, where controversies over pregnant migrants legitimized legal changes that rendered increasing numbers of migrants “illegal,” reconfigured multiple social hierarchies—and generated resistance. The study brings the scholarship on the social construction of illegal immigration into critical dialogue with queer theory. Immigration scholarship shows that designations of legality and illegality do not reflect individual character, but instead, stem from histories of colonialism, global capitalism, racism, and nation-building. The role of sexual regimes in shaping immigrants’ legal status designations remains overlooked, however. By using queer theory to analyze how pregnant women became constructed as illegal immigrants, this project fills that gap in immigration scholarship. The project also expands queer theory by exploring how crises over illegal immigration transform nationalist sexual norms and associated social hierarchies at interlinked local, national, and global scales.Less
This book-length study explores the discursive construction of pregnant migrants in Ireland as paradigmatic figures of illegal immigration; the measures that were taken in response; and the cultural, social, and economic consequences of these developments for migrants and citizens. It argues that these Irish transformations drew on and contributed to similar transformations globally, including in the United States, where controversies over pregnant migrants legitimized legal changes that rendered increasing numbers of migrants “illegal,” reconfigured multiple social hierarchies—and generated resistance. The study brings the scholarship on the social construction of illegal immigration into critical dialogue with queer theory. Immigration scholarship shows that designations of legality and illegality do not reflect individual character, but instead, stem from histories of colonialism, global capitalism, racism, and nation-building. The role of sexual regimes in shaping immigrants’ legal status designations remains overlooked, however. By using queer theory to analyze how pregnant women became constructed as illegal immigrants, this project fills that gap in immigration scholarship. The project also expands queer theory by exploring how crises over illegal immigration transform nationalist sexual norms and associated social hierarchies at interlinked local, national, and global scales.
Lisa Rose Mar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199733132
- eISBN:
- 9780199866533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733132.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, World Medieval History
Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese ...
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Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese clients and sometimes other non-white groups. The brokerage relations of these “Chinese lawyers” also illuminate another less visible aspect of legal history, the profoundly integrated nature of Canadian justice. Ethnic dispute resolution processes continually interacted with the formal justice system. David Lew’s murder mystery shows how these legal negotiations helped make the Canadian state a central institution in British Columbia’s early twentieth-century Chinese Diaspora.Less
Despite racial bars to the legal profession, Chinese immigrants often made the law their instrument through interpreters who acted as informal legal brokers. They were paralegals who served Chinese clients and sometimes other non-white groups. The brokerage relations of these “Chinese lawyers” also illuminate another less visible aspect of legal history, the profoundly integrated nature of Canadian justice. Ethnic dispute resolution processes continually interacted with the formal justice system. David Lew’s murder mystery shows how these legal negotiations helped make the Canadian state a central institution in British Columbia’s early twentieth-century Chinese Diaspora.
Libby Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226122458
- eISBN:
- 9780226122595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226122595.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter Four examines Jewish migrants’ experiences with illegal immigration in the years following the quota laws, experiences that show the extent to which illegal immigration to the United States ...
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Chapter Four examines Jewish migrants’ experiences with illegal immigration in the years following the quota laws, experiences that show the extent to which illegal immigration to the United States was embedded in a complicated set of interactions between individuals and the newly established international regime of national borders and identity documents. Looking at individuals’ migration stories broadens the frame of reference beyond U.S. law, and beyond the moment in which migrants entered the United States illegally. This approach also demonstrates how unclear the boundaries between legal and illegal migration could be from the point of view of individuals struggling to make the best choices amidst the chaos and danger of post-World War I Europe. This chapter also examines the underworld of temporary “passing” in which illegal immigrants participated when they were smuggled into the country. Such masquerade challenged the fundamental categories of the quota laws even as it relied on them.Less
Chapter Four examines Jewish migrants’ experiences with illegal immigration in the years following the quota laws, experiences that show the extent to which illegal immigration to the United States was embedded in a complicated set of interactions between individuals and the newly established international regime of national borders and identity documents. Looking at individuals’ migration stories broadens the frame of reference beyond U.S. law, and beyond the moment in which migrants entered the United States illegally. This approach also demonstrates how unclear the boundaries between legal and illegal migration could be from the point of view of individuals struggling to make the best choices amidst the chaos and danger of post-World War I Europe. This chapter also examines the underworld of temporary “passing” in which illegal immigrants participated when they were smuggled into the country. Such masquerade challenged the fundamental categories of the quota laws even as it relied on them.
Christina Boswell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198708537
- eISBN:
- 9780191779497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198708537.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Human Rights and Immigration
A number of scholars have argued that illegal immigration should not be understood as a problem that can be rectified by better state policies or international governance: rather, it is an ...
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A number of scholars have argued that illegal immigration should not be understood as a problem that can be rectified by better state policies or international governance: rather, it is an unavoidable structural feature of contemporary liberal democratic states. This chapter discusses three different routes for theorizing illegal migration as a structural phenomenon: the liberal constraint, political economy, and social systems accounts. After setting out each of these accounts, the chapter goes on to explore their plausibility, drawing on examples of how European states and the European Union (EU) have attempted to prevent or control irregular migration. The chapter aims to answer the question: if illegal immigration is indeed a structural feature of liberal states, what are the prospects for managing it?Less
A number of scholars have argued that illegal immigration should not be understood as a problem that can be rectified by better state policies or international governance: rather, it is an unavoidable structural feature of contemporary liberal democratic states. This chapter discusses three different routes for theorizing illegal migration as a structural phenomenon: the liberal constraint, political economy, and social systems accounts. After setting out each of these accounts, the chapter goes on to explore their plausibility, drawing on examples of how European states and the European Union (EU) have attempted to prevent or control irregular migration. The chapter aims to answer the question: if illegal immigration is indeed a structural feature of liberal states, what are the prospects for managing it?
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This concluding chapter considers the possibilities for change and improvement over current iterations of guestworker programs in the United States. If the history of guestworkers in the country ...
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This concluding chapter considers the possibilities for change and improvement over current iterations of guestworker programs in the United States. If the history of guestworkers in the country demonstrates anything, this chapter argues, it is that guestworker programs are not an alternative to illegal immigration. Rather, the two systems of recruiting foreign labor have always existed in symbiosis. But can such an oppressive situation be reformed? The chapter turns to a few solutions; such as the adoption of the European guestworker programs of the 1950s and 1960s, collective bargaining and advocacy work, government intervention and worker vigilance, and finally and most importantly, immigration reform.Less
This concluding chapter considers the possibilities for change and improvement over current iterations of guestworker programs in the United States. If the history of guestworkers in the country demonstrates anything, this chapter argues, it is that guestworker programs are not an alternative to illegal immigration. Rather, the two systems of recruiting foreign labor have always existed in symbiosis. But can such an oppressive situation be reformed? The chapter turns to a few solutions; such as the adoption of the European guestworker programs of the 1950s and 1960s, collective bargaining and advocacy work, government intervention and worker vigilance, and finally and most importantly, immigration reform.
Paul A. Shackel
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041990
- eISBN:
- 9780252050732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041990.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Northeastern Pennsylvania has undergone long-term deindustrialization, and the region has one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation. In the late 1990s, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ...
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Northeastern Pennsylvania has undergone long-term deindustrialization, and the region has one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation. In the late 1990s, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided major tax breaks to corporations, and many companies moved their fulfillment centers to the region. Latinos, mostly of Dominican descent, have migrated to the area to fill these low-skilled positions. As a result, Hazleton’s Latino population has risen from 4 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2010, and by 2020 it will be a majority minority community. Fearing undocumented workers, the City of Hazleton passed anti-immigration laws, which have helped fuel anti-immigration sentiment across the United States. The memory of Lattimer and recognition of the undocumented status of the victims have been employed to protest this type of legislation.Less
Northeastern Pennsylvania has undergone long-term deindustrialization, and the region has one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation. In the late 1990s, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided major tax breaks to corporations, and many companies moved their fulfillment centers to the region. Latinos, mostly of Dominican descent, have migrated to the area to fill these low-skilled positions. As a result, Hazleton’s Latino population has risen from 4 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2010, and by 2020 it will be a majority minority community. Fearing undocumented workers, the City of Hazleton passed anti-immigration laws, which have helped fuel anti-immigration sentiment across the United States. The memory of Lattimer and recognition of the undocumented status of the victims have been employed to protest this type of legislation.
