Kim Cornish and John Wilding
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179941
- eISBN:
- 9780199864652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179941.003.008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 8 focuses exclusively on ADHD, a complex disorder with a broad spectrum of involvement. It is also one of the most widely researched of neurodevelopmental disorders; yet pinpointing its ...
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Chapter 8 focuses exclusively on ADHD, a complex disorder with a broad spectrum of involvement. It is also one of the most widely researched of neurodevelopmental disorders; yet pinpointing its causal mechanisms and attention pathways has not proved as straightforward as at first it appears. Core issues of concern centre on the disorders heterogeneity, the presence of co-morbid disorders (e.g. anxiety, learning disabilities, conduct disorder), and cognitive variability across development. Recent findings clearly support the hypothesis that ADHD should be viewed as a continuum of impairment rather than a discrete clinical disorder. The chapter concludes that weakness in EF processes, particularly planning, inhibition and maintenance of focus, are the key to ADHD, but notes that no convincing explanation is apparent for the frequent co-occurrence of inattentive and hyperactive behaviors.Less
Chapter 8 focuses exclusively on ADHD, a complex disorder with a broad spectrum of involvement. It is also one of the most widely researched of neurodevelopmental disorders; yet pinpointing its causal mechanisms and attention pathways has not proved as straightforward as at first it appears. Core issues of concern centre on the disorders heterogeneity, the presence of co-morbid disorders (e.g. anxiety, learning disabilities, conduct disorder), and cognitive variability across development. Recent findings clearly support the hypothesis that ADHD should be viewed as a continuum of impairment rather than a discrete clinical disorder. The chapter concludes that weakness in EF processes, particularly planning, inhibition and maintenance of focus, are the key to ADHD, but notes that no convincing explanation is apparent for the frequent co-occurrence of inattentive and hyperactive behaviors.
James C. Raines, Susan Stone, and Andy Frey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373905
- eISBN:
- 9780199777440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373905.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Characterized by developmentally atypical levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder affecting 5%-8% of the school-age ...
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Characterized by developmentally atypical levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder affecting 5%-8% of the school-age population. This chapter reviews school-based, psychosocial, or academic interventions for children affected by ADHD. It shows that there are empirically supported strategies for school social workers to use for children affected with ADHD. Most of these strategies would be classified as falling into more intensive and indicated forms of intervention, and this may be appropriate given the nature of the disorder- and child-specific symptom patterning and impairments. There is a need for school social practitioner proficiency in functional behavior assessment, and for a variety of behavioral and contingency management methods.Less
Characterized by developmentally atypical levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder affecting 5%-8% of the school-age population. This chapter reviews school-based, psychosocial, or academic interventions for children affected by ADHD. It shows that there are empirically supported strategies for school social workers to use for children affected with ADHD. Most of these strategies would be classified as falling into more intensive and indicated forms of intervention, and this may be appropriate given the nature of the disorder- and child-specific symptom patterning and impairments. There is a need for school social practitioner proficiency in functional behavior assessment, and for a variety of behavioral and contingency management methods.
Michael R. Kohn, Simon D. Clarke, and Leanne M. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal ...
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal of this approach is: 1) to identify promising markers that bridge cognitive and brain measures, as well as genomics; these currently have value for supporting diagnostic and personalized treatment decisions in clinical practice. These markers are sensitive and specific for distinguishing ADHD, focusing on the triad of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These markers are assessed with straightforward cognitive tests that relate to brain function and genes affecting dopamine. The same markers are also implicated in predicting response to stimulants. A different set of markers capturing alterations in emotion, feeling and their regulation shows promise in identifying comorbid internalizing conditions, such as anxiety, and externalizing conditions, such as conduct disorder.Less
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common disorder of childhood-adolescent brain health. Here, we take an integrative neuroscience approach to personalized medicine. The goal of this approach is: 1) to identify promising markers that bridge cognitive and brain measures, as well as genomics; these currently have value for supporting diagnostic and personalized treatment decisions in clinical practice. These markers are sensitive and specific for distinguishing ADHD, focusing on the triad of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These markers are assessed with straightforward cognitive tests that relate to brain function and genes affecting dopamine. The same markers are also implicated in predicting response to stimulants. A different set of markers capturing alterations in emotion, feeling and their regulation shows promise in identifying comorbid internalizing conditions, such as anxiety, and externalizing conditions, such as conduct disorder.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375718
- eISBN:
- 9780199865529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375718.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Health and Mental Health
In the U.S. the prevalence rate for the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents is nearly 8%, and worldwide rates are 5%. This chapter reviews the ...
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In the U.S. the prevalence rate for the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents is nearly 8%, and worldwide rates are 5%. This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of ADHD. The evidence for treatment of ADHD mainly centers around medication (particularly the psychostimulants) and one type of psychosocial treatment: behavioral therapy. Controversy exists about which should be the first-line intervention. These interventions are also evaluated against how well they address risk factors for the development of ADHD and an afflicted youth's ongoing adjustment. Recommendations for future research are explored, such as establishing whether there are certain, discrete subpopulations of ADHD that warrant particular treatment approaches.Less
In the U.S. the prevalence rate for the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents is nearly 8%, and worldwide rates are 5%. This chapter reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of ADHD. The evidence for treatment of ADHD mainly centers around medication (particularly the psychostimulants) and one type of psychosocial treatment: behavioral therapy. Controversy exists about which should be the first-line intervention. These interventions are also evaluated against how well they address risk factors for the development of ADHD and an afflicted youth's ongoing adjustment. Recommendations for future research are explored, such as establishing whether there are certain, discrete subpopulations of ADHD that warrant particular treatment approaches.
Barbara J. Burns, Scott N. Compton, Helen L. Egger, Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer, and Elizabeth B. Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134575
- eISBN:
- 9780199864065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Communities and Organizations
This chapter presents the evidence base for clinic and school-based interventions for four common childhood disorders or related symptom patterns: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ...
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This chapter presents the evidence base for clinic and school-based interventions for four common childhood disorders or related symptom patterns: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), disruptive behavior disorders, and anxiety disorders and related symptoms. It shows that within the existing base for each disorder, psychosocial interventions include an array of behavioral approaches. The psychopharmacology evidence base is strongest for ADHD, weaker for other disorders, and virtually nonexistent for anxiety disorders. Adjunctive studies examining a combination of psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions were rare, with the largest and most sophisticated one for ADHD.Less
This chapter presents the evidence base for clinic and school-based interventions for four common childhood disorders or related symptom patterns: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), disruptive behavior disorders, and anxiety disorders and related symptoms. It shows that within the existing base for each disorder, psychosocial interventions include an array of behavioral approaches. The psychopharmacology evidence base is strongest for ADHD, weaker for other disorders, and virtually nonexistent for anxiety disorders. Adjunctive studies examining a combination of psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions were rare, with the largest and most sophisticated one for ADHD.
JACQUELINE CORCORAN and DAVID W. SPRINGER
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195154306
- eISBN:
- 9780199864287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154306.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter highlights how the strengths- and skills-building model can be used with adolescent disruptive behavior disorders, which include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct ...
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This chapter highlights how the strengths- and skills-building model can be used with adolescent disruptive behavior disorders, which include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Solution-focused therapy and motivational interviewing can be used together to build strengths and motivation and to get teens to take responsibility for the change process. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is then offered to address cognitive or behavioral deficits that may have played a role in the disruptive behavior.Less
This chapter highlights how the strengths- and skills-building model can be used with adolescent disruptive behavior disorders, which include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Solution-focused therapy and motivational interviewing can be used together to build strengths and motivation and to get teens to take responsibility for the change process. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is then offered to address cognitive or behavioral deficits that may have played a role in the disruptive behavior.
Xiaoying Qiao and Raouf A. Khalil
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326697
- eISBN:
- 9780199864874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Intracellular signaling activities in vascular smooth muscles (VSMs) are central in the control of blood vessel diameter and the regulation of peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. ...
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Intracellular signaling activities in vascular smooth muscles (VSMs) are central in the control of blood vessel diameter and the regulation of peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. Several studies have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying VSM contraction under physiological conditions and the pathological alterations that occur in vascular diseases such as hypertension. Vasoconstrictor stimuli activate specific cell surface receptors and cause an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which forms a complex with calmodulin, activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and leads to MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. In unison, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) increases the myofilament force sensitivity to [Ca2+]i and MLC phosphorylation, and maintains VSM contraction. Identifying the subcellular location of PKC may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of VSM hyperactivity states associated with hypertension. Targeting of vascular PKC using isoform-specific PKC inhibitors may work in concert with cytokine antagonists, antioxidants, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and thereby provide new approaches in the treatment of VSM hyperactivity states and certain forms of hypertension that do not respond to Ca2+-channel blockers.Less
Intracellular signaling activities in vascular smooth muscles (VSMs) are central in the control of blood vessel diameter and the regulation of peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. Several studies have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying VSM contraction under physiological conditions and the pathological alterations that occur in vascular diseases such as hypertension. Vasoconstrictor stimuli activate specific cell surface receptors and cause an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which forms a complex with calmodulin, activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and leads to MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. In unison, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) increases the myofilament force sensitivity to [Ca2+]i and MLC phosphorylation, and maintains VSM contraction. Identifying the subcellular location of PKC may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of VSM hyperactivity states associated with hypertension. Targeting of vascular PKC using isoform-specific PKC inhibitors may work in concert with cytokine antagonists, antioxidants, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and thereby provide new approaches in the treatment of VSM hyperactivity states and certain forms of hypertension that do not respond to Ca2+-channel blockers.
Martell Teasley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195370584
- eISBN:
- 9780199893430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370584.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter provides an overview of evidence-based practice methods, for school social workers and other school counselors, in the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity ...
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This chapter provides an overview of evidence-based practice methods, for school social workers and other school counselors, in the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Step-by-step procedures and guidelines for assessment and treatment interventions are discussed. Resources that will assist school social workers with specific intervention procedures and methods are cited. These resources contain in-depth information supported by evidence-based research and intervention methods that are cited in the reference list for this chapter. Some examples and one case scenario that will assist school social workers with the development of a framework for understanding how to develop an intervention plan for school children diagnosed with ADHD are provided.Less
This chapter provides an overview of evidence-based practice methods, for school social workers and other school counselors, in the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Step-by-step procedures and guidelines for assessment and treatment interventions are discussed. Resources that will assist school social workers with specific intervention procedures and methods are cited. These resources contain in-depth information supported by evidence-based research and intervention methods that are cited in the reference list for this chapter. Some examples and one case scenario that will assist school social workers with the development of a framework for understanding how to develop an intervention plan for school children diagnosed with ADHD are provided.
Alexander Prehn-Kristensen, Richard Cooke, Lioba Baving, and Cynthia Schumann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592388
- eISBN:
- 9780199949922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592388.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System, Behavioral Neuroscience
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a diverse group of behaviourally-relevant multifactorial disorders related to an impairment of growth, maturation, or development of the central nervous system. The ...
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Neurodevelopmental disorders are a diverse group of behaviourally-relevant multifactorial disorders related to an impairment of growth, maturation, or development of the central nervous system. The role of the hippocampus, however, has only recently been acknowledged. These disorders affect memory, emotion, cognitive abilities, and behaviour. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders might have comorbid disorders including intellectual impairment, seizures, and anxiety. The hippocampus is known to be vulnerable to hypoxia, stress, and malnutrition, and thus plays a clinically relevant role in children born preterm, after having experienced febrile seizures, fetal alcohol, or cocaine. Hippocampal dysfunctions are also known to be inherent as seen in Angelman syndrome, fragile-X syndrome, or Down syndrome. Complex interactions between environmental conditions and genetically predispositions are discussed in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in which hippocampal alterations are reported as well. However, even in normal brain development, there is a relationship between hippocampal structure and cognitive function as pointed out at the beginning of this chapter. Here, the structure–function relationship of the hippocampus within these complex syndromes and findings of developmental impairments are reviewed. The introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly with volumetric analysis, but also of functional imaging methods such as functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) facilitated the study of hippocampal changes associated with deficits in children in recent years.Less
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a diverse group of behaviourally-relevant multifactorial disorders related to an impairment of growth, maturation, or development of the central nervous system. The role of the hippocampus, however, has only recently been acknowledged. These disorders affect memory, emotion, cognitive abilities, and behaviour. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders might have comorbid disorders including intellectual impairment, seizures, and anxiety. The hippocampus is known to be vulnerable to hypoxia, stress, and malnutrition, and thus plays a clinically relevant role in children born preterm, after having experienced febrile seizures, fetal alcohol, or cocaine. Hippocampal dysfunctions are also known to be inherent as seen in Angelman syndrome, fragile-X syndrome, or Down syndrome. Complex interactions between environmental conditions and genetically predispositions are discussed in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in which hippocampal alterations are reported as well. However, even in normal brain development, there is a relationship between hippocampal structure and cognitive function as pointed out at the beginning of this chapter. Here, the structure–function relationship of the hippocampus within these complex syndromes and findings of developmental impairments are reviewed. The introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly with volumetric analysis, but also of functional imaging methods such as functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) facilitated the study of hippocampal changes associated with deficits in children in recent years.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195385724
- eISBN:
- 9780199914586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385724.003.0054
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses the application of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to externalizing behaviors in youth. This represents a broad category of behaviors characterized and described as ...
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This chapter discusses the application of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to externalizing behaviors in youth. This represents a broad category of behaviors characterized and described as aggressive, antisocial, or disruptive behavior. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders includes as disruptive behavior disorders attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). These disorders are briefly described here.Less
This chapter discusses the application of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to externalizing behaviors in youth. This represents a broad category of behaviors characterized and described as aggressive, antisocial, or disruptive behavior. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders includes as disruptive behavior disorders attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). These disorders are briefly described here.
Peter C. Mundy and C. Françoise Acra
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195168716
- eISBN:
- 9780199847853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168716.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The development of joint attention reflects and contributes to the early developmental processes necessary for social engagement and social competence in infants. Results of longitudinal studies ...
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The development of joint attention reflects and contributes to the early developmental processes necessary for social engagement and social competence in infants. Results of longitudinal studies suggest that the tendencies of infants to initiate joint attention (IJA) bids could be predictive of some aspects of social engagement and social competence during childhood. Observations further suggest that more frequent IJA bids during infancy could be used as a marker of at-risk children's vulnerability to poor social outcomes. IJA measures may be useful in identifying children who are likely to have hyperactivity and attention problems, or those who may have stronger resistance to the negative impact of moderate attachment disturbances. Measures of joint attention could provide unique data on processes affecting developmental continuity, risk, and social outcomes for children.Less
The development of joint attention reflects and contributes to the early developmental processes necessary for social engagement and social competence in infants. Results of longitudinal studies suggest that the tendencies of infants to initiate joint attention (IJA) bids could be predictive of some aspects of social engagement and social competence during childhood. Observations further suggest that more frequent IJA bids during infancy could be used as a marker of at-risk children's vulnerability to poor social outcomes. IJA measures may be useful in identifying children who are likely to have hyperactivity and attention problems, or those who may have stronger resistance to the negative impact of moderate attachment disturbances. Measures of joint attention could provide unique data on processes affecting developmental continuity, risk, and social outcomes for children.
David Daley, Rasmus Højbjerg Jacobsen, Anne-Mette Lange, Anders Sørensen, and Jeanette Walldorf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198745556
- eISBN:
- 9780191807619
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198745556.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The rapid increase in recent years in the number of children and adults diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) raises a number of questions. It is unclear whether the increase ...
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The rapid increase in recent years in the number of children and adults diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) raises a number of questions. It is unclear whether the increase is due to an increased public and professional recognition and awareness of ADHD or to an actual increase in the incidence of individuals suffering from ADHD. Depending on the reasons behind the increase, and depending on whether effective treatments can be found, the future costs to society could be enormous. The study presented in this book estimates the private and social costs of ADHD. The key focus is to study the costs related to individuals with undiagnosed and untreated ADHD. The study investigates the extent to which individuals with undiagnosed ADHD in childhood fare differently compared to otherwise similar individuals without ADHD. A list of important parameters in an individual’s life are examined, including education, income, health, and crime. The results provide cost estimates of ADHD and also create a point of reference that will be relevant for the evaluation of any future treatment for ADHD. The picture emerging from this study is that ADHD is associated with considerable private and social costs, as adults with ADHD have weak performance across all measures applied in this analysis. These findings remain even when adults with ADHD are compared to a control group of their siblings. Although the study is performed for Denmark, it is argued that the results are generalizable beyond Denmark.Less
The rapid increase in recent years in the number of children and adults diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) raises a number of questions. It is unclear whether the increase is due to an increased public and professional recognition and awareness of ADHD or to an actual increase in the incidence of individuals suffering from ADHD. Depending on the reasons behind the increase, and depending on whether effective treatments can be found, the future costs to society could be enormous. The study presented in this book estimates the private and social costs of ADHD. The key focus is to study the costs related to individuals with undiagnosed and untreated ADHD. The study investigates the extent to which individuals with undiagnosed ADHD in childhood fare differently compared to otherwise similar individuals without ADHD. A list of important parameters in an individual’s life are examined, including education, income, health, and crime. The results provide cost estimates of ADHD and also create a point of reference that will be relevant for the evaluation of any future treatment for ADHD. The picture emerging from this study is that ADHD is associated with considerable private and social costs, as adults with ADHD have weak performance across all measures applied in this analysis. These findings remain even when adults with ADHD are compared to a control group of their siblings. Although the study is performed for Denmark, it is argued that the results are generalizable beyond Denmark.
Stephanie Schmitz
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195157475
- eISBN:
- 9780199848065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157475.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Attention problems are highly prevalent, with rates of occurrence depending on the definition used, and make up to 50% of child psychiatric cases. ...
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Attention problems are highly prevalent, with rates of occurrence depending on the definition used, and make up to 50% of child psychiatric cases. Previous behavior genetic studies of attention problems have analyzed either twin, family, or adoption data, and reported heritability estimates ranging from 0.55 to 0.98. Adoption studies can provide a direct test for the presence of shared environmental factors by examining the similarity between unrelated siblings growing up in the same family; however, the power will be relatively low in small samples. Previous studies reported that adoptees show an increased incidence of attention problems, as high as 13–21% in some samples. This chapter discusses the results of a study showing that both mothers and teachers rate boys as having more attention problems. Separating the overall score into the aspects of inattention and hyperactivity follows the overall picture in that boys seem to show more of these behaviors than girls. For both sexes, the behaviors were rated as relatively stable during the grade-school years.Less
Attention problems are highly prevalent, with rates of occurrence depending on the definition used, and make up to 50% of child psychiatric cases. Previous behavior genetic studies of attention problems have analyzed either twin, family, or adoption data, and reported heritability estimates ranging from 0.55 to 0.98. Adoption studies can provide a direct test for the presence of shared environmental factors by examining the similarity between unrelated siblings growing up in the same family; however, the power will be relatively low in small samples. Previous studies reported that adoptees show an increased incidence of attention problems, as high as 13–21% in some samples. This chapter discusses the results of a study showing that both mothers and teachers rate boys as having more attention problems. Separating the overall score into the aspects of inattention and hyperactivity follows the overall picture in that boys seem to show more of these behaviors than girls. For both sexes, the behaviors were rated as relatively stable during the grade-school years.
JOHN W. RENFREW
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195082302
- eISBN:
- 9780199846894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082302.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive ...
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This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive behaviour. Mental and behavioural problems originating in childhood, such as mental retardation and hyperactivity, may also include excessive aggressive behaviour. This chapter explains that intermittent explosive disorder, which includes outbursts of assaultive behaviours, has many characteristics resembling those of seizures associated with aggression. It also explores various treatment methods for brain dysfunction.Less
This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive behaviour. Mental and behavioural problems originating in childhood, such as mental retardation and hyperactivity, may also include excessive aggressive behaviour. This chapter explains that intermittent explosive disorder, which includes outbursts of assaultive behaviours, has many characteristics resembling those of seizures associated with aggression. It also explores various treatment methods for brain dysfunction.
Ruth Colker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814708101
- eISBN:
- 9780814708002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814708101.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This chapter focuses on the story of Brian Schaffer, who was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of seven, to show how difficult it is for any child to prevail ...
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This chapter focuses on the story of Brian Schaffer, who was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of seven, to show how difficult it is for any child to prevail under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Brian's case was brought after Congress amended the IDEA in 1997, and again in 2004, in various ways that were supposed to benefit students with disabilities. Yet Brian's case reveals a cumbersome legal process that rarely produces success even for children with highly involved parents and qualified legal counsel. This chapter discusses two reasons why Brian's case is crucial for all parents challenging an individualized education program (IEP). First, the Supreme Court has held that the burden of proof should fall on parents when challenging the adequacy of their child's IEP. Second, the lower courts that handled this case interpreted the Rowley adequacy standard as creating a very low threshold for a school district despite the 2004 IDEA amendments.Less
This chapter focuses on the story of Brian Schaffer, who was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of seven, to show how difficult it is for any child to prevail under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Brian's case was brought after Congress amended the IDEA in 1997, and again in 2004, in various ways that were supposed to benefit students with disabilities. Yet Brian's case reveals a cumbersome legal process that rarely produces success even for children with highly involved parents and qualified legal counsel. This chapter discusses two reasons why Brian's case is crucial for all parents challenging an individualized education program (IEP). First, the Supreme Court has held that the burden of proof should fall on parents when challenging the adequacy of their child's IEP. Second, the lower courts that handled this case interpreted the Rowley adequacy standard as creating a very low threshold for a school district despite the 2004 IDEA amendments.
Matthew Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164849
- eISBN:
- 9780231539197
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164849.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This book assesses the political, economic, cultural, and health factors that relate to food allergies. It surveys the history of food allergies from ancient times to the present and provides a clear ...
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This book assesses the political, economic, cultural, and health factors that relate to food allergies. It surveys the history of food allergies from ancient times to the present and provides a clear appraisal of new medical findings on allergies and what they say about our environment, our immune system, and the nature of the food we consume. It shows that for most of the twentieth century, while many physicians and clinicians argued that certain foods could cause a range of chronic problems, from asthma and eczema to migraines and hyperactivity, others believed that allergies were psychosomatic or simply “junk” science. It traces the trajectory of this debate and its effect on public-health policy and the production, manufacture, and consumption of food. It answers the following key questions: Are rising allergy rates purely the result of effective lobbying and a booming industry built on self-diagnosis and expensive remedies? Or should physicians become more flexible in their approach to food allergies and more careful in their diagnoses? It explores the issue from scientific, political, economic, social, and patient-centred perspectives. It engages fully with the history of what is now a major modern affliction and illuminates society's troubled relationship with food, disease, and the creation of medical knowledge.Less
This book assesses the political, economic, cultural, and health factors that relate to food allergies. It surveys the history of food allergies from ancient times to the present and provides a clear appraisal of new medical findings on allergies and what they say about our environment, our immune system, and the nature of the food we consume. It shows that for most of the twentieth century, while many physicians and clinicians argued that certain foods could cause a range of chronic problems, from asthma and eczema to migraines and hyperactivity, others believed that allergies were psychosomatic or simply “junk” science. It traces the trajectory of this debate and its effect on public-health policy and the production, manufacture, and consumption of food. It answers the following key questions: Are rising allergy rates purely the result of effective lobbying and a booming industry built on self-diagnosis and expensive remedies? Or should physicians become more flexible in their approach to food allergies and more careful in their diagnoses? It explores the issue from scientific, political, economic, social, and patient-centred perspectives. It engages fully with the history of what is now a major modern affliction and illuminates society's troubled relationship with food, disease, and the creation of medical knowledge.
Jessica Agnew-Blais and Larry J. Seidman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199657018
- eISBN:
- 9780191748097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657018.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects ~3–6% of the school-age population in the USA. Symptoms of ADHD have been found to be relatively consistent from childhood through adolescence, ...
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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects ~3–6% of the school-age population in the USA. Symptoms of ADHD have been found to be relatively consistent from childhood through adolescence, whereas adults with ADHD tend to exhibit more symptoms of inattention than hyperactivity. Women and girls with ADHD have generally been insufficiently studied. Whereas core symptoms of ADHD are largely similar between boys and girls, girls exhibit less hyperactivity and comorbid conduct disorder. The precise aetiology of ADHD is unclear, and multiple biopsychosocial risk factors may act independently or in concert to produce disorder. Genetic vulnerability, pre- and perinatal exposures, and psychosocial factors have been found to increase risk of the disorder and its persistence. Childhood ADHD is associated with negative outcomes, such as school underachievement and substance use disorders. Rates of persistence of ADHD from childhood into adolescence and adulthood range widely depending on definition of ADHD and source of reporting of symptoms.Less
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects ~3–6% of the school-age population in the USA. Symptoms of ADHD have been found to be relatively consistent from childhood through adolescence, whereas adults with ADHD tend to exhibit more symptoms of inattention than hyperactivity. Women and girls with ADHD have generally been insufficiently studied. Whereas core symptoms of ADHD are largely similar between boys and girls, girls exhibit less hyperactivity and comorbid conduct disorder. The precise aetiology of ADHD is unclear, and multiple biopsychosocial risk factors may act independently or in concert to produce disorder. Genetic vulnerability, pre- and perinatal exposures, and psychosocial factors have been found to increase risk of the disorder and its persistence. Childhood ADHD is associated with negative outcomes, such as school underachievement and substance use disorders. Rates of persistence of ADHD from childhood into adolescence and adulthood range widely depending on definition of ADHD and source of reporting of symptoms.
Julian Gill-Peterson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479833498
- eISBN:
- 9781479842308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479833498.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter considers childhood ADHD and its pharmacological treatment with amphetamine drugs as a case of biopolitical performance enhancement. It takes up the child’s body in the historical ...
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This chapter considers childhood ADHD and its pharmacological treatment with amphetamine drugs as a case of biopolitical performance enhancement. It takes up the child’s body in the historical extension of psychiatry from an institutional to a pharmaceutical mode to accent the increasingly dominant role of chemical molecules in managing and optimizing human development and capital. Drawing on recent feminist scholarship on the biological body, it speculates on the possibility of a neurofeminism to match the natural and cultural complexity of ADHD as a phenomenon folded into and grown out of the plastic body of the child.Less
This chapter considers childhood ADHD and its pharmacological treatment with amphetamine drugs as a case of biopolitical performance enhancement. It takes up the child’s body in the historical extension of psychiatry from an institutional to a pharmaceutical mode to accent the increasingly dominant role of chemical molecules in managing and optimizing human development and capital. Drawing on recent feminist scholarship on the biological body, it speculates on the possibility of a neurofeminism to match the natural and cultural complexity of ADHD as a phenomenon folded into and grown out of the plastic body of the child.
Warren K. Bickel and Richard Yi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262513111
- eISBN:
- 9780262288248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262513111.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes how the unhealthy choices of addicts result from hyperactivity and hypoactivity, and highlights the less-examined hypoactive executive function processes, or as expressed in ...
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This chapter describes how the unhealthy choices of addicts result from hyperactivity and hypoactivity, and highlights the less-examined hypoactive executive function processes, or as expressed in addicts, executive dysfunction. Questions on mechanism, development, evolution, and adaptation are used as an organizing concept and structure for the chapter, which proposes that drug addiction is a result of the larger relative influence of the impulsive system. It also shows that drug dependence, obesity, and declining personal savings could be affected by the cultural trends, and suggests that executive dysfunction may be linked to challenges in the social sphere.Less
This chapter describes how the unhealthy choices of addicts result from hyperactivity and hypoactivity, and highlights the less-examined hypoactive executive function processes, or as expressed in addicts, executive dysfunction. Questions on mechanism, development, evolution, and adaptation are used as an organizing concept and structure for the chapter, which proposes that drug addiction is a result of the larger relative influence of the impulsive system. It also shows that drug dependence, obesity, and declining personal savings could be affected by the cultural trends, and suggests that executive dysfunction may be linked to challenges in the social sphere.
Daphne Rickson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198808992
- eISBN:
- 9780191846694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198808992.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
Working in music with adolescents who experience disability to support their health and wellbeing involves creating opportunities for their emotional expression and successful interaction with ...
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Working in music with adolescents who experience disability to support their health and wellbeing involves creating opportunities for their emotional expression and successful interaction with others. Music is a resource that can highlight their capabilities, yet they might need the support of a music therapist to maximize the positive affordances that music can provide. In this chapter, two contrasting examples of music therapy work, with adolescents who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those who have intellectual disability, are offered to demonstrate how young people have engaged with music therapy group processes and in turn developed positive relationships and self-identities. Music making can be a motivating and enjoyable activity for adolescents with disabilities, and a powerful resource to support their personal growth, autonomy, and sense of wellbeing.Less
Working in music with adolescents who experience disability to support their health and wellbeing involves creating opportunities for their emotional expression and successful interaction with others. Music is a resource that can highlight their capabilities, yet they might need the support of a music therapist to maximize the positive affordances that music can provide. In this chapter, two contrasting examples of music therapy work, with adolescents who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those who have intellectual disability, are offered to demonstrate how young people have engaged with music therapy group processes and in turn developed positive relationships and self-identities. Music making can be a motivating and enjoyable activity for adolescents with disabilities, and a powerful resource to support their personal growth, autonomy, and sense of wellbeing.
