Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528616
- eISBN:
- 9780191723933
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528616.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The recent and rapid expansion of occupational and environmental epidemiology and health risk assessment looks set to continue in line with growing public, government, and media concern about ...
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The recent and rapid expansion of occupational and environmental epidemiology and health risk assessment looks set to continue in line with growing public, government, and media concern about occupational and environmental health issues, and a scientific need to better understand and explain the effects of occupational and environmental pollutants on human health. Risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure are generally small, but the exposed population, and hence the population attributable risk, may be large. To detect small risks, the exposure assessment needs to be very refined. Exposure assessment is the study of the distribution and determinants of potentially hazardous agents, and includes the estimation of intensity, duration, and frequency of exposure, the variation in these indices and their determinants. Epidemiological studies can utilize information on variation and determinants of exposure to optimize the exposure-response relations. Many methodological and practical problems arise when conducting an exposure assessment for epidemiological studies and these are addressed in the book, as is the issue of measurement error and exposure misclassification and its effect on exposure response relationships. The book outlines the basic principles of exposure assessment, in both occupational and environmental epidemiology, since there are many similarities but also some interesting differences. It examines the current status and research questions in the exposure assessment of occupational and environmental epidemiological studies of allergens, particulate matter, chlorination disinfection by-products, agricultural pesticides, and radiofrequencies.Less
The recent and rapid expansion of occupational and environmental epidemiology and health risk assessment looks set to continue in line with growing public, government, and media concern about occupational and environmental health issues, and a scientific need to better understand and explain the effects of occupational and environmental pollutants on human health. Risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure are generally small, but the exposed population, and hence the population attributable risk, may be large. To detect small risks, the exposure assessment needs to be very refined. Exposure assessment is the study of the distribution and determinants of potentially hazardous agents, and includes the estimation of intensity, duration, and frequency of exposure, the variation in these indices and their determinants. Epidemiological studies can utilize information on variation and determinants of exposure to optimize the exposure-response relations. Many methodological and practical problems arise when conducting an exposure assessment for epidemiological studies and these are addressed in the book, as is the issue of measurement error and exposure misclassification and its effect on exposure response relationships. The book outlines the basic principles of exposure assessment, in both occupational and environmental epidemiology, since there are many similarities but also some interesting differences. It examines the current status and research questions in the exposure assessment of occupational and environmental epidemiological studies of allergens, particulate matter, chlorination disinfection by-products, agricultural pesticides, and radiofrequencies.
Khaled Fahmy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter describes a number of medico-administrative and legal changes that were introduced in nineteenth-century Egypt and that gave rise to an individualized conception of identity. Prompted by ...
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This chapter describes a number of medico-administrative and legal changes that were introduced in nineteenth-century Egypt and that gave rise to an individualized conception of identity. Prompted by the recruitment needs of a new conscript army, an administrative apparatus was put in place that gave rise to novel techniques of identifying peasants, monitoring their movements, and controlling their bodies. A wide-ranging public hygiene programme aimed at serving the army resulted in a statistical regime whose crowning achievement was a nation-wide census. Concurrently, legal reforms replaced the reputational and oral witnesses that the shari'a relied on with named and written forms of identification. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the implications of this rise of a free-floating individual for conceptions of legal equality.Less
This chapter describes a number of medico-administrative and legal changes that were introduced in nineteenth-century Egypt and that gave rise to an individualized conception of identity. Prompted by the recruitment needs of a new conscript army, an administrative apparatus was put in place that gave rise to novel techniques of identifying peasants, monitoring their movements, and controlling their bodies. A wide-ranging public hygiene programme aimed at serving the army resulted in a statistical regime whose crowning achievement was a nation-wide census. Concurrently, legal reforms replaced the reputational and oral witnesses that the shari'a relied on with named and written forms of identification. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the implications of this rise of a free-floating individual for conceptions of legal equality.
Andrew Davies and Ilora Finlay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632432
- eISBN:
- 9780191730375
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632432.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
The maintenance of good oral hygiene is crucial in all patients, particularly patients with advanced disease. Poor oral hygiene can have physical, psychological, and social repercussions. Poor oral ...
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The maintenance of good oral hygiene is crucial in all patients, particularly patients with advanced disease. Poor oral hygiene can have physical, psychological, and social repercussions. Poor oral health may lead to other problems such as halitosis and dental caries. For patients in their terminal stage, poor oral hygiene may increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. This chapter focuses on oral hygiene of terminally ill patients by providing an overview of oral hygiene assessment, maintenance of oral hygiene, and the importance of providing ample attention to the training of health care providers and carers on oral care and health. The core of this chapter is on the oral care practices and procedures which are necessary for caring and maintaining good quality life of patients with progressive disease. In this chapter, the frequency and the procedures of dental care such as toothbrushing, interdental cleansing, and chemical plaque control are discussed. Included as well are the proper procedures for taking care of the dentures used by these patients as well as the proper care of the oral mucosa of terminally ill patients.Less
The maintenance of good oral hygiene is crucial in all patients, particularly patients with advanced disease. Poor oral hygiene can have physical, psychological, and social repercussions. Poor oral health may lead to other problems such as halitosis and dental caries. For patients in their terminal stage, poor oral hygiene may increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. This chapter focuses on oral hygiene of terminally ill patients by providing an overview of oral hygiene assessment, maintenance of oral hygiene, and the importance of providing ample attention to the training of health care providers and carers on oral care and health. The core of this chapter is on the oral care practices and procedures which are necessary for caring and maintaining good quality life of patients with progressive disease. In this chapter, the frequency and the procedures of dental care such as toothbrushing, interdental cleansing, and chemical plaque control are discussed. Included as well are the proper procedures for taking care of the dentures used by these patients as well as the proper care of the oral mucosa of terminally ill patients.
Sharyn Clough
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855469
- eISBN:
- 9780199932788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855469.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
In analytic philosophy of science, political interests are viewed as a negative influence on science. I present an epidemiological case study concerning the “hygiene hypothesis” and argue that the ...
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In analytic philosophy of science, political interests are viewed as a negative influence on science. I present an epidemiological case study concerning the “hygiene hypothesis” and argue that the inclusion of a particular set of feminist political interests has a positive influence. The hygiene hypothesis offers an explanation for the correlation between increased cleanliness and sanitation, and increased rates of asthma, allergies, and auto-immune disorders. That women have higher rates than men of all of these diseases is not accounted for, and is seldom noted in the hygiene hypothesis literature. I argue that there is a link between these sex differences and the hygiene hypothesis, namely, gendered standards of cleanliness, a standard that is typically higher for girls than for boys. Attending to this link increases the empirical adequacy of the hygiene hypothesis by reconceiving of relevant sources of evidence and opening up further avenues for study. I then argue that making the link between sex differences and the hygiene hypothesis requires a feminist political view of gendered child-rearing practices. Insofar as adding a gender analysis increases the empirical adequacy of the hygiene hypothesis, and insofar as this gender analysis requires a particular set of feminist political interests to be in play, we have a case where the addition of political interests proves empirically beneficial. I conclude by reviewing Davidson's model of radical interpretation to show how we can differentiate between those political interests that are beneficial in a particular scientific context and those that are not.Less
In analytic philosophy of science, political interests are viewed as a negative influence on science. I present an epidemiological case study concerning the “hygiene hypothesis” and argue that the inclusion of a particular set of feminist political interests has a positive influence. The hygiene hypothesis offers an explanation for the correlation between increased cleanliness and sanitation, and increased rates of asthma, allergies, and auto-immune disorders. That women have higher rates than men of all of these diseases is not accounted for, and is seldom noted in the hygiene hypothesis literature. I argue that there is a link between these sex differences and the hygiene hypothesis, namely, gendered standards of cleanliness, a standard that is typically higher for girls than for boys. Attending to this link increases the empirical adequacy of the hygiene hypothesis by reconceiving of relevant sources of evidence and opening up further avenues for study. I then argue that making the link between sex differences and the hygiene hypothesis requires a feminist political view of gendered child-rearing practices. Insofar as adding a gender analysis increases the empirical adequacy of the hygiene hypothesis, and insofar as this gender analysis requires a particular set of feminist political interests to be in play, we have a case where the addition of political interests proves empirically beneficial. I conclude by reviewing Davidson's model of radical interpretation to show how we can differentiate between those political interests that are beneficial in a particular scientific context and those that are not.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were ...
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This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.Less
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in ...
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From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.Less
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.
Donald M. Linhorst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171877
- eISBN:
- 9780199865338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171877.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities ...
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This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities for empowering people with mental illness that avoids past mistakes. The chapter is divided into four historical periods including the colonial era (1600s and 1700s), the era of moral treatment and the development of state asylums (1800s), the era of mental hygiene and grow of state hospitals (1900 to 1950s), and the era of deinstitutionalization (1950s to present). Detailed descriptions of treatment and abuse are provided for each era, which often are illustrated by direct quotes from people with mental illness of that era.Less
This chapter describes the history of powerlessness of people with mental illness. This helps to put into context current limitations to empowerment and provides direction for creating opportunities for empowering people with mental illness that avoids past mistakes. The chapter is divided into four historical periods including the colonial era (1600s and 1700s), the era of moral treatment and the development of state asylums (1800s), the era of mental hygiene and grow of state hospitals (1900 to 1950s), and the era of deinstitutionalization (1950s to present). Detailed descriptions of treatment and abuse are provided for each era, which often are illustrated by direct quotes from people with mental illness of that era.
Christina Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064117
- eISBN:
- 9780199869565
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064117.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, Social History
As a modern female style undermined a Victorian motherhood‐centered ideal, whites and African Americans debated conceptions of women's sexuality and marriage. In the 1910s social hygiene reformers ...
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As a modern female style undermined a Victorian motherhood‐centered ideal, whites and African Americans debated conceptions of women's sexuality and marriage. In the 1910s social hygiene reformers anxious about venereal disease called for scientific sex education but still romanticized motherhood, while sex radicals demanded birth control, free love, or the right to interracial relationships or homosexuality. The book emphasizes more conventional reformers, who by the 1920s hoped to contain the potential for modern women's independence from men and marriage in “companionate marriage.” This incorporated birth control, easier divorce, and intensified sexual intimacy. The most popular version involved free‐spirited flappers who did not seriously challenge male authority or women's ultimate focus on motherhood. Some more equitable minority versions were African American partnership marriage, which included wives' employment, and feminist marriage, in which white and black women imagined a more thoroughgoing equality of work and sex. Sexual advice literature flooded onto the market in the 1930s, offering women conflicting messages about achieving sexual pleasure but also pleasing husbands. Despite the unsettling of an older femininity, deep and persistent structural inequalities between men and women limited efforts to create gender parity in sex and marriage. Yet these cultural battles subverted patriarchal culture and raised women's expectations of marriage in ways that grounded second‐wave feminist claims.Less
As a modern female style undermined a Victorian motherhood‐centered ideal, whites and African Americans debated conceptions of women's sexuality and marriage. In the 1910s social hygiene reformers anxious about venereal disease called for scientific sex education but still romanticized motherhood, while sex radicals demanded birth control, free love, or the right to interracial relationships or homosexuality. The book emphasizes more conventional reformers, who by the 1920s hoped to contain the potential for modern women's independence from men and marriage in “companionate marriage.” This incorporated birth control, easier divorce, and intensified sexual intimacy. The most popular version involved free‐spirited flappers who did not seriously challenge male authority or women's ultimate focus on motherhood. Some more equitable minority versions were African American partnership marriage, which included wives' employment, and feminist marriage, in which white and black women imagined a more thoroughgoing equality of work and sex. Sexual advice literature flooded onto the market in the 1930s, offering women conflicting messages about achieving sexual pleasure but also pleasing husbands. Despite the unsettling of an older femininity, deep and persistent structural inequalities between men and women limited efforts to create gender parity in sex and marriage. Yet these cultural battles subverted patriarchal culture and raised women's expectations of marriage in ways that grounded second‐wave feminist claims.
Kate Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199267361
- eISBN:
- 9780191708299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267361.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter examines the reasons behind individuals' choice of method. It argues that historians and demographers have hitherto uncritically assumed individuals would welcome technological ...
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This chapter examines the reasons behind individuals' choice of method. It argues that historians and demographers have hitherto uncritically assumed individuals would welcome technological innovations, notably caps and the latex condom. They have seen any use of withdrawal, abstinence, or abortion as indicative of the persistence of barriers to the use of appliances, such as ignorance, financial constraints, embarrassment, or moral disapproval. This chapter draws attention to the positive reasons many had for adopting traditional methods and highlights the alternative sexual cultures, practices, and beliefs which informed these choices. For many, the desire for natural, private, and spontaneous sexual relations made non-appliance methods preferable, while concerns about the safety and reliability of new contraceptive technologies undermined their appeal. Above all, the ideal that contraception was a man's role fostered the use of male methods such as withdrawal, and contributed to a profound dislike of female methods such as caps.Less
This chapter examines the reasons behind individuals' choice of method. It argues that historians and demographers have hitherto uncritically assumed individuals would welcome technological innovations, notably caps and the latex condom. They have seen any use of withdrawal, abstinence, or abortion as indicative of the persistence of barriers to the use of appliances, such as ignorance, financial constraints, embarrassment, or moral disapproval. This chapter draws attention to the positive reasons many had for adopting traditional methods and highlights the alternative sexual cultures, practices, and beliefs which informed these choices. For many, the desire for natural, private, and spontaneous sexual relations made non-appliance methods preferable, while concerns about the safety and reliability of new contraceptive technologies undermined their appeal. Above all, the ideal that contraception was a man's role fostered the use of male methods such as withdrawal, and contributed to a profound dislike of female methods such as caps.
Residents of the Cook County Juvenile Detention Center
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252493
- eISBN:
- 9780520944565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252493.003.0052
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter presents a Bill of Health Rights for incarcerated girls, prepared by young women who are or have been incarcerated in Cook County's Juvenile Temporary Detention Center. These are rights ...
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This chapter presents a Bill of Health Rights for incarcerated girls, prepared by young women who are or have been incarcerated in Cook County's Juvenile Temporary Detention Center. These are rights that all young women deserve, regardless of their involvement with the juvenile justice system. The rights pertain to family contact, accurate information, personal privacy and confidentiality, food and water as well as exercise, proper hygiene, adequate and respectful mental health care, medical care, gender-specific care, and freedom from discrimination and verbal and physical abuse.Less
This chapter presents a Bill of Health Rights for incarcerated girls, prepared by young women who are or have been incarcerated in Cook County's Juvenile Temporary Detention Center. These are rights that all young women deserve, regardless of their involvement with the juvenile justice system. The rights pertain to family contact, accurate information, personal privacy and confidentiality, food and water as well as exercise, proper hygiene, adequate and respectful mental health care, medical care, gender-specific care, and freedom from discrimination and verbal and physical abuse.
Mathew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287802
- eISBN:
- 9780191713378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287802.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter surveys the limited success of psychiatry in reaching beyond asylums through the development of psychological clinics and the promotion of ‘mental hygiene’ in the interwar years. It ...
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This chapter surveys the limited success of psychiatry in reaching beyond asylums through the development of psychological clinics and the promotion of ‘mental hygiene’ in the interwar years. It draws attention to a quieter but more far-reaching process of integrating a psychological dimension within general practice and general hospitals that reflected, in part, misgivings about an overly materialist medicine. This was encouraged initially by a focus on private consumers of medicine, as well as worthy shell-shock recipients, and by forms of psychotherapy and discourses that focused on the nerves, rest, and personal attention. A shift to patients who were recipients of a state service, despite psychiatric epidemiology that claimed a psychological dimension in a third of all illness, exposed limited state resources and a continuing concern about malingering that held back the development of psychological medicine, even under the National Health Service.Less
This chapter surveys the limited success of psychiatry in reaching beyond asylums through the development of psychological clinics and the promotion of ‘mental hygiene’ in the interwar years. It draws attention to a quieter but more far-reaching process of integrating a psychological dimension within general practice and general hospitals that reflected, in part, misgivings about an overly materialist medicine. This was encouraged initially by a focus on private consumers of medicine, as well as worthy shell-shock recipients, and by forms of psychotherapy and discourses that focused on the nerves, rest, and personal attention. A shift to patients who were recipients of a state service, despite psychiatric epidemiology that claimed a psychological dimension in a third of all illness, exposed limited state resources and a continuing concern about malingering that held back the development of psychological medicine, even under the National Health Service.
Christina Simmons
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064117
- eISBN:
- 9780199869565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064117.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, Social History
Social hygiene reform developed in the 1910s from the coalescence of the religious social purity movement and the more scientifically inclined antivenereal disease movement. Social hygienists, many ...
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Social hygiene reform developed in the 1910s from the coalescence of the religious social purity movement and the more scientifically inclined antivenereal disease movement. Social hygienists, many of them physicians, claimed science rather than morality as the basis of their proposals. They promoted conservative sex education that sustained Victorian ideas of gender segregation and difference and idealized motherhood and marriage. Nevertheless, they challenged public reticence about sexuality because they believed prostitution and venereal disease represented so great a social threat that ignorance could no longer be tolerated. Sex education programs provided opportunity for some white women to articulate and criticize men's power and sexual freedom. African American participants promoted better sexual health for blacks and challenged racist understandings of venereal disease.Less
Social hygiene reform developed in the 1910s from the coalescence of the religious social purity movement and the more scientifically inclined antivenereal disease movement. Social hygienists, many of them physicians, claimed science rather than morality as the basis of their proposals. They promoted conservative sex education that sustained Victorian ideas of gender segregation and difference and idealized motherhood and marriage. Nevertheless, they challenged public reticence about sexuality because they believed prostitution and venereal disease represented so great a social threat that ignorance could no longer be tolerated. Sex education programs provided opportunity for some white women to articulate and criticize men's power and sexual freedom. African American participants promoted better sexual health for blacks and challenged racist understandings of venereal disease.
BONNIE S. McDOUGALL
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199256792
- eISBN:
- 9780191698378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256792.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter explores Lu Xun and Xu Guangping's own bodies and bodily activities and functions. When they first started to write to each other, the two rarely discussed bodies, bodily functions or ...
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This chapter explores Lu Xun and Xu Guangping's own bodies and bodily activities and functions. When they first started to write to each other, the two rarely discussed bodies, bodily functions or activities, or personal hygiene, apart from his drinking and smoking. In 1926, by contrast, they exchanged much detailed information about a wide range of bodily activities, while in 1929 they confined their remarks mainly to getting adequate rest and good diets. Xu Guangping tended to be more frank about her body than he is about his, but her references were more likely deleted than his were. His smoking was not a personal matter, but her lectures about his habit and his response were too personal for publication. Remarks about their respective drinking habits were retained except where it may indicate serious alcoholism on his part, and his claims to sobriety were invariably retained or added.Less
This chapter explores Lu Xun and Xu Guangping's own bodies and bodily activities and functions. When they first started to write to each other, the two rarely discussed bodies, bodily functions or activities, or personal hygiene, apart from his drinking and smoking. In 1926, by contrast, they exchanged much detailed information about a wide range of bodily activities, while in 1929 they confined their remarks mainly to getting adequate rest and good diets. Xu Guangping tended to be more frank about her body than he is about his, but her references were more likely deleted than his were. His smoking was not a personal matter, but her lectures about his habit and his response were too personal for publication. Remarks about their respective drinking habits were retained except where it may indicate serious alcoholism on his part, and his claims to sobriety were invariably retained or added.
Suellen Hoy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111286
- eISBN:
- 9780199854011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111286.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
When the Civil War erupted, sanitarians found a national laboratory in which to test their theories and apply their principles. Determined to keep away diseases and to slow down death rates, women ...
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When the Civil War erupted, sanitarians found a national laboratory in which to test their theories and apply their principles. Determined to keep away diseases and to slow down death rates, women and sanitarians formed groups to nurse wounded soldiers and to create a widespread knowledge on the principles of hygiene. The chapter focuses on the works of Florence Nightingale whose principles of cleanliness helped the wounded of the Crimean War. Her example also created a sense of pride among the American women on their role as agents of sanitation. As a result, America saw a great deal of female involvement on the needed reforms regarding cleanliness. This also lead to the creation of a Sanitary Commission headed by Olmsted, the strict standards of Dix on what is an ideal nurse and the integration of the learned virtue of cleanliness in the war camps to the ordinary homes.Less
When the Civil War erupted, sanitarians found a national laboratory in which to test their theories and apply their principles. Determined to keep away diseases and to slow down death rates, women and sanitarians formed groups to nurse wounded soldiers and to create a widespread knowledge on the principles of hygiene. The chapter focuses on the works of Florence Nightingale whose principles of cleanliness helped the wounded of the Crimean War. Her example also created a sense of pride among the American women on their role as agents of sanitation. As a result, America saw a great deal of female involvement on the needed reforms regarding cleanliness. This also lead to the creation of a Sanitary Commission headed by Olmsted, the strict standards of Dix on what is an ideal nurse and the integration of the learned virtue of cleanliness in the war camps to the ordinary homes.
Suellen Hoy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111286
- eISBN:
- 9780199854011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111286.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter talks about the gradual integration of the then nationwide concern on cleanliness to personal and individual concern. It tackles the effort and work of Booker T. Washington to inculcate ...
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This chapter talks about the gradual integration of the then nationwide concern on cleanliness to personal and individual concern. It tackles the effort and work of Booker T. Washington to inculcate middle-class hygiene to African-Americans. In the process of this, hygiene became a route to American citizenship aside from being a way of preventing epidemics. Most Americans associated untidiness with immigrants. Personal cleanliness became a public interest when Americans learned that cleanliness was fundamental to a person's and nation's well-being. Cleanliness also became America's greatest virtue. To the citizens health was wealth. Cleanliness also became a means to be accepted, a measurement of status quo, and an indicator of high civilization. To these ideals and principles, immigrants followed the “American Way” and practices of cleanliness had to be accepted in order to become Americanized.Less
This chapter talks about the gradual integration of the then nationwide concern on cleanliness to personal and individual concern. It tackles the effort and work of Booker T. Washington to inculcate middle-class hygiene to African-Americans. In the process of this, hygiene became a route to American citizenship aside from being a way of preventing epidemics. Most Americans associated untidiness with immigrants. Personal cleanliness became a public interest when Americans learned that cleanliness was fundamental to a person's and nation's well-being. Cleanliness also became America's greatest virtue. To the citizens health was wealth. Cleanliness also became a means to be accepted, a measurement of status quo, and an indicator of high civilization. To these ideals and principles, immigrants followed the “American Way” and practices of cleanliness had to be accepted in order to become Americanized.
Suellen Hoy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111286
- eISBN:
- 9780199854011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111286.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter tackles the pinnacle of America's pursuit for cleanliness after World War II. By the turn of the 1930s, every American was convinced of the value of cleanliness. Home economics become ...
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This chapter tackles the pinnacle of America's pursuit for cleanliness after World War II. By the turn of the 1930s, every American was convinced of the value of cleanliness. Home economics become part of high school and college curricula and electrification to the rural areas began thus lending cleanliness even to the remotest part of the nation. At the end of the First World War, advertising expenditures doubled and electricity use tripled as millions of American homes bought hygiene products and appliances to emulate a “culture of cleanliness”. The culture of cleanliness took a deep root in the modern American homes in the 1920s and 1930s when America's economy saw a great rise, replacing blue-collar jobs with white or pink-collar jobs. As a result, the demand for a “cleaner clean” became a way to win acceptance and success. The rising economy also gave way to the suburbs, replacing the once filthy farmhouses. It also gave way to bathrooms at homes, appliances designed to ease cleaning, and the further dedication of women to taking household chores and cleaning to themselves as men went to work outside the home.Less
This chapter tackles the pinnacle of America's pursuit for cleanliness after World War II. By the turn of the 1930s, every American was convinced of the value of cleanliness. Home economics become part of high school and college curricula and electrification to the rural areas began thus lending cleanliness even to the remotest part of the nation. At the end of the First World War, advertising expenditures doubled and electricity use tripled as millions of American homes bought hygiene products and appliances to emulate a “culture of cleanliness”. The culture of cleanliness took a deep root in the modern American homes in the 1920s and 1930s when America's economy saw a great rise, replacing blue-collar jobs with white or pink-collar jobs. As a result, the demand for a “cleaner clean” became a way to win acceptance and success. The rising economy also gave way to the suburbs, replacing the once filthy farmhouses. It also gave way to bathrooms at homes, appliances designed to ease cleaning, and the further dedication of women to taking household chores and cleaning to themselves as men went to work outside the home.
Johannes Fabian
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520221222
- eISBN:
- 9780520923935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520221222.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Explorers traveled in a demanding, often dangerous environment. Its necessities constrained their lives, and a regime of tropical hygienic imposed rules and gave directives for most of the typical ...
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Explorers traveled in a demanding, often dangerous environment. Its necessities constrained their lives, and a regime of tropical hygienic imposed rules and gave directives for most of the typical situations and tasks. Tropical hygiene included maintenance of sanity and, indeed, of composure in social and political relations with Africans. Rules of hygiene applied to the explorers' sentimental and emotional inner life as well. The relevance to the argument of this study derives from the depth and subtlety they give to notions and practices of control that form the context of exploration as a rational enterprise. This chapter examines sex and erotic tension; dangers, nuisances, and accidents; moods and feelings; and humor and laughter. Humor certainly helps travelers in times of adversity.Less
Explorers traveled in a demanding, often dangerous environment. Its necessities constrained their lives, and a regime of tropical hygienic imposed rules and gave directives for most of the typical situations and tasks. Tropical hygiene included maintenance of sanity and, indeed, of composure in social and political relations with Africans. Rules of hygiene applied to the explorers' sentimental and emotional inner life as well. The relevance to the argument of this study derives from the depth and subtlety they give to notions and practices of control that form the context of exploration as a rational enterprise. This chapter examines sex and erotic tension; dangers, nuisances, and accidents; moods and feelings; and humor and laughter. Humor certainly helps travelers in times of adversity.
Mark Jenner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280728
- eISBN:
- 9780191700149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280728.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
Critics have often noted how John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London repeatedly draws attention to the multifarious hazards of urban pollution. This chapter ranges across ...
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Critics have often noted how John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London repeatedly draws attention to the multifarious hazards of urban pollution. This chapter ranges across a remarkable range of sources, such as Dorothy George's London Life in the Eighteenth Century (1925), Daniel Defoe's Due Preparations for the Plague (1722), pamphlets of the 1720s, classical accounts of plague, Virgil's Georgics, and Acts concerning sanitation. Their factual and fictional elements are compared with those in Trivia and its engravings, revealing a shift in attitudes about passing through London's streets during the eighteenth century. The chapter examines the language of pollution to construct a history of filth that flows through Trivia's attitudes to streets and waterways — and vice versa, since the poem's language also flows into historical discourses of hygiene.Less
Critics have often noted how John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London repeatedly draws attention to the multifarious hazards of urban pollution. This chapter ranges across a remarkable range of sources, such as Dorothy George's London Life in the Eighteenth Century (1925), Daniel Defoe's Due Preparations for the Plague (1722), pamphlets of the 1720s, classical accounts of plague, Virgil's Georgics, and Acts concerning sanitation. Their factual and fictional elements are compared with those in Trivia and its engravings, revealing a shift in attitudes about passing through London's streets during the eighteenth century. The chapter examines the language of pollution to construct a history of filth that flows through Trivia's attitudes to streets and waterways — and vice versa, since the poem's language also flows into historical discourses of hygiene.
Aileen Ribeiro
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280728
- eISBN:
- 9780191700149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280728.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
This chapter deals with material culture using John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London as a visual source. It shows how clothes were important in ways that were ...
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This chapter deals with material culture using John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London as a visual source. It shows how clothes were important in ways that were particular to the eighteenth century — ways that included the political concept of ‘Englishness’. You might think costume history was a distinct discipline, and what the poem says about clothes requires specialist knowledge to understand it. Indeed it does. But the history of clothes includes their use, and several of the other essays engage with that: how differences in clothing help to construct gender and class; how the cleanliness of clothes involves histories of hygiene, labour, and transport; how investments in adornment and ornament connect people in periods as ostensibly different as eighteenth-century London and ancient Rome, not least through debates about luxury.Less
This chapter deals with material culture using John Gay's poem Trivia: or, the Art of Walking the Streets of London as a visual source. It shows how clothes were important in ways that were particular to the eighteenth century — ways that included the political concept of ‘Englishness’. You might think costume history was a distinct discipline, and what the poem says about clothes requires specialist knowledge to understand it. Indeed it does. But the history of clothes includes their use, and several of the other essays engage with that: how differences in clothing help to construct gender and class; how the cleanliness of clothes involves histories of hygiene, labour, and transport; how investments in adornment and ornament connect people in periods as ostensibly different as eighteenth-century London and ancient Rome, not least through debates about luxury.
Tung-Hui Hu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029513
- eISBN:
- 9780262330091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029513.003.0002
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Programming Languages
This chapter examines the pre-history of what is now called “cloud computing”: the idea that computer power and software could be ‘piped’ into a user’s home, like electricity or other utilities. This ...
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This chapter examines the pre-history of what is now called “cloud computing”: the idea that computer power and software could be ‘piped’ into a user’s home, like electricity or other utilities. This vision came out of a 1960s technology called time-sharing, which allowed the million-dollar cost of a computer to be shared and the computer multi-tasked. Time-sharing not only invented the modern idea of a user as a personal subject, but also positioned that user within a political economy that makes a user synonymous with his or her usage. The freedom that results, however, is a deeply ambiguous one, for the virtualization technologies that allow files and user accounts to be made private in the cloud also represent a subtle form of control.Less
This chapter examines the pre-history of what is now called “cloud computing”: the idea that computer power and software could be ‘piped’ into a user’s home, like electricity or other utilities. This vision came out of a 1960s technology called time-sharing, which allowed the million-dollar cost of a computer to be shared and the computer multi-tasked. Time-sharing not only invented the modern idea of a user as a personal subject, but also positioned that user within a political economy that makes a user synonymous with his or her usage. The freedom that results, however, is a deeply ambiguous one, for the virtualization technologies that allow files and user accounts to be made private in the cloud also represent a subtle form of control.
