Tim Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282203
- eISBN:
- 9780191603624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928220X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future ...
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This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future generations, as it cannot accommodate either reproductive freedom or parental obligations. The Hybrid View fails because it cannot appreciate the collective moral significance of reproduction. This failure is shared by all other theories that retain the individualist focus of Simple Consequentialism, and thus motivates the exploration of collective forms of Consequentialism, which begins in Chapter 5.Less
This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future generations, as it cannot accommodate either reproductive freedom or parental obligations. The Hybrid View fails because it cannot appreciate the collective moral significance of reproduction. This failure is shared by all other theories that retain the individualist focus of Simple Consequentialism, and thus motivates the exploration of collective forms of Consequentialism, which begins in Chapter 5.
Rafal Goebel, Ricardo G. Sanfelice, and Andrew R. Teel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153896
- eISBN:
- 9781400842636
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153896.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Hybrid dynamical systems exhibit continuous and instantaneous changes, having features of continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems. Filled with a wealth of examples to illustrate concepts, ...
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Hybrid dynamical systems exhibit continuous and instantaneous changes, having features of continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems. Filled with a wealth of examples to illustrate concepts, this book presents a complete theory of robust asymptotic stability for hybrid dynamical systems that is applicable to the design of hybrid control algorithms—algorithms that feature logic, timers, or combinations of digital and analog components. With the tools of modern mathematical analysis, this book unifies and generalizes earlier developments in continuous-time and discrete-time nonlinear systems. It presents hybrid system versions of the necessary and sufficient Lyapunov conditions for asymptotic stability, invariance principles, and approximation techniques, and examines the robustness of asymptotic stability, motivated by the goal of designing robust hybrid control algorithms. This self-contained and classroom-tested book requires standard background in mathematical analysis and differential equations or nonlinear systems. It will interest graduate students in engineering as well as students and researchers in control, computer science, and mathematics.Less
Hybrid dynamical systems exhibit continuous and instantaneous changes, having features of continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems. Filled with a wealth of examples to illustrate concepts, this book presents a complete theory of robust asymptotic stability for hybrid dynamical systems that is applicable to the design of hybrid control algorithms—algorithms that feature logic, timers, or combinations of digital and analog components. With the tools of modern mathematical analysis, this book unifies and generalizes earlier developments in continuous-time and discrete-time nonlinear systems. It presents hybrid system versions of the necessary and sufficient Lyapunov conditions for asymptotic stability, invariance principles, and approximation techniques, and examines the robustness of asymptotic stability, motivated by the goal of designing robust hybrid control algorithms. This self-contained and classroom-tested book requires standard background in mathematical analysis and differential equations or nonlinear systems. It will interest graduate students in engineering as well as students and researchers in control, computer science, and mathematics.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0023
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and ...
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This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and publicly held firms, whether or not the firm should choose country-specific product designs, how the firm should measure and reward the performances of its country managers, what type of organizational structure the firm should use, how the firm should choose an outsourcing strategy, and what performance metrics the firm should use to measure and reward managerial performance in its outsourcing centers.Less
This chapter shows how multinational firms can use marketing-finance fusion to choose international strategies. It discusses the pros and cons of international diversification to privately and publicly held firms, whether or not the firm should choose country-specific product designs, how the firm should measure and reward the performances of its country managers, what type of organizational structure the firm should use, how the firm should choose an outsourcing strategy, and what performance metrics the firm should use to measure and reward managerial performance in its outsourcing centers.
Steven French and Décio Krause
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199278244
- eISBN:
- 9780191603952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278245.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter begins with a broad discussion of the use of names in science and their role in physical theories. The philosophy of names is outlined, covering the ‘Descriptivist’, ‘Non-descriptivist’, ...
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This chapter begins with a broad discussion of the use of names in science and their role in physical theories. The philosophy of names is outlined, covering the ‘Descriptivist’, ‘Non-descriptivist’, and ‘Hybrid’ accounts. The claim that Kripke’s theory of rigidly designating names is tied to classical statistics is critically assessed, and it is argued that a form of the ‘Hybrid’ account can accommodate quantum particles understood as named individuals for which distinguishing descriptions cannot be given. Toraldo di Francia and Dalla Chiara’s theory of quasets is presented as the formal counterpart to this view. This is compared with Krause’s theory of quasi-sets in Chapter 7.Less
This chapter begins with a broad discussion of the use of names in science and their role in physical theories. The philosophy of names is outlined, covering the ‘Descriptivist’, ‘Non-descriptivist’, and ‘Hybrid’ accounts. The claim that Kripke’s theory of rigidly designating names is tied to classical statistics is critically assessed, and it is argued that a form of the ‘Hybrid’ account can accommodate quantum particles understood as named individuals for which distinguishing descriptions cannot be given. Toraldo di Francia and Dalla Chiara’s theory of quasets is presented as the formal counterpart to this view. This is compared with Krause’s theory of quasi-sets in Chapter 7.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter clarifies the notion of simulation and explores the relationship between simulating and theorizing. Generic simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one thing by another, so mental ...
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This chapter clarifies the notion of simulation and explores the relationship between simulating and theorizing. Generic simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one thing by another, so mental simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one mental process by another. For example, visual imagery may simulate vision by using much of the same neural machinery that vision uses. The main empirical question here is whether third-person mindreading is substantially based on attempts to simulate selected processes and states in the head of a target. The possibility of limited compatibility between simulation and theorizing undercuts arguments that mental simulation inevitably “collapses” into theorizing, and the prospects for simulation-theory hybrids are explored.Less
This chapter clarifies the notion of simulation and explores the relationship between simulating and theorizing. Generic simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one thing by another, so mental simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one mental process by another. For example, visual imagery may simulate vision by using much of the same neural machinery that vision uses. The main empirical question here is whether third-person mindreading is substantially based on attempts to simulate selected processes and states in the head of a target. The possibility of limited compatibility between simulation and theorizing undercuts arguments that mental simulation inevitably “collapses” into theorizing, and the prospects for simulation-theory hybrids are explored.
Mattei Dogan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Political science has developed as a trans‐disciplinary process of hybridization. Innovation occurs in exchanges with other fields, and few political scientists work in a core of their subject. ...
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Political science has developed as a trans‐disciplinary process of hybridization. Innovation occurs in exchanges with other fields, and few political scientists work in a core of their subject. Political psychology, geography, sociology, economics, anthropology, comparative politics, and politics in the natural and social sciences are such hybrid research areas.Less
Political science has developed as a trans‐disciplinary process of hybridization. Innovation occurs in exchanges with other fields, and few political scientists work in a core of their subject. Political psychology, geography, sociology, economics, anthropology, comparative politics, and politics in the natural and social sciences are such hybrid research areas.
Reuven Y. Hazan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257683
- eISBN:
- 9780191600241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925768X.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This analyzes the consequences of the Israeli version of a mixed electoral system, in which a majoritarian method of electing the head of the executive branch was grafted onto an extremely ...
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This analyzes the consequences of the Israeli version of a mixed electoral system, in which a majoritarian method of electing the head of the executive branch was grafted onto an extremely proportional system of electing the legislature. Focuses on the first two elections in which this mixed system was implemented, 1996 and 1999, and in doing so, concentrates on two aspects of the elections: the election results, i.e., the decimation of the two main parties and the rise of sectarian parties (fragmentation of the parliamentary system); and the electoral dynamics, i.e., the convergence toward the center in both the executive and the legislative elections. The most significant ramifications of the implementation of the direct popular election of the prime minister have been a significant shift in the electoral strength of the parties and a dramatic change in the competitive electoral orientation of the Israeli party system. Neither result was expected by those who initiated and propelled the electoral reform, while many of the actual expectations of the reform were not met. Arranged in the following sections: The Israeli Version of a Mixed Electoral System and Resulting Hybrid Political System; and The Consequences of the Mixed Electoral System for (1) Electoral Competition, (2) Political Representation, and (3) Electoral Efficiency.Less
This analyzes the consequences of the Israeli version of a mixed electoral system, in which a majoritarian method of electing the head of the executive branch was grafted onto an extremely proportional system of electing the legislature. Focuses on the first two elections in which this mixed system was implemented, 1996 and 1999, and in doing so, concentrates on two aspects of the elections: the election results, i.e., the decimation of the two main parties and the rise of sectarian parties (fragmentation of the parliamentary system); and the electoral dynamics, i.e., the convergence toward the center in both the executive and the legislative elections. The most significant ramifications of the implementation of the direct popular election of the prime minister have been a significant shift in the electoral strength of the parties and a dramatic change in the competitive electoral orientation of the Israeli party system. Neither result was expected by those who initiated and propelled the electoral reform, while many of the actual expectations of the reform were not met. Arranged in the following sections: The Israeli Version of a Mixed Electoral System and Resulting Hybrid Political System; and The Consequences of the Mixed Electoral System for (1) Electoral Competition, (2) Political Representation, and (3) Electoral Efficiency.
Sidney Tarrow
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The first part of this chapter examines the four main types of political contention outlined in the introduction to it: expressive contention, reformist contention, integral contention and communal ...
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The first part of this chapter examines the four main types of political contention outlined in the introduction to it: expressive contention, reformist contention, integral contention and communal contention. The second section looks at how contentious political movements change; the four types frequently intersect, combine and transmute from one form to another. The types of change considered here are institutionalization, radicalization of once–moderate movements, the creation of hybrid forms of organization and strategy, and the privatization of movement activists. The third section of the chapter turns to how states interact with movements and considers the hypothesis that Western Europe and the United States are, in some ways, becoming movement societies. The chapter closes on a speculative note: how are European social movements – which arose in relation to the national state – being affected by the forces of ‘globalization’ and European integration in today’s world?Less
The first part of this chapter examines the four main types of political contention outlined in the introduction to it: expressive contention, reformist contention, integral contention and communal contention. The second section looks at how contentious political movements change; the four types frequently intersect, combine and transmute from one form to another. The types of change considered here are institutionalization, radicalization of once–moderate movements, the creation of hybrid forms of organization and strategy, and the privatization of movement activists. The third section of the chapter turns to how states interact with movements and considers the hypothesis that Western Europe and the United States are, in some ways, becoming movement societies. The chapter closes on a speculative note: how are European social movements – which arose in relation to the national state – being affected by the forces of ‘globalization’ and European integration in today’s world?
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese ...
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This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.Less
This book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches ...
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This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.Less
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.
Frank Hendriks
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572786
- eISBN:
- 9780191722370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572786.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Referring to the empirical exploration in the previous chapters, it is concluded in this chapter that real democracy – wherever it is practised with some level of success – is always hybrid ...
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Referring to the empirical exploration in the previous chapters, it is concluded in this chapter that real democracy – wherever it is practised with some level of success – is always hybrid democracy, resulting from a process of push and pull between competing models of democracy. Consensus democracy may be most prominent in some countries, and pendulum democracy in others, but this never occurs in an exclusive or uncontested way. A vital democracy, it is argued here, is a democracy that combines the elementary forms of democracy in a way that is both creative and contingent and, thus, manages to unite effectiveness with legitimacy: the core principles of good governance. A democratic hybrid is creative if it succeeds in making the most of the advantages of the combined models and in compensating their disadvantages as much as possible. It is contingent if the coexistence of models is sensitive to the situational and cultural context in which democracy must gain effectiveness and legitimacy.Less
Referring to the empirical exploration in the previous chapters, it is concluded in this chapter that real democracy – wherever it is practised with some level of success – is always hybrid democracy, resulting from a process of push and pull between competing models of democracy. Consensus democracy may be most prominent in some countries, and pendulum democracy in others, but this never occurs in an exclusive or uncontested way. A vital democracy, it is argued here, is a democracy that combines the elementary forms of democracy in a way that is both creative and contingent and, thus, manages to unite effectiveness with legitimacy: the core principles of good governance. A democratic hybrid is creative if it succeeds in making the most of the advantages of the combined models and in compensating their disadvantages as much as possible. It is contingent if the coexistence of models is sensitive to the situational and cultural context in which democracy must gain effectiveness and legitimacy.
Rafal Goebel, Ricardo G. Sanfelice, and Andrew R. Teel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153896
- eISBN:
- 9781400842636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153896.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter presents a technique of approximating a hybrid system with a conical hybrid system: a system with conical flow and jump sets and with constant or linear flow and jump maps. The main ...
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This chapter presents a technique of approximating a hybrid system with a conical hybrid system: a system with conical flow and jump sets and with constant or linear flow and jump maps. The main result here deduces pre-asymptotic stability for the original system from pre-asymptotic stability for the conical approximation. This result generalizes, to a hybrid system, the result that asymptotic stability for the linearization of a differential equation implies asymptotic stability for the differential equation. In many cases, the analysis of the conical approximation is simpler than of the original hybrid system; this is illustrated in several examples later in the chapter.Less
This chapter presents a technique of approximating a hybrid system with a conical hybrid system: a system with conical flow and jump sets and with constant or linear flow and jump maps. The main result here deduces pre-asymptotic stability for the original system from pre-asymptotic stability for the conical approximation. This result generalizes, to a hybrid system, the result that asymptotic stability for the linearization of a differential equation implies asymptotic stability for the differential equation. In many cases, the analysis of the conical approximation is simpler than of the original hybrid system; this is illustrated in several examples later in the chapter.
Nicolai J. Foss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199240647
- eISBN:
- 9780191602177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240647.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter develops an organizational economics interpretation of the spaghetti organization. It aims to present a novel and encompassing account and interpretation of a well-known organizational ...
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This chapter develops an organizational economics interpretation of the spaghetti organization. It aims to present a novel and encompassing account and interpretation of a well-known organizational change case, and analyse the costs of internal hybrids in terms of the problem of selective intervention. The analysis is helpful in understanding broader issues of economic organization, such as the governance choice between internal and external hybrids.Less
This chapter develops an organizational economics interpretation of the spaghetti organization. It aims to present a novel and encompassing account and interpretation of a well-known organizational change case, and analyse the costs of internal hybrids in terms of the problem of selective intervention. The analysis is helpful in understanding broader issues of economic organization, such as the governance choice between internal and external hybrids.
Michael L. Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199539581
- eISBN:
- 9780191716225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539581.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Instances of hybridization, introgression, and hybrid speciation in primate groups that are more or less distantly related to our own species are appropriate analogies for understanding the ...
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Instances of hybridization, introgression, and hybrid speciation in primate groups that are more or less distantly related to our own species are appropriate analogies for understanding the likelihood of reticulate evolution in the clade that includes Homo sapiens. This chapter begins by constructing the analogy using primate groups from Central and South America. It then continues by considering Old World primate clades including lemurs, lorises, langurs, baboons, guenons, mangabeys, macaques, gibbons, and orangutans.Less
Instances of hybridization, introgression, and hybrid speciation in primate groups that are more or less distantly related to our own species are appropriate analogies for understanding the likelihood of reticulate evolution in the clade that includes Homo sapiens. This chapter begins by constructing the analogy using primate groups from Central and South America. It then continues by considering Old World primate clades including lemurs, lorises, langurs, baboons, guenons, mangabeys, macaques, gibbons, and orangutans.
Michael L. Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199539581
- eISBN:
- 9780191716225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539581.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter argues that many of the human foodstuffs generated from animals have evolved at least in part as a result of reticulation. Specifically, introgressive hybridization and hybrid speciation ...
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This chapter argues that many of the human foodstuffs generated from animals have evolved at least in part as a result of reticulation. Specifically, introgressive hybridization and hybrid speciation have affected our most widely used animal protein sources such as cattle, pigs, tuna, sheep, goats, and trout as well as some of the lesser-utilized species such as peacock bass, chamois, mammoths, and partridges.Less
This chapter argues that many of the human foodstuffs generated from animals have evolved at least in part as a result of reticulation. Specifically, introgressive hybridization and hybrid speciation have affected our most widely used animal protein sources such as cattle, pigs, tuna, sheep, goats, and trout as well as some of the lesser-utilized species such as peacock bass, chamois, mammoths, and partridges.
Margaret Jane Radin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155333
- eISBN:
- 9781400844838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155333.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter considers “public” and hybrid regulatory solutions for boilerplate. It first examines the U.S. preference for private, market solutions, with particular emphasis on its tendency to ...
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This chapter considers “public” and hybrid regulatory solutions for boilerplate. It first examines the U.S. preference for private, market solutions, with particular emphasis on its tendency to provide for disclosure rather than substantive regulation of boilerplate, along with state legislation and judge-made law that goes beyond disclosure to create substantive regulations of contract law in particular areas. It then discusses issues associated with industry-specific regulation; piecemeal “fixes” to current law that may be enacted through legislation, imposed by agency rulemaking, or developed by judge-made law; and hybrid regimes in which private initiatives would be supported or protected by legislation or judge-made law. It also explores regulation in form of black lists, white lists, or grey lists and the problem of piecemeal adjudication. Finally, it looks at comprehensive regulation by drawing on the case of the European Union.Less
This chapter considers “public” and hybrid regulatory solutions for boilerplate. It first examines the U.S. preference for private, market solutions, with particular emphasis on its tendency to provide for disclosure rather than substantive regulation of boilerplate, along with state legislation and judge-made law that goes beyond disclosure to create substantive regulations of contract law in particular areas. It then discusses issues associated with industry-specific regulation; piecemeal “fixes” to current law that may be enacted through legislation, imposed by agency rulemaking, or developed by judge-made law; and hybrid regimes in which private initiatives would be supported or protected by legislation or judge-made law. It also explores regulation in form of black lists, white lists, or grey lists and the problem of piecemeal adjudication. Finally, it looks at comprehensive regulation by drawing on the case of the European Union.
Amie L. Thomasson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195319910
- eISBN:
- 9780199869602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319910.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter defends the idea that there are analytic entailments among our sentences against two sorts of prominent objections. In response to Quine's rejection of the analytic/synthetic ...
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This chapter defends the idea that there are analytic entailments among our sentences against two sorts of prominent objections. In response to Quine's rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction, it suggests that analytic interrelations may be understood as grounded in (tacit, collective) legislations of the rules of use for our terms. Against objections based on a Kripkean approach to reference, it argues that those inclined to causal theories should accept a hybrid theory of reference in order to overcome both the qua problem and the problem of singular nonexistence claims. This hybrid theory acknowledges that our general and singular nominative terms have determinate reference only to the extent that they are associated with frame-level conceptual content, in the form of application and coapplication conditions that fix the category of entity to be referred to. This minimal conceptual content can underpin the analytic entailments discussed in Chapter 1.Less
This chapter defends the idea that there are analytic entailments among our sentences against two sorts of prominent objections. In response to Quine's rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction, it suggests that analytic interrelations may be understood as grounded in (tacit, collective) legislations of the rules of use for our terms. Against objections based on a Kripkean approach to reference, it argues that those inclined to causal theories should accept a hybrid theory of reference in order to overcome both the qua problem and the problem of singular nonexistence claims. This hybrid theory acknowledges that our general and singular nominative terms have determinate reference only to the extent that they are associated with frame-level conceptual content, in the form of application and coapplication conditions that fix the category of entity to be referred to. This minimal conceptual content can underpin the analytic entailments discussed in Chapter 1.
Kristian Kloeckl
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300243048
- eISBN:
- 9780300249347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300243048.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
The built environment in today's hybrid cities is changing radically. The pervasiveness of networked mobile and embedded devices has transformed a predominantly stable background for human activity ...
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The built environment in today's hybrid cities is changing radically. The pervasiveness of networked mobile and embedded devices has transformed a predominantly stable background for human activity into spaces that have a more fluid behavior. Based on their capability to sense, compute, and act in real time, urban spaces have the potential to go beyond planned behaviors and, instead, change and adapt dynamically. These interactions resemble improvisation in the performing arts, and this book offers a new improvisation-based framework for thinking about future cities. The book moves beyond the smart city concept by unlocking performativity, and specifically improvisation, as a new design approach and explores how city lights, buses, plazas, and other urban environments are capable of behavior beyond scripts. Drawing on research of digital cities and design theory, the book makes improvisation useful and applicable to the condition of today's technology-imbued cities and proposes a new future for responsive urban design.Less
The built environment in today's hybrid cities is changing radically. The pervasiveness of networked mobile and embedded devices has transformed a predominantly stable background for human activity into spaces that have a more fluid behavior. Based on their capability to sense, compute, and act in real time, urban spaces have the potential to go beyond planned behaviors and, instead, change and adapt dynamically. These interactions resemble improvisation in the performing arts, and this book offers a new improvisation-based framework for thinking about future cities. The book moves beyond the smart city concept by unlocking performativity, and specifically improvisation, as a new design approach and explores how city lights, buses, plazas, and other urban environments are capable of behavior beyond scripts. Drawing on research of digital cities and design theory, the book makes improvisation useful and applicable to the condition of today's technology-imbued cities and proposes a new future for responsive urban design.
Diana C. Mutz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144511
- eISBN:
- 9781400840489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144511.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This introductory chapter traces the development of population-based experiments and highlights some of their advantages over traditional experiments and surveys. There is a tendency to think about ...
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This introductory chapter traces the development of population-based experiments and highlights some of their advantages over traditional experiments and surveys. There is a tendency to think about population-based survey experiments as simply a hybrid methodology that melds certain characteristics of surveys and experiments. But to say this tells nothing about which advantages and disadvantages of each methodology are inherited. The chapter argues that population-based survey experiments are instead more akin to an agricultural hybrid that produces something that was not present in either of the two original plants. To the extent that population-based survey experiments can be implemented with effective treatments and with the same degree of control over random assignment as in the lab, it is the only kind of research design capable of straightforwardly estimating population average treatment effects without complex statistical machinations.Less
This introductory chapter traces the development of population-based experiments and highlights some of their advantages over traditional experiments and surveys. There is a tendency to think about population-based survey experiments as simply a hybrid methodology that melds certain characteristics of surveys and experiments. But to say this tells nothing about which advantages and disadvantages of each methodology are inherited. The chapter argues that population-based survey experiments are instead more akin to an agricultural hybrid that produces something that was not present in either of the two original plants. To the extent that population-based survey experiments can be implemented with effective treatments and with the same degree of control over random assignment as in the lab, it is the only kind of research design capable of straightforwardly estimating population average treatment effects without complex statistical machinations.
Moody T. Chu and Gene H. Golub
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566649
- eISBN:
- 9780191718021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566649.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Every inverse eigenvalue problem has a natural generalization to a least squares formulation, which sometimes does carry significant purposes in applications. The least squares approximation can be ...
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Every inverse eigenvalue problem has a natural generalization to a least squares formulation, which sometimes does carry significant purposes in applications. The least squares approximation can be applied to either the spectral constraint or the structural constraint. This chapter highlights some of the main notions when considering a least squares inverse problem, and describes a hybrid lift and projection method.Less
Every inverse eigenvalue problem has a natural generalization to a least squares formulation, which sometimes does carry significant purposes in applications. The least squares approximation can be applied to either the spectral constraint or the structural constraint. This chapter highlights some of the main notions when considering a least squares inverse problem, and describes a hybrid lift and projection method.
