Tyler Burge
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581405
- eISBN:
- 9780191723223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581405.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book presents a study of what it is for individuals to represent the physical world with the most primitive sort of objectivity. By reflecting on the science of perception and related ...
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This book presents a study of what it is for individuals to represent the physical world with the most primitive sort of objectivity. By reflecting on the science of perception and related psychological and biological sciences, it gives an account of constitutive conditions for perceiving the physical world, and thus aims to locate origins of representational mind. The book illuminates several long-standing, central issues in philosophy, and provides a wide-ranging account of relations between human and animal psychologies.Less
This book presents a study of what it is for individuals to represent the physical world with the most primitive sort of objectivity. By reflecting on the science of perception and related psychological and biological sciences, it gives an account of constitutive conditions for perceiving the physical world, and thus aims to locate origins of representational mind. The book illuminates several long-standing, central issues in philosophy, and provides a wide-ranging account of relations between human and animal psychologies.
Kristen Renwick Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151373
- eISBN:
- 9781400840366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151373.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter reviews the literature on genocide to define it, asks what scholars already know about it, and provides a context within which the stories that constitute the heart of the data section ...
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This chapter reviews the literature on genocide to define it, asks what scholars already know about it, and provides a context within which the stories that constitute the heart of the data section of this volume can be analyzed. While the Holocaust and World War II is often considered as so horrific that they become unique, the chapter argues that is not the case. Moreover, it remains conscious of the extent to which understanding the human psychology surrounding the Holocaust can lend insight into a far wider range of related, important, and ongoing political behaviors that emanate in forces deep-seated within the human psyche: prejudice; discrimination; ethnic, sectarian, religious hatred and violence.Less
This chapter reviews the literature on genocide to define it, asks what scholars already know about it, and provides a context within which the stories that constitute the heart of the data section of this volume can be analyzed. While the Holocaust and World War II is often considered as so horrific that they become unique, the chapter argues that is not the case. Moreover, it remains conscious of the extent to which understanding the human psychology surrounding the Holocaust can lend insight into a far wider range of related, important, and ongoing political behaviors that emanate in forces deep-seated within the human psyche: prejudice; discrimination; ethnic, sectarian, religious hatred and violence.
Lene Arnett Jensen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195383430
- eISBN:
- 9780199827176
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383430.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This book contains chapters which propose ways to bridge cultural and developmental approaches to human psychology. The chapters heed the call of cultural psychology to study different peoples around ...
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This book contains chapters which propose ways to bridge cultural and developmental approaches to human psychology. The chapters heed the call of cultural psychology to study different peoples around the world and to recognize that culture profoundly impacts how we think, feel, and act. At the same time, they also take seriously the developmental science perspective that humans everywhere share common life stage tasks and ways of learning. Doing what has not previously been done, the chapters integrate key insights and findings from cultural and developmental research. This book is in step with a world where culturally diverse peoples interact with one another more than ever due to migration, worldwide media, and international trade and travel. With these interactions come changes to cultures and the psychological development of their members, and the implications for scholarship and policy are thoughtfully examined here. The book covers a wide range of related topics. It addresses the intersection of development and culture for psychological processes such as learning and memory, for key contexts of development such as family and civil society, for conceptions of self and identity, and for how the life course is partitioned including a focus on childhood and emerging adulthood.Less
This book contains chapters which propose ways to bridge cultural and developmental approaches to human psychology. The chapters heed the call of cultural psychology to study different peoples around the world and to recognize that culture profoundly impacts how we think, feel, and act. At the same time, they also take seriously the developmental science perspective that humans everywhere share common life stage tasks and ways of learning. Doing what has not previously been done, the chapters integrate key insights and findings from cultural and developmental research. This book is in step with a world where culturally diverse peoples interact with one another more than ever due to migration, worldwide media, and international trade and travel. With these interactions come changes to cultures and the psychological development of their members, and the implications for scholarship and policy are thoughtfully examined here. The book covers a wide range of related topics. It addresses the intersection of development and culture for psychological processes such as learning and memory, for key contexts of development such as family and civil society, for conceptions of self and identity, and for how the life course is partitioned including a focus on childhood and emerging adulthood.
Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262195805
- eISBN:
- 9780262272353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262195805.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are ...
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Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are heritable at the population level, are frequently but not always group beneficial, and are often symbolically marked. Conceptualizing social institutions as one of multiple possible stable cultural equilibrium allows a straightforward explanation of their properties. The evolution of institutions is partly driven by both the deliberate and intuitive decisions of individuals and collectivities. The innate components of human psychology coevolved in response to a culturally evolved, institutional environment and reflect a prosocial tendency of choices we make about institutional forms.Less
Social institutions are the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions within a population. Such institutions are typically not designed consciously, are heritable at the population level, are frequently but not always group beneficial, and are often symbolically marked. Conceptualizing social institutions as one of multiple possible stable cultural equilibrium allows a straightforward explanation of their properties. The evolution of institutions is partly driven by both the deliberate and intuitive decisions of individuals and collectivities. The innate components of human psychology coevolved in response to a culturally evolved, institutional environment and reflect a prosocial tendency of choices we make about institutional forms.
Samuel Scheffler
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195085648
- eISBN:
- 9780199833634
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195085647.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book defends a conception of morality as moderate in content and pervasive in scope, and as possessing an authority that derives in part from its deep roots in human psychology. According to ...
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This book defends a conception of morality as moderate in content and pervasive in scope, and as possessing an authority that derives in part from its deep roots in human psychology. According to Scheffler, the point of view of morality and that of enlightened self‐interest stand in a relation of potential congruence, a relation that he explains by reference to three central ideas. The first is that even though moral considerations and considerations of self‐interest do sometimes conflict; moral norms must be capable of integration into a coherent, attractive human life. The second is that individuals can develop psychological structures that make moral motivation possible and that shape individual interests so as to reduce the conflict between the moral and the personal points of view. And the third idea is that it is a practical, social task to achieve a measure of fit between the demands of morality and the interests of the individual. The view of morality developed in the book embodies what Scheffler calls an Ideal of Humanity, and Scheffler maintains that this ideal coheres with the totality of our firmly held values and considered convictions.Less
This book defends a conception of morality as moderate in content and pervasive in scope, and as possessing an authority that derives in part from its deep roots in human psychology. According to Scheffler, the point of view of morality and that of enlightened self‐interest stand in a relation of potential congruence, a relation that he explains by reference to three central ideas. The first is that even though moral considerations and considerations of self‐interest do sometimes conflict; moral norms must be capable of integration into a coherent, attractive human life. The second is that individuals can develop psychological structures that make moral motivation possible and that shape individual interests so as to reduce the conflict between the moral and the personal points of view. And the third idea is that it is a practical, social task to achieve a measure of fit between the demands of morality and the interests of the individual. The view of morality developed in the book embodies what Scheffler calls an Ideal of Humanity, and Scheffler maintains that this ideal coheres with the totality of our firmly held values and considered convictions.
Alison P. Lenton, Lars Penke, Peter M. Todd, and Barbara Fasolo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195388435
- eISBN:
- 9780199950089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388435.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The specific circumstances in which an individual encounters their mate options may influence how she chooses and, ultimately, whom she chooses. In particular, the choice environment may affect the ...
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The specific circumstances in which an individual encounters their mate options may influence how she chooses and, ultimately, whom she chooses. In particular, the choice environment may affect the cues we pay attention to, how we combine them and, ultimately (and significantly), our reproductive fate. This chapter consolidates the current state of knowledge regarding choice environment effects on mating behavior. This chapter's thesis is that human mate choice is adapted to the choice environment in which it is made: We are sensitive to changes in the environment and adapt our judgments and choice strategies accordingly, thereby exhibiting ecological and social rationality—the topic of this volume. This chapter promotes the view that mating-related judgment and choice depend very much on the environmental conditions facing the chooser, while also being shaped by the past recurring conditions in which these behaviors evolved. To substantiate this perspective, the chapter describes anthropological, sociological, and psychological research showing that human mating-related judgments and choice are context-sensitive in meaningful ways. In particular, the chapter shows how the cues and strategies used in mate choice are influenced by environmental structure, considered first at the population level and second at the level of individual choosers. The chapter concludes by focusing in on one important aspect of the mate choice environment in specific modern settings and its impact on heuristic and cue use: the number of potential mates available.Less
The specific circumstances in which an individual encounters their mate options may influence how she chooses and, ultimately, whom she chooses. In particular, the choice environment may affect the cues we pay attention to, how we combine them and, ultimately (and significantly), our reproductive fate. This chapter consolidates the current state of knowledge regarding choice environment effects on mating behavior. This chapter's thesis is that human mate choice is adapted to the choice environment in which it is made: We are sensitive to changes in the environment and adapt our judgments and choice strategies accordingly, thereby exhibiting ecological and social rationality—the topic of this volume. This chapter promotes the view that mating-related judgment and choice depend very much on the environmental conditions facing the chooser, while also being shaped by the past recurring conditions in which these behaviors evolved. To substantiate this perspective, the chapter describes anthropological, sociological, and psychological research showing that human mating-related judgments and choice are context-sensitive in meaningful ways. In particular, the chapter shows how the cues and strategies used in mate choice are influenced by environmental structure, considered first at the population level and second at the level of individual choosers. The chapter concludes by focusing in on one important aspect of the mate choice environment in specific modern settings and its impact on heuristic and cue use: the number of potential mates available.
Philippe Rochat
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199890712
- eISBN:
- 9780199332779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890712.003.0037
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter analyzes human self-conscious psychology from the perspective of development. Human psychology is ontologically self-conscious, with an exacerbated care for reputation at its core. This ...
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This chapter analyzes human self-conscious psychology from the perspective of development. Human psychology is ontologically self-conscious, with an exacerbated care for reputation at its core. This psychology defines us as a species and becomes explicit by the end of the second year, with the expression of self-conscious emotions such as shame or pride. From this point on, children not only demonstrate evidence of recognizing themselves in a mirror, but they also show apparent emotional weariness and self-consciousness. As a human trademark, mirror self-experience changes status, becoming construed in reference to the evaluative gaze of others. Human self-conscious psychology cannot be thought of independently of the particular evolution of childhood, an evolution that led toward a prolonged immaturity and the incomparably protracted social dependence of the human young. As a by-product of this evolution, the gaze of others gained unique power as a social signal: the power to assess and reflect self-worth. This evolution also led us to become the shameful and guilt-prone species we are, always under the spell of the evaluative gaze of others.Less
This chapter analyzes human self-conscious psychology from the perspective of development. Human psychology is ontologically self-conscious, with an exacerbated care for reputation at its core. This psychology defines us as a species and becomes explicit by the end of the second year, with the expression of self-conscious emotions such as shame or pride. From this point on, children not only demonstrate evidence of recognizing themselves in a mirror, but they also show apparent emotional weariness and self-consciousness. As a human trademark, mirror self-experience changes status, becoming construed in reference to the evaluative gaze of others. Human self-conscious psychology cannot be thought of independently of the particular evolution of childhood, an evolution that led toward a prolonged immaturity and the incomparably protracted social dependence of the human young. As a by-product of this evolution, the gaze of others gained unique power as a social signal: the power to assess and reflect self-worth. This evolution also led us to become the shameful and guilt-prone species we are, always under the spell of the evaluative gaze of others.
Brian Schiff
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199332182
- eISBN:
- 9780190690014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The concluding chapter of A New Narrative for Psychology, reflects on the place of the narrative perspective in the discipline as a whole. It argues that although the methods of narrative psychology ...
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The concluding chapter of A New Narrative for Psychology, reflects on the place of the narrative perspective in the discipline as a whole. It argues that although the methods of narrative psychology may not be wholly distinct from qualitative or mixed methods, the narrative perspective does present an integrated, theoretical, and methodological approach to the study of human meaning making and is specially suited, distinctly credible, to this pursuit. The chapter addresses the growing debate on unity in psychology in which some scholars have proposed unifying psychology through overarching theoretical structures or by imposing methodological discipline. By virtue of the way that narrative can deal with complexity, it can be a productive force for a more synthetic view of human psychology. In this regard, a narrative perspective can provide insight into human experience in a way that no other perspective can.Less
The concluding chapter of A New Narrative for Psychology, reflects on the place of the narrative perspective in the discipline as a whole. It argues that although the methods of narrative psychology may not be wholly distinct from qualitative or mixed methods, the narrative perspective does present an integrated, theoretical, and methodological approach to the study of human meaning making and is specially suited, distinctly credible, to this pursuit. The chapter addresses the growing debate on unity in psychology in which some scholars have proposed unifying psychology through overarching theoretical structures or by imposing methodological discipline. By virtue of the way that narrative can deal with complexity, it can be a productive force for a more synthetic view of human psychology. In this regard, a narrative perspective can provide insight into human experience in a way that no other perspective can.
Paul Sagar
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691178882
- eISBN:
- 9781400889808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691178882.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the role of history and the family in debates over human sociability and the foundations of politics, drawing attention to how David Hume was able to revolutionize the use of ...
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This chapter examines the role of history and the family in debates over human sociability and the foundations of politics, drawing attention to how David Hume was able to revolutionize the use of state-of-nature conjectures in order to elucidate the emergence of institutional structures and related moral values. According to Thomas Hobbes, human psychology was fundamentally characterized by the balancing of appetites and aversions: all motivation could be explained in terms of the seeking of private pleasure and the avoidance of private pain. Bernard Mandeville essentially followed Hobbes, refusing to give any role to fellow feeling in explaining human sociability. The chapter first considers Hume's rejection of Hobbes's and Mandeville's reductive accounts of human psychology before discussing Hobbes's views on the question of the family and his notion of the state of nature. It also analyzes the debate involving Hobbes's British successors, namely: Mandeville, Anthony Ashley Cooper, and Francis Hutcheson.Less
This chapter examines the role of history and the family in debates over human sociability and the foundations of politics, drawing attention to how David Hume was able to revolutionize the use of state-of-nature conjectures in order to elucidate the emergence of institutional structures and related moral values. According to Thomas Hobbes, human psychology was fundamentally characterized by the balancing of appetites and aversions: all motivation could be explained in terms of the seeking of private pleasure and the avoidance of private pain. Bernard Mandeville essentially followed Hobbes, refusing to give any role to fellow feeling in explaining human sociability. The chapter first considers Hume's rejection of Hobbes's and Mandeville's reductive accounts of human psychology before discussing Hobbes's views on the question of the family and his notion of the state of nature. It also analyzes the debate involving Hobbes's British successors, namely: Mandeville, Anthony Ashley Cooper, and Francis Hutcheson.
Leland F. Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199230167
- eISBN:
- 9780191696442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of ...
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This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of moral justification which can show that morality is a rational enterprise given the facts of moral dumbfounding. Appealing to the model of reflective equilibrium for the rational justification of moral intuitions solves this problem. Reflective equilibrium views the rational justification of morality as a back-and-forth balancing between moral theory and moral intuition, and therefore does not require that individual moral intuitions be directly responsive to rational reflection. The psychological problem is whether human psychology actually implements the processes required for reflective equilibrium. The psychological problem is far more difficult, and requires appealing to a dual-process view of moral judgement that regards moral intuitions and moral theories as belonging to different mental systems.Less
This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of moral justification which can show that morality is a rational enterprise given the facts of moral dumbfounding. Appealing to the model of reflective equilibrium for the rational justification of moral intuitions solves this problem. Reflective equilibrium views the rational justification of morality as a back-and-forth balancing between moral theory and moral intuition, and therefore does not require that individual moral intuitions be directly responsive to rational reflection. The psychological problem is whether human psychology actually implements the processes required for reflective equilibrium. The psychological problem is far more difficult, and requires appealing to a dual-process view of moral judgement that regards moral intuitions and moral theories as belonging to different mental systems.
Louis Jacobs
- Published in print:
- 1982
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197100394
- eISBN:
- 9781800340299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9780197100394.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter assesses how the comprehensiveness of the halakhic process is further evident in the numerous instances in which laws are formulated on the basis of human psychology — of how human ...
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This chapter assesses how the comprehensiveness of the halakhic process is further evident in the numerous instances in which laws are formulated on the basis of human psychology — of how human beings normally respond, rationally and emotionally, in given circumstances. There is an abundance of material on this topic, especially in the Babylonian Talmud. It must be appreciated, however, that a good deal of the Talmud is purely theoretical. In the majority of instances, the psychological motivation suggested in the Talmud is not the starting-point of the legal formulation, rather, it is an explanation by the amoraim of a law that has long been established. However, as this type of explanation becomes part of the halakhic process, one can still see it as evidence of halakhic comprehensiveness. There are so many instances of this phenomenon in the Talmud that a separate volume would be required to treat them all adequately. The chapter therefore presents just some of these instances, taken more or less at random. These instances include the disqualification of certain types of witness; the validity of a betrothal; and the doctrine of diminished responsibility.Less
This chapter assesses how the comprehensiveness of the halakhic process is further evident in the numerous instances in which laws are formulated on the basis of human psychology — of how human beings normally respond, rationally and emotionally, in given circumstances. There is an abundance of material on this topic, especially in the Babylonian Talmud. It must be appreciated, however, that a good deal of the Talmud is purely theoretical. In the majority of instances, the psychological motivation suggested in the Talmud is not the starting-point of the legal formulation, rather, it is an explanation by the amoraim of a law that has long been established. However, as this type of explanation becomes part of the halakhic process, one can still see it as evidence of halakhic comprehensiveness. There are so many instances of this phenomenon in the Talmud that a separate volume would be required to treat them all adequately. The chapter therefore presents just some of these instances, taken more or less at random. These instances include the disqualification of certain types of witness; the validity of a betrothal; and the doctrine of diminished responsibility.
Andrew S. Gordon, Jerry R. Hobbs, and Michael T. Cox
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014809
- eISBN:
- 9780262295284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014809.003.0019
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
This chapter argues for making representational commitments in metareasoning systems in a principled manner, that is, through the development of anthropomorphic self-models. Integrated, ...
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This chapter argues for making representational commitments in metareasoning systems in a principled manner, that is, through the development of anthropomorphic self-models. Integrated, broad-coverage, reusable self-models for metareasoning can be developed by formalizing the commonsense theories that people have about their own human psychology.Less
This chapter argues for making representational commitments in metareasoning systems in a principled manner, that is, through the development of anthropomorphic self-models. Integrated, broad-coverage, reusable self-models for metareasoning can be developed by formalizing the commonsense theories that people have about their own human psychology.
Marga Vicedo
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226020556
- eISBN:
- 9780226020693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226020693.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter summarizes the main results of the study. It highlights some key factors that explain the success of attachment theory in the face of substantial criticism, and reflects on what the ...
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This chapter summarizes the main results of the study. It highlights some key factors that explain the success of attachment theory in the face of substantial criticism, and reflects on what the present historical analysis says about its value. Since attachment theorists have often used historical reconstruction to legitimize their science, a reinterpretation of that history must bear on the status of the theory. It is argued that over the course of a few decades, attachment theorists failed to address some of the basic challenges their critics raised. It cites the need to clarify the relations among behaviors, emotions, and instincts and the questionable uses of animal models in human psychology.Less
This chapter summarizes the main results of the study. It highlights some key factors that explain the success of attachment theory in the face of substantial criticism, and reflects on what the present historical analysis says about its value. Since attachment theorists have often used historical reconstruction to legitimize their science, a reinterpretation of that history must bear on the status of the theory. It is argued that over the course of a few decades, attachment theorists failed to address some of the basic challenges their critics raised. It cites the need to clarify the relations among behaviors, emotions, and instincts and the questionable uses of animal models in human psychology.
David Livingstone Smith
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190923006
- eISBN:
- 9780190092566
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most ...
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This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most explicit and thoroughly documented example of the dehumanization of a whole people. Much of what we can learn from the Holocaust can be applied to other cases of dehumanization too, because dehumanization always conforms to more or less the same pattern. Of course, there are individual variations, as each incident of dehumanization must be understood against the background of different historical and cultural contexts, and in response to different political forces. But these differences make their striking similarities all the more significant, suggesting that dehumanizing states of mind are grounded in some very general features of human psychology. The chapter shows how easy it is to slip into thinking of others as less than human in part because of how the human mind is configured.Less
This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most explicit and thoroughly documented example of the dehumanization of a whole people. Much of what we can learn from the Holocaust can be applied to other cases of dehumanization too, because dehumanization always conforms to more or less the same pattern. Of course, there are individual variations, as each incident of dehumanization must be understood against the background of different historical and cultural contexts, and in response to different political forces. But these differences make their striking similarities all the more significant, suggesting that dehumanizing states of mind are grounded in some very general features of human psychology. The chapter shows how easy it is to slip into thinking of others as less than human in part because of how the human mind is configured.
Geoffrey Underwood (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523109
- eISBN:
- 9780191688829
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523109.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book describes the fascinating learning, memory, and performance processes that take place without the subject's ‘explicit’ awareness. A well-known example is patients under anaesthetic who, ...
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This book describes the fascinating learning, memory, and performance processes that take place without the subject's ‘explicit’ awareness. A well-known example is patients under anaesthetic who, without being able to verbally recall the surgeons' conversation, show some retention of the conversation. How much of what we ‘know’ has been learned implicitly? How much of our problem-solving abilities are founded on unconscious processes? Researchers disagree widely over the importance, and even the existence, of implicit cognition as an issue in human psychology. This book brings together several internationally known authors with conflicting views on the subject, providing a lively and informative overview of this controversial area.Less
This book describes the fascinating learning, memory, and performance processes that take place without the subject's ‘explicit’ awareness. A well-known example is patients under anaesthetic who, without being able to verbally recall the surgeons' conversation, show some retention of the conversation. How much of what we ‘know’ has been learned implicitly? How much of our problem-solving abilities are founded on unconscious processes? Researchers disagree widely over the importance, and even the existence, of implicit cognition as an issue in human psychology. This book brings together several internationally known authors with conflicting views on the subject, providing a lively and informative overview of this controversial area.
Robert H. Abzug
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199754373
- eISBN:
- 9780197512944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199754373.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century, History of Religion
Paul Tillich’s death In 1965 marks a turning point in May’s life, one in which he mourned his mentor but also declared his freedom from Tillich’s watchful influence. As the war in Vietnam heats up, ...
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Paul Tillich’s death In 1965 marks a turning point in May’s life, one in which he mourned his mentor but also declared his freedom from Tillich’s watchful influence. As the war in Vietnam heats up, May becomes active in various professional groups seeking an end to the war. He also found himself drawing closer to colleagues in California. A key moment in his public visibility came with being featured as a prophet in the newly created monthly, Psychology Today.Less
Paul Tillich’s death In 1965 marks a turning point in May’s life, one in which he mourned his mentor but also declared his freedom from Tillich’s watchful influence. As the war in Vietnam heats up, May becomes active in various professional groups seeking an end to the war. He also found himself drawing closer to colleagues in California. A key moment in his public visibility came with being featured as a prophet in the newly created monthly, Psychology Today.
Paul Ekman and Erika L. Rosenberg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179644
- eISBN:
- 9780199847044
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us ...
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While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available, sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research. They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions among psychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed.Less
While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available, sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research. They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions among psychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed.
Eric Barthalon
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231166287
- eISBN:
- 9780231538305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231166287.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter reviews a number of expectations theories that preceded the rational expectations hypothesis (REH). It first considers R. Cantillon's views on the role of expectations in economics, ...
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This chapter reviews a number of expectations theories that preceded the rational expectations hypothesis (REH). It first considers R. Cantillon's views on the role of expectations in economics, especially with respect to the augmentation and diminution of coins in denomination. It then examines the perceived role of expectations in human psychology, expectations models liable to be confronted with empirical data, and the REH's proposal that economic agents form their expectations rationally, that is, by using “the” one and only correct (neoclassical) model of the economy. It also explores the arguments advanced by economists such as Knut Wicksell, John Maynard Keynes, Frank Knight, and Friedrich Hayek, who stressed the importance of expectations explicitly, as regards cyclical fluctuations, be it in economic activity or in financial markets. The chapter concludes by discussing early attempts to quantify expectations.Less
This chapter reviews a number of expectations theories that preceded the rational expectations hypothesis (REH). It first considers R. Cantillon's views on the role of expectations in economics, especially with respect to the augmentation and diminution of coins in denomination. It then examines the perceived role of expectations in human psychology, expectations models liable to be confronted with empirical data, and the REH's proposal that economic agents form their expectations rationally, that is, by using “the” one and only correct (neoclassical) model of the economy. It also explores the arguments advanced by economists such as Knut Wicksell, John Maynard Keynes, Frank Knight, and Friedrich Hayek, who stressed the importance of expectations explicitly, as regards cyclical fluctuations, be it in economic activity or in financial markets. The chapter concludes by discussing early attempts to quantify expectations.
Stephen M. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781617036736
- eISBN:
- 9781621039143
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781617036736.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter describes how Welty’s career was based on the dark recesses of human psychology, evidenced by a steady stream of fictional works that made this its main subject. A student of the ...
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This chapter describes how Welty’s career was based on the dark recesses of human psychology, evidenced by a steady stream of fictional works that made this its main subject. A student of the perverse, the cruel, and the brutal, and a champion of the heroic, the beautiful, and the elegiac, Welty had mounted an assault on the systematic cultivation of women’s ignorance about the world, desire, men, and themselves. Andre Breton saw this assault as part of the revolution of consciousness when he first leveled the institutions of bourgeois life in the “Manifesto of Surrealism.” Like the fantasist in “A Memory,” Welty used her fiction to enter a “dual life, as observer and dreamer,” and her conviction insisting on the permeability of consciousness produced a body of work that shows a profoundly surrealist sensibility at work.Less
This chapter describes how Welty’s career was based on the dark recesses of human psychology, evidenced by a steady stream of fictional works that made this its main subject. A student of the perverse, the cruel, and the brutal, and a champion of the heroic, the beautiful, and the elegiac, Welty had mounted an assault on the systematic cultivation of women’s ignorance about the world, desire, men, and themselves. Andre Breton saw this assault as part of the revolution of consciousness when he first leveled the institutions of bourgeois life in the “Manifesto of Surrealism.” Like the fantasist in “A Memory,” Welty used her fiction to enter a “dual life, as observer and dreamer,” and her conviction insisting on the permeability of consciousness produced a body of work that shows a profoundly surrealist sensibility at work.
Cheshire Calhoun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814760147
- eISBN:
- 9780814763490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814760147.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter comments on George Marcus's essay in Chapter 5. In Marcus's view, autonomous thought ultimately depends on one's emotional capacity for anxiety, and autonomous action ultimately depends ...
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This chapter comments on George Marcus's essay in Chapter 5. In Marcus's view, autonomous thought ultimately depends on one's emotional capacity for anxiety, and autonomous action ultimately depends on one's emotional capacity for enthusiasm. What democracy needs then is not a citizenry that deliberates about every political choice. Democracy needs citizens who are neurologically designed to develop serviceable habits of political judgment and action—habits whose basis may not be articulable—and who are also neurologically designed to shift into conscious deliberation when reliance on habits seems risky. By adopting a dual-process model of human psychology, reason need not pit against emotion or partisanship against deliberation.Less
This chapter comments on George Marcus's essay in Chapter 5. In Marcus's view, autonomous thought ultimately depends on one's emotional capacity for anxiety, and autonomous action ultimately depends on one's emotional capacity for enthusiasm. What democracy needs then is not a citizenry that deliberates about every political choice. Democracy needs citizens who are neurologically designed to develop serviceable habits of political judgment and action—habits whose basis may not be articulable—and who are also neurologically designed to shift into conscious deliberation when reliance on habits seems risky. By adopting a dual-process model of human psychology, reason need not pit against emotion or partisanship against deliberation.