Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Dogs have occupied many different types of environments. Some of them in close association with humans (i.e., in human families), but there are populations of dogs that maintain a more distanced ...
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Dogs have occupied many different types of environments. Some of them in close association with humans (i.e., in human families), but there are populations of dogs that maintain a more distanced style of life like that of the so-called feral dogs. This chapter provides a population-level overview of dogs and refers to the different roles dogs occupy in human society, ranging from being a pet at home to their potential for being an aid for humans. The performance of dogs working with the police, helping with blind or disabled people is comparable to that of working humans. Unfortunately, despite much effort the presence of dogs in society is not without problems, and more balanced research without preconceptions is needed to solve problems associated with dog bites and shelter dogs.Less
Dogs have occupied many different types of environments. Some of them in close association with humans (i.e., in human families), but there are populations of dogs that maintain a more distanced style of life like that of the so-called feral dogs. This chapter provides a population-level overview of dogs and refers to the different roles dogs occupy in human society, ranging from being a pet at home to their potential for being an aid for humans. The performance of dogs working with the police, helping with blind or disabled people is comparable to that of working humans. Unfortunately, despite much effort the presence of dogs in society is not without problems, and more balanced research without preconceptions is needed to solve problems associated with dog bites and shelter dogs.
Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374049
- eISBN:
- 9780199871889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology ...
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The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology emphasizes faculties besides rationality. Emotions, empathy, sociability, semantic understanding, and consciousness are all important to human moral decision making, but it remains an open question whether these will be essential to artificial moral agents and, if so, whether they can be implemented in machines. This chapter surveys the cutting‐edge scientific investigation in the areas of affective computing and embodied cognition that is aimed at providing computers and robots with the kinds of supra‐rational capacities underlying those social skills which may be essential for sophisticated human‐computer interaction.Less
The top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to artificial moral agents emphasize the importance in ethics of the ability to reason. However, much of the recent empirical literature on moral psychology emphasizes faculties besides rationality. Emotions, empathy, sociability, semantic understanding, and consciousness are all important to human moral decision making, but it remains an open question whether these will be essential to artificial moral agents and, if so, whether they can be implemented in machines. This chapter surveys the cutting‐edge scientific investigation in the areas of affective computing and embodied cognition that is aimed at providing computers and robots with the kinds of supra‐rational capacities underlying those social skills which may be essential for sophisticated human‐computer interaction.
Stephen. B Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
As has been shown in books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and ...
More
As has been shown in books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. This chapter will show that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication, and that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.Less
As has been shown in books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. This chapter will show that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication, and that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.
Cynthia Breazeal and Rosalind Picard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0018
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for ...
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This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for building robots with social-emotional-inspired capabilities is to develop “relational robots” and their associated applications in diverse areas such as health, education, or work productivity where the human user derives performance benefit from establishing a kind of social rapport with the robot. The chapter describes some of the future applications for such robots, provides a brief summary of the current capabilities of state-of-the-art socially interactive robots, presents recent findings in human-computer interaction, and concludes with a few challenges that should be addressed in future research.Less
This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for building robots with social-emotional-inspired capabilities is to develop “relational robots” and their associated applications in diverse areas such as health, education, or work productivity where the human user derives performance benefit from establishing a kind of social rapport with the robot. The chapter describes some of the future applications for such robots, provides a brief summary of the current capabilities of state-of-the-art socially interactive robots, presents recent findings in human-computer interaction, and concludes with a few challenges that should be addressed in future research.
Adam Miklosi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
The main aim of this book is to provide a basis for a complete dog behavioural biology based on concepts derived from contemporary ethology. Thus, dog behaviour is viewed from both functional ...
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The main aim of this book is to provide a basis for a complete dog behavioural biology based on concepts derived from contemporary ethology. Thus, dog behaviour is viewed from both functional (evolution and ecology) and mechanistic and developmental points of view. The study of dogs is placed in a comparative context which involves comparison with their ancestors (wolves), as well as with humans with which dogs share their present environment. Instead of advocating a single theory which would explain the emergence of dogs during the last 20,000 years of human evolution, this book gives an overview of present knowledge which has been collected by scientists from various fields. It aims to find novel ways to increase our understanding of this complex evolutionary process by combining different methods originating from different scientific disciplines. This is facilitated by describing complementing knowledge provided by various field of science, including zooarchaeology, cognitive and comparative ethology, human-animal interaction, behaviour genetics, behavioural physiology and development, and behavioural ecology. This interdisciplinary approach to the study of dogs deepens our biological understanding of dog behaviour, but also utilizes this knowledge to reveal secrets to behavioural evolution in general, even with special reference to the human species.Less
The main aim of this book is to provide a basis for a complete dog behavioural biology based on concepts derived from contemporary ethology. Thus, dog behaviour is viewed from both functional (evolution and ecology) and mechanistic and developmental points of view. The study of dogs is placed in a comparative context which involves comparison with their ancestors (wolves), as well as with humans with which dogs share their present environment. Instead of advocating a single theory which would explain the emergence of dogs during the last 20,000 years of human evolution, this book gives an overview of present knowledge which has been collected by scientists from various fields. It aims to find novel ways to increase our understanding of this complex evolutionary process by combining different methods originating from different scientific disciplines. This is facilitated by describing complementing knowledge provided by various field of science, including zooarchaeology, cognitive and comparative ethology, human-animal interaction, behaviour genetics, behavioural physiology and development, and behavioural ecology. This interdisciplinary approach to the study of dogs deepens our biological understanding of dog behaviour, but also utilizes this knowledge to reveal secrets to behavioural evolution in general, even with special reference to the human species.
Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to ...
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Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people so they can work effectively and safely. The goal of merging these two fields is to use the startling discoveries of human brain and physiological functioning both to inform the design of technologies in the workplace and home, and to provide new training methods that enhance performance, expand capabilities, and optimize the fit between people and technology. Research in the area of neuroergonomics has blossomed in recent years with the emergence of non-invasive techniques for monitoring human brain function that can be used to study various aspects of human behavior in relation to technology and work, including mental workload, visual attention, working memory, motor control, human-automation interaction, and adaptive automation. This book provides an overview of this emerging area, describing the theoretical background, basic research, major methods, as well as the new and future areas of application.Less
Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people so they can work effectively and safely. The goal of merging these two fields is to use the startling discoveries of human brain and physiological functioning both to inform the design of technologies in the workplace and home, and to provide new training methods that enhance performance, expand capabilities, and optimize the fit between people and technology. Research in the area of neuroergonomics has blossomed in recent years with the emergence of non-invasive techniques for monitoring human brain function that can be used to study various aspects of human behavior in relation to technology and work, including mental workload, visual attention, working memory, motor control, human-automation interaction, and adaptive automation. This book provides an overview of this emerging area, describing the theoretical background, basic research, major methods, as well as the new and future areas of application.
Susanne Waiblinger
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753629
- eISBN:
- 9780191815225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753629.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Farm animals have had a crucial role in human development and have been of high importance until now in many diverse farming systems. For the future, animal production poses substantial opportunities ...
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Farm animals have had a crucial role in human development and have been of high importance until now in many diverse farming systems. For the future, animal production poses substantial opportunities as well as risks, regarding both food security of the growing human population, as well as climate effects, depending largely on the farming system. Human–animal interactions inevitably occur throughout the lives of farm animals. However, the frequency and types of interactions are extremely variable, both between and within husbandry systems. This chapter reviews the variation in interactions and relationships, the causes for these differences and the implications for animal and human welfare. It shows evidence not only for the direct effects of the stockpersons’ relationship towards the animals in interactions and thus animal welfare, but also for the indirect effects via decision making. Lastly, societal implications and future research areas are discussed.Less
Farm animals have had a crucial role in human development and have been of high importance until now in many diverse farming systems. For the future, animal production poses substantial opportunities as well as risks, regarding both food security of the growing human population, as well as climate effects, depending largely on the farming system. Human–animal interactions inevitably occur throughout the lives of farm animals. However, the frequency and types of interactions are extremely variable, both between and within husbandry systems. This chapter reviews the variation in interactions and relationships, the causes for these differences and the implications for animal and human welfare. It shows evidence not only for the direct effects of the stockpersons’ relationship towards the animals in interactions and thus animal welfare, but also for the indirect effects via decision making. Lastly, societal implications and future research areas are discussed.
Seth Magle
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753629
- eISBN:
- 9780191815225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753629.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
As our planet continues to urbanise, an increasing abundance and diversity of wildlife find ways to persist within cities and towns. I summarise general patterns of urban wildlife and also describe ...
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As our planet continues to urbanise, an increasing abundance and diversity of wildlife find ways to persist within cities and towns. I summarise general patterns of urban wildlife and also describe common interactions between people and wildlife in cities. Some of these encounters are very harmful, including property damage, transmission of disease, or attacks against humans or their pets. However, urban wildlife also have positive impacts on cities and urban residents, by providing ecosystem services such as pest control, and by inspiring a feeling of connection with nature. I discuss the implications of human attitudes for long-term coexistence between people and animals in cities, and point to areas for future research. As the biodiversity crisis continues to worsen, and as the planet continues to be modified by humans at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we make a place for wildlife within and near to our cities.Less
As our planet continues to urbanise, an increasing abundance and diversity of wildlife find ways to persist within cities and towns. I summarise general patterns of urban wildlife and also describe common interactions between people and wildlife in cities. Some of these encounters are very harmful, including property damage, transmission of disease, or attacks against humans or their pets. However, urban wildlife also have positive impacts on cities and urban residents, by providing ecosystem services such as pest control, and by inspiring a feeling of connection with nature. I discuss the implications of human attitudes for long-term coexistence between people and animals in cities, and point to areas for future research. As the biodiversity crisis continues to worsen, and as the planet continues to be modified by humans at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we make a place for wildlife within and near to our cities.
Stephen B. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263226
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263221.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
As has been shown in well‐recognised books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of ...
More
As has been shown in well‐recognised books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. Shows that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication and, furthermore, that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Here, both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.Less
As has been shown in well‐recognised books such as Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, it is difficult to build reliable complex technologies. The primary reasons revolve around the communication of deep and heterogeneous information between design engineers, compounded by the difficulty of assuring foolproof manufacturing and integration of thousands of components. Shows that most technical failures ultimately result from human error or miscommunication and, furthermore, that the solutions to these problems, including systems integration, are likewise social in nature. Here, both engineering and historical analysis are used to point to the social basis of failure and dependability.
Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi, Lee E. Miller, W. Zev Rymer, and Richard Weir
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter begins with a brief review of the earlier ideas and advances in the interaction between neural and artificial systems. It then reviews recent advances in the use of signals extracted by ...
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This chapter begins with a brief review of the earlier ideas and advances in the interaction between neural and artificial systems. It then reviews recent advances in the use of signals extracted by electroencephalography (EEG) and by electrodes implanted in cortical areas for generating commands to artificial devices. It discusses the role of sensory feedback and the problem of creating an artificial version of it by transmitting sensory information to the nervous system via electrical stimulation. It offers a view on the clinical impact of neural engineering, both in its current state and in the foreseeable future.Less
This chapter begins with a brief review of the earlier ideas and advances in the interaction between neural and artificial systems. It then reviews recent advances in the use of signals extracted by electroencephalography (EEG) and by electrodes implanted in cortical areas for generating commands to artificial devices. It discusses the role of sensory feedback and the problem of creating an artificial version of it by transmitting sensory information to the nervous system via electrical stimulation. It offers a view on the clinical impact of neural engineering, both in its current state and in the foreseeable future.
Shi Hui and Thora Tenbrink
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554201
- eISBN:
- 9780191721236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554201.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter seeks to enable uninformed users to instruct intelligent robots to move towards specific goals via route instructions. Empirical data are used to augment the robot's internal ...
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This chapter seeks to enable uninformed users to instruct intelligent robots to move towards specific goals via route instructions. Empirical data are used to augment the robot's internal representation and to identify conceptual problem areas. A formal dialogue-modelling approach is suggested, supporting the design of robust dialogue systems.Less
This chapter seeks to enable uninformed users to instruct intelligent robots to move towards specific goals via route instructions. Empirical data are used to augment the robot's internal representation and to identify conceptual problem areas. A formal dialogue-modelling approach is suggested, supporting the design of robust dialogue systems.
Roy F. Baumeister
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195167030
- eISBN:
- 9780199894147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167030.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter focuses on interactions. Though psychology has generally focused its grand theories on the individual human self, thinking, feeling, wanting, and acting, interaction follows another set ...
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This chapter focuses on interactions. Though psychology has generally focused its grand theories on the individual human self, thinking, feeling, wanting, and acting, interaction follows another set of rules. Moreover, if we accept the premise that people are designed by nature for culture, then human interactions are worthy of separate treatment. To be sure, social life is already interactive, and so this chapter will focus on the differences between cultural and social interactions. Social interactions are mostly one-on-one, whereas cultural interactions involve a context that refers to the group or other collective. Hence, the chapter will look at social behavior such as family life, aggression, sex, and power, but it will emphasize how these interactions are transformed by being part of a culture.Less
This chapter focuses on interactions. Though psychology has generally focused its grand theories on the individual human self, thinking, feeling, wanting, and acting, interaction follows another set of rules. Moreover, if we accept the premise that people are designed by nature for culture, then human interactions are worthy of separate treatment. To be sure, social life is already interactive, and so this chapter will focus on the differences between cultural and social interactions. Social interactions are mostly one-on-one, whereas cultural interactions involve a context that refers to the group or other collective. Hence, the chapter will look at social behavior such as family life, aggression, sex, and power, but it will emphasize how these interactions are transformed by being part of a culture.
Peter Pirolli
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173321
- eISBN:
- 9780199893232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173321.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. ...
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Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. As a result humans create a glut of information, causing a poverty of attention and a greater need to allocate that attention effectively and efficiently. The framework draws upon concepts in optimal foraging theory and computational cognitive psychology. Theories are developed and tested via rational analysis and computational cognitive models. Rational analysis involves an engineering style model of (a) what environmental problem is solved and (b) why a given system is a good solution to the problem. Computational cognitive models provide the details of how the human cognitive architecture achieves information foraging tasks in given information environments. The framework and methodology are illustrated using an example of the task of finding a good, inexpensive hotel on the Web.Less
Information foraging theory is being developed in order to understand and improve human—information interaction. The framework assumes that humans adapt to the world by seeking and using information. As a result humans create a glut of information, causing a poverty of attention and a greater need to allocate that attention effectively and efficiently. The framework draws upon concepts in optimal foraging theory and computational cognitive psychology. Theories are developed and tested via rational analysis and computational cognitive models. Rational analysis involves an engineering style model of (a) what environmental problem is solved and (b) why a given system is a good solution to the problem. Computational cognitive models provide the details of how the human cognitive architecture achieves information foraging tasks in given information environments. The framework and methodology are illustrated using an example of the task of finding a good, inexpensive hotel on the Web.
Douglass C. North
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199241019
- eISBN:
- 9780191601217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241015.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
This section presents Douglass North’s comments on the drafts of the chapters discussed during the final conference leading to the current book. He discusses the fundamentals of human interaction, ...
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This section presents Douglass North’s comments on the drafts of the chapters discussed during the final conference leading to the current book. He discusses the fundamentals of human interaction, and argues that a useful common denominator of human interaction is a transaction cost approach. Human beings are concerned with costs of measurement, enforcement, and different kinds of exchange conditions. Thus, they follow very different patterns, which have been elucidated in a number of papers in the conference. He makes special mention of several papers, namely those of Yujiro Hayami on vegetable marketing in Indonesia, Akihiki Ohno on hand-weaving in Laos, Jonathan Morduch on China, and Jean-Phillipe Platteau on cooperative.Less
This section presents Douglass North’s comments on the drafts of the chapters discussed during the final conference leading to the current book. He discusses the fundamentals of human interaction, and argues that a useful common denominator of human interaction is a transaction cost approach. Human beings are concerned with costs of measurement, enforcement, and different kinds of exchange conditions. Thus, they follow very different patterns, which have been elucidated in a number of papers in the conference. He makes special mention of several papers, namely those of Yujiro Hayami on vegetable marketing in Indonesia, Akihiki Ohno on hand-weaving in Laos, Jonathan Morduch on China, and Jean-Phillipe Platteau on cooperative.
Geoff Hosey and Vicky Melfi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753629
- eISBN:
- 9780191815225
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753629.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Anthrozoology, the study of human–animal interactions (HAIs), has experienced substantial growth during the past twenty years and it is now timely to synthesise what we know from empirical evidence ...
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Anthrozoology, the study of human–animal interactions (HAIs), has experienced substantial growth during the past twenty years and it is now timely to synthesise what we know from empirical evidence about our relationships with both domesticated and wild animals. Two principal points of focus have become apparent in much of this research. One is the realisation that the strength of these attachments not only has emotional benefits for people, but confers health benefits as well, such that a whole area has opened up of using companion animals for therapeutic purposes. The other is the recognition that the interactions we have with animals have consequences for their welfare too, and thus impact on their quality of life. Consequently, we now study HAIs in all scenarios in which animals come into contact with humans, whether as pets/companions, farm livestock, laboratory animals, animals in zoos or in the wild. This topical area of study is of growing importance for animals in animal management, animal handling, animal welfare and applied ethology courses, and also for people within psychology, anthropology and human geography at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It will therefore be of interest to students, researchers and animal managers across the whole spectrum of human–animal contact.Less
Anthrozoology, the study of human–animal interactions (HAIs), has experienced substantial growth during the past twenty years and it is now timely to synthesise what we know from empirical evidence about our relationships with both domesticated and wild animals. Two principal points of focus have become apparent in much of this research. One is the realisation that the strength of these attachments not only has emotional benefits for people, but confers health benefits as well, such that a whole area has opened up of using companion animals for therapeutic purposes. The other is the recognition that the interactions we have with animals have consequences for their welfare too, and thus impact on their quality of life. Consequently, we now study HAIs in all scenarios in which animals come into contact with humans, whether as pets/companions, farm livestock, laboratory animals, animals in zoos or in the wild. This topical area of study is of growing importance for animals in animal management, animal handling, animal welfare and applied ethology courses, and also for people within psychology, anthropology and human geography at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It will therefore be of interest to students, researchers and animal managers across the whole spectrum of human–animal contact.
Michael Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520272330
- eISBN:
- 9780520951914
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272330.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Religion
The author extends his path-breaking work in existential anthropology by focusing on the interplay between two modes of human existence: that of participating in other peoples' lives and that of ...
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The author extends his path-breaking work in existential anthropology by focusing on the interplay between two modes of human existence: that of participating in other peoples' lives and that of turning inward to one's self. Grounding his discussion in the subtle shifts between being acted upon and taking action, he shows how the historical complexities and particularities found in human interactions reveal the dilemmas, conflicts, cares, and concerns that shape all of our lives. Through portraits of individuals encountered in the course of his travels, including friends and family, and anthropological fieldwork pursued over many years in such places as Sierra Leone and Australia, the author explores variations on this theme. As he describes the ways we address and negotiate the vexed relationships between “I” and “we”—the one and the many—he is also led to consider the place of thought in human life.Less
The author extends his path-breaking work in existential anthropology by focusing on the interplay between two modes of human existence: that of participating in other peoples' lives and that of turning inward to one's self. Grounding his discussion in the subtle shifts between being acted upon and taking action, he shows how the historical complexities and particularities found in human interactions reveal the dilemmas, conflicts, cares, and concerns that shape all of our lives. Through portraits of individuals encountered in the course of his travels, including friends and family, and anthropological fieldwork pursued over many years in such places as Sierra Leone and Australia, the author explores variations on this theme. As he describes the ways we address and negotiate the vexed relationships between “I” and “we”—the one and the many—he is also led to consider the place of thought in human life.
Asaf Degani, Michael Shafto, and Alex Kirlik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195374827
- eISBN:
- 9780199847693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374827.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter provides a Brunswikian perspective on human interaction with everyday technologies, such as traffic lights, automotive devices (e.g., warning systems), and also advanced technologies, ...
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This chapter provides a Brunswikian perspective on human interaction with everyday technologies, such as traffic lights, automotive devices (e.g., warning systems), and also advanced technologies, such as flight control systems in modern airliners. It applies this perspective toward suggesting a framework for evaluating interface designs and for ultimately improving the usability, robustness, and effectiveness of a range of interactive technologies. A field study of human-automation interaction in commercial aviation is described. The crucial role played by continuity in supporting the intuitive, adaptive mode behavior Brunswik described as vicarious functioning is addressed. In addition, the implications for the design of human-automation interaction are given. It is hoped that the insights that have been offered about the geometry of human-technology interaction will take at least a small step toward remedying the user frustration, confusion, and in the case of high-risk systems, the possibility of disaster.Less
This chapter provides a Brunswikian perspective on human interaction with everyday technologies, such as traffic lights, automotive devices (e.g., warning systems), and also advanced technologies, such as flight control systems in modern airliners. It applies this perspective toward suggesting a framework for evaluating interface designs and for ultimately improving the usability, robustness, and effectiveness of a range of interactive technologies. A field study of human-automation interaction in commercial aviation is described. The crucial role played by continuity in supporting the intuitive, adaptive mode behavior Brunswik described as vicarious functioning is addressed. In addition, the implications for the design of human-automation interaction are given. It is hoped that the insights that have been offered about the geometry of human-technology interaction will take at least a small step toward remedying the user frustration, confusion, and in the case of high-risk systems, the possibility of disaster.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active ...
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Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active discipline. Yet despite their obvious relevance to the design of information systems, these research areas have had almost no impact on systems design. One issue may be the contextual complexity of human interaction with information; another may be the difficulty in translating real-life and unstructured HII complexity into formal, linear structures necessary for systems design. This book proposes a research approach that bridges the study of human information interaction and the design of information systems: cognitive work analysis (CWA). Developed by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues, CWA embraces complexity and provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools that can harness it to create design requirements. It offers an ecological approach to design, analyzing the forces in the environment that shape human interaction with information. The book reviews research in HIB, focusing on its contribution to systems design, and then presents the CWA framework. It shows that CWA, with its ecological approach, can be used to overcome design challenges and lead to the development of effective systems. Researchers and designers who use CWA can increase the diversity of their analytical tools, providing them with an alternative approach when they plan research and design projects. The CWA framework enables a collaboration between design and HII that can create information systems tailored to fit human lives.Less
Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active discipline. Yet despite their obvious relevance to the design of information systems, these research areas have had almost no impact on systems design. One issue may be the contextual complexity of human interaction with information; another may be the difficulty in translating real-life and unstructured HII complexity into formal, linear structures necessary for systems design. This book proposes a research approach that bridges the study of human information interaction and the design of information systems: cognitive work analysis (CWA). Developed by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues, CWA embraces complexity and provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools that can harness it to create design requirements. It offers an ecological approach to design, analyzing the forces in the environment that shape human interaction with information. The book reviews research in HIB, focusing on its contribution to systems design, and then presents the CWA framework. It shows that CWA, with its ecological approach, can be used to overcome design challenges and lead to the development of effective systems. Researchers and designers who use CWA can increase the diversity of their analytical tools, providing them with an alternative approach when they plan research and design projects. The CWA framework enables a collaboration between design and HII that can create information systems tailored to fit human lives.
Samantha Ward and Sally Sherwen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753629
- eISBN:
- 9780191815225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753629.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
With the number of zoos increasing worldwide, there are now growing opportunities for human–animal interactions (HAIs) in zoos. HAIs occur throughout the day, every day, with variations in their ...
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With the number of zoos increasing worldwide, there are now growing opportunities for human–animal interactions (HAIs) in zoos. HAIs occur throughout the day, every day, with variations in their duration, quality and dyadic components (familiar or unfamiliar humans). Research has shown that HAIs can affect the development of positive, negative and neutral human–animal relationships (HARs), which in turn can have short- and long-term implications on the animals’ behaviour, physiology and welfare. For example, positive HAIs can lead to positive HARs between specific keeper–animal dyads, and in some cases can lead to positive association of visitors. This area of research is still in its infancy yet deemed to be one of the most influential aspects of zoo animal welfare science. This chapter highlights current trends in HAR research and areas for future developments for both familiar and unfamiliar humans and the animals that they encounter in various contexts.Less
With the number of zoos increasing worldwide, there are now growing opportunities for human–animal interactions (HAIs) in zoos. HAIs occur throughout the day, every day, with variations in their duration, quality and dyadic components (familiar or unfamiliar humans). Research has shown that HAIs can affect the development of positive, negative and neutral human–animal relationships (HARs), which in turn can have short- and long-term implications on the animals’ behaviour, physiology and welfare. For example, positive HAIs can lead to positive HARs between specific keeper–animal dyads, and in some cases can lead to positive association of visitors. This area of research is still in its infancy yet deemed to be one of the most influential aspects of zoo animal welfare science. This chapter highlights current trends in HAR research and areas for future developments for both familiar and unfamiliar humans and the animals that they encounter in various contexts.
Julie Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036689
- eISBN:
- 9780262341981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036689.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter projects possible human futures with robot sex workers (RSWs). These are models of robots with integrated capabilities designed to enhance human sexual pleasure. Using attachment theory ...
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This chapter projects possible human futures with robot sex workers (RSWs). These are models of robots with integrated capabilities designed to enhance human sexual pleasure. Using attachment theory as a framework, concrete questions about what might constitute human-robot sexual and emotionally intimate relationships are presented for discussion, including design and cultural issues. Mori’s Uncanny Valley theory is used as a springboard for a new model to include temporal and cultural influences on people who interact with robots, the Robot Accommodation Process Theory (RAPT). Finally, the ideas of how RSW will be normalized into individual human-robot relationships as well as how the relationships will be valued by culture over time are used as a premise for building theory in the areas of meaningful and affectionate human-robot relationships.Less
This chapter projects possible human futures with robot sex workers (RSWs). These are models of robots with integrated capabilities designed to enhance human sexual pleasure. Using attachment theory as a framework, concrete questions about what might constitute human-robot sexual and emotionally intimate relationships are presented for discussion, including design and cultural issues. Mori’s Uncanny Valley theory is used as a springboard for a new model to include temporal and cultural influences on people who interact with robots, the Robot Accommodation Process Theory (RAPT). Finally, the ideas of how RSW will be normalized into individual human-robot relationships as well as how the relationships will be valued by culture over time are used as a premise for building theory in the areas of meaningful and affectionate human-robot relationships.
