Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Gentry households were large and complex institutions. Ensuring that a large house, family and employees were provided with food and other requirements was a complex business. Accordingly the process ...
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Gentry households were large and complex institutions. Ensuring that a large house, family and employees were provided with food and other requirements was a complex business. Accordingly the process of consumption begins not with purchases, but with management and planning. This chapter explores the household and estate management activities of Lady Alice Le Strange, and considers the degree to which activities such as account-keeping gave women power as well as responsibility within the household, and the degree to which those household management activities stretched into farm management and the estate. Comparisons are drawn between Alice’s activities, models of the ideal housewife offered by the advice literature, and the activities of gentlewomen from two other Norfolk families, the Townshends and Hobarts.Less
Gentry households were large and complex institutions. Ensuring that a large house, family and employees were provided with food and other requirements was a complex business. Accordingly the process of consumption begins not with purchases, but with management and planning. This chapter explores the household and estate management activities of Lady Alice Le Strange, and considers the degree to which activities such as account-keeping gave women power as well as responsibility within the household, and the degree to which those household management activities stretched into farm management and the estate. Comparisons are drawn between Alice’s activities, models of the ideal housewife offered by the advice literature, and the activities of gentlewomen from two other Norfolk families, the Townshends and Hobarts.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter examines the history, origins, and scope of microeconomics. The term “economics” was derived from the Greek words oikos meaning house and nomos meaning managing, thus the original ...
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This chapter examines the history, origins, and scope of microeconomics. The term “economics” was derived from the Greek words oikos meaning house and nomos meaning managing, thus the original definition of economics was household management. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with how individuals and organizations make decisions about allocation of scarce resources and how these individuals and organizations, interacting in markets, determine relative prices, wages, and rents. It is often considered as the foundation on which macroeconomics builds.Less
This chapter examines the history, origins, and scope of microeconomics. The term “economics” was derived from the Greek words oikos meaning house and nomos meaning managing, thus the original definition of economics was household management. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with how individuals and organizations make decisions about allocation of scarce resources and how these individuals and organizations, interacting in markets, determine relative prices, wages, and rents. It is often considered as the foundation on which macroeconomics builds.
Sirin Sung and Fran Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349415
- eISBN:
- 9781447303466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349415.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter offers an analysis of a recent Economic and Social Research Council-funded project considering the difficulties associated with researching the complexities of the management of ...
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This chapter offers an analysis of a recent Economic and Social Research Council-funded project considering the difficulties associated with researching the complexities of the management of household money and budgeting within long-term heterosexual relationships. The study interviewed heterosexual couples living on means-tested benefits or tax credits and considered how they received, organised, and used such income, and how this affected gender relations and inequalities within the household. The chapter is organised as follows. The second section outlines existing typologies of household financial management and research on gendered patterns of money management. The third section presents the main findings on money management from the study in the light of the existing literature. The themes of this section include complexity, continuity in traditional gendered patterns of money management, and teasing out the relationship between managing money day to day and control over household finances; it looks at several potential indicators of financial control. The final section concludes by discussing some of the issues that emerged in a wider context.Less
This chapter offers an analysis of a recent Economic and Social Research Council-funded project considering the difficulties associated with researching the complexities of the management of household money and budgeting within long-term heterosexual relationships. The study interviewed heterosexual couples living on means-tested benefits or tax credits and considered how they received, organised, and used such income, and how this affected gender relations and inequalities within the household. The chapter is organised as follows. The second section outlines existing typologies of household financial management and research on gendered patterns of money management. The third section presents the main findings on money management from the study in the light of the existing literature. The themes of this section include complexity, continuity in traditional gendered patterns of money management, and teasing out the relationship between managing money day to day and control over household finances; it looks at several potential indicators of financial control. The final section concludes by discussing some of the issues that emerged in a wider context.
Elaine Leong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583495
- eISBN:
- 9780226583525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226583525.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Focused on the St. John family, this chapter places collecting and codifying recipe knowledge within the frame of household management and planning in two ways. First, it explores long-term ...
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Focused on the St. John family, this chapter places collecting and codifying recipe knowledge within the frame of household management and planning in two ways. First, it explores long-term provisioning within early modern households and situates medicine making alongside the production of foods and other processed goods. It contends that the juxtaposition of food and medicine in so many recipe books was a product of the multifaceted role taken on by early modern housewives and household managers, who moved seamlessly across a wide range of activities. Our narratives of household medicine and science thus must also take this more holistic approach. Second, this chapter connects the daily production of food and medicine with larger economies of patronage and gift exchange. Looking after the “health” of a household went beyond offering cures for coughs and colds to include vigilant monitoring and maintenance of the household’s social and financial health.Less
Focused on the St. John family, this chapter places collecting and codifying recipe knowledge within the frame of household management and planning in two ways. First, it explores long-term provisioning within early modern households and situates medicine making alongside the production of foods and other processed goods. It contends that the juxtaposition of food and medicine in so many recipe books was a product of the multifaceted role taken on by early modern housewives and household managers, who moved seamlessly across a wide range of activities. Our narratives of household medicine and science thus must also take this more holistic approach. Second, this chapter connects the daily production of food and medicine with larger economies of patronage and gift exchange. Looking after the “health” of a household went beyond offering cures for coughs and colds to include vigilant monitoring and maintenance of the household’s social and financial health.
Ulinka Rublack
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208860
- eISBN:
- 9780191678165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208860.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter explores married life, showing some of the most hidden aspects of communal history by looking into the lived textures of marriages in crisis, and the despair of couples who knew that ...
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This chapter explores married life, showing some of the most hidden aspects of communal history by looking into the lived textures of marriages in crisis, and the despair of couples who knew that only death could part them. The mass of early modern couples had to struggle with material problems and were more likely to quarrel in turn. Survival depended on hard daily labour and careful household management. Quite simply, one sex needed the other, and therefore women had ample scope in which to assert themselves. They retained a feudal-contractual understanding of marriage: if a husband failed to provide protection, peace, and nourishment, a wife would no longer feel obliged to remain faithful and obedient. Contrary to this, Christian morals held that fidelity had to be maintained because God had created marriage as the basis of social order.Less
This chapter explores married life, showing some of the most hidden aspects of communal history by looking into the lived textures of marriages in crisis, and the despair of couples who knew that only death could part them. The mass of early modern couples had to struggle with material problems and were more likely to quarrel in turn. Survival depended on hard daily labour and careful household management. Quite simply, one sex needed the other, and therefore women had ample scope in which to assert themselves. They retained a feudal-contractual understanding of marriage: if a husband failed to provide protection, peace, and nourishment, a wife would no longer feel obliged to remain faithful and obedient. Contrary to this, Christian morals held that fidelity had to be maintained because God had created marriage as the basis of social order.
Peter Robb
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075110
- eISBN:
- 9780199080885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075110.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explores the idea of marriage during the late eighteenth century among colonials in India. It explains that under the prevailing code during this period, wives deserved particular ...
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This chapter explores the idea of marriage during the late eighteenth century among colonials in India. It explains that under the prevailing code during this period, wives deserved particular attention and required respect. A gentleman’s marriage assumed companionship and hence parity in class and religion: it offered household management and social graces for the husband in return for protection and comfort for the wife. This chapter also describes the case of Eduardo Tiretta, a sixty-seven year civil architect, who married a fourteen year old girl from Serampore.Less
This chapter explores the idea of marriage during the late eighteenth century among colonials in India. It explains that under the prevailing code during this period, wives deserved particular attention and required respect. A gentleman’s marriage assumed companionship and hence parity in class and religion: it offered household management and social graces for the husband in return for protection and comfort for the wife. This chapter also describes the case of Eduardo Tiretta, a sixty-seven year civil architect, who married a fourteen year old girl from Serampore.
Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199678136
- eISBN:
- 9780191757686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199678136.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explores the role of print in establishing a widespread culture of preventive health care. The writing, editing, and translating of printed vernacular regimens are contextualized in an ...
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This chapter explores the role of print in establishing a widespread culture of preventive health care. The writing, editing, and translating of printed vernacular regimens are contextualized in an increasingly literate society characterized by extensive book production and sophisticated distribution networks. The physicality of the book, including typographical strategies targeting a wider readership, and the long life of these texts, demonstrated by signatures and marginalia, are discussed. Authorship and the role of publishing in medical careers are noted. The chapter then focuses on the dissemination of preventive health advice through other genres: books of secrets, household management texts, and conduct manuals. Shifts in the social configuration in which these genres appeared are also analysed: the flourishing of court life and the changing ideals and identities of the urban nobility led to the codification of behaviours and expressions of virtue which included prioritizing one's health and emphasizing bodily decorum and home cleanliness.Less
This chapter explores the role of print in establishing a widespread culture of preventive health care. The writing, editing, and translating of printed vernacular regimens are contextualized in an increasingly literate society characterized by extensive book production and sophisticated distribution networks. The physicality of the book, including typographical strategies targeting a wider readership, and the long life of these texts, demonstrated by signatures and marginalia, are discussed. Authorship and the role of publishing in medical careers are noted. The chapter then focuses on the dissemination of preventive health advice through other genres: books of secrets, household management texts, and conduct manuals. Shifts in the social configuration in which these genres appeared are also analysed: the flourishing of court life and the changing ideals and identities of the urban nobility led to the codification of behaviours and expressions of virtue which included prioritizing one's health and emphasizing bodily decorum and home cleanliness.
Greg Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190886646
- eISBN:
- 9780190886677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE
Within their cosmic ecology, the Athenians took it for granted that their polis was a “communion” (koinonia) of households, so in their experience there could be no equivalents of our modern ...
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Within their cosmic ecology, the Athenians took it for granted that their polis was a “communion” (koinonia) of households, so in their experience there could be no equivalents of our modern distinctions between state and society or political and social realms. Households (oikoi) functioned as the cells of the social body, such that the vitality of the parts was inseparable from the vitality of the whole. Thus, the human “government” of the polis began not with assembly meetings but with the management of its constituent oikoi, which were the primary means of life and livelihood for all Athenians. The Athenians also took it for granted that the gods had deliberately designed males and females to play different, but complementary roles in the reproduction of social being. Women were expected to serve as “partners” to their husbands in the business of household management, performing a wide range of functions that were essential to the lives of their oikoi and therefore to the life of their polis. While they may not look like “citizens” to us, they were considered full members of the polis (politides) at the time. Terms like “patriarchy” and “misogyny,” so common in the modern literature, are accordingly unhelpful when describing gender relations in classical Athens.Less
Within their cosmic ecology, the Athenians took it for granted that their polis was a “communion” (koinonia) of households, so in their experience there could be no equivalents of our modern distinctions between state and society or political and social realms. Households (oikoi) functioned as the cells of the social body, such that the vitality of the parts was inseparable from the vitality of the whole. Thus, the human “government” of the polis began not with assembly meetings but with the management of its constituent oikoi, which were the primary means of life and livelihood for all Athenians. The Athenians also took it for granted that the gods had deliberately designed males and females to play different, but complementary roles in the reproduction of social being. Women were expected to serve as “partners” to their husbands in the business of household management, performing a wide range of functions that were essential to the lives of their oikoi and therefore to the life of their polis. While they may not look like “citizens” to us, they were considered full members of the polis (politides) at the time. Terms like “patriarchy” and “misogyny,” so common in the modern literature, are accordingly unhelpful when describing gender relations in classical Athens.
Jon Stobart and Mark Rothery
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198726265
- eISBN:
- 9780191793219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198726265.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter builds on the growing interest in everyday consumption and on ideas of pleasure and comfort as shaping consumption patterns to explore various aspects of the country house as a lived ...
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This chapter builds on the growing interest in everyday consumption and on ideas of pleasure and comfort as shaping consumption patterns to explore various aspects of the country house as a lived space. It begins with an analysis of spending on everyday goods (from coal and candles to soap and sugar), which formed a large proportion of overall spending. Both are placed in the context of broader debates about household management and into the materiality of ‘mundane’ spaces within the country house. The focus then switches to an examination of the ways in which physical and emotional comfort shaped decisions about what to buy and what to retain. The latter is especially important in terms of the significance of old goods—both as emotional comfort and symbols of family.Less
This chapter builds on the growing interest in everyday consumption and on ideas of pleasure and comfort as shaping consumption patterns to explore various aspects of the country house as a lived space. It begins with an analysis of spending on everyday goods (from coal and candles to soap and sugar), which formed a large proportion of overall spending. Both are placed in the context of broader debates about household management and into the materiality of ‘mundane’ spaces within the country house. The focus then switches to an examination of the ways in which physical and emotional comfort shaped decisions about what to buy and what to retain. The latter is especially important in terms of the significance of old goods—both as emotional comfort and symbols of family.
Andrew Talle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252040849
- eISBN:
- 9780252099342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252040849.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Chapter three uses the musical life of Christiane Sibÿlla Bose, a young woman who lived near the Bach family in Leipzig, as a means of exploring the lives of women of her time and place. Ms. Bose ...
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Chapter three uses the musical life of Christiane Sibÿlla Bose, a young woman who lived near the Bach family in Leipzig, as a means of exploring the lives of women of her time and place. Ms. Bose played the keyboard recreationally and was a close friend of J. S. Bach’s wife, Anna Magdalena. Women typically spent time managing the acquisition of food, clothing, and medical care for their households. Playing the keyboard was a means by which they could make themselves more attractive to potential suitors. Pursuing professional careers as musicians, however, was generally discouraged. Ms. Bose likely viewed Anna Magdalena Bach as a role model, not only as a wife and mother, but also as a woman who had transcended cultural prejudices to pursue a successful career as a musician.Less
Chapter three uses the musical life of Christiane Sibÿlla Bose, a young woman who lived near the Bach family in Leipzig, as a means of exploring the lives of women of her time and place. Ms. Bose played the keyboard recreationally and was a close friend of J. S. Bach’s wife, Anna Magdalena. Women typically spent time managing the acquisition of food, clothing, and medical care for their households. Playing the keyboard was a means by which they could make themselves more attractive to potential suitors. Pursuing professional careers as musicians, however, was generally discouraged. Ms. Bose likely viewed Anna Magdalena Bach as a role model, not only as a wife and mother, but also as a woman who had transcended cultural prejudices to pursue a successful career as a musician.
Werner Heisenberg and Elisabeth Heisenberg
Anna Maria Hirsch-Heisenberg (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300196931
- eISBN:
- 9780300225013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300196931.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter features letters from June 9 to October 12, 1940—which cover the early years of World War II and the burdens that the conflict has placed upon the Heisenberg family. The war—although its ...
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This chapter features letters from June 9 to October 12, 1940—which cover the early years of World War II and the burdens that the conflict has placed upon the Heisenberg family. The war—although its progress is constantly couched in terms of victory—is demanding concessions. Official decrees and regulations are on the increase: dwellings have to be modified for air-raid protection; cars may be used only with special permits; coal, groceries, and many other necessities of daily life are no longer available without eligibility coupons. Thus life now includes the tending of a new vegetable garden, holding in reserve whatever will keep, exchange-of-goods excursions, and numerous appointments with bureaucrats. The letters of the couple during this time are replete with such daily concerns.Less
This chapter features letters from June 9 to October 12, 1940—which cover the early years of World War II and the burdens that the conflict has placed upon the Heisenberg family. The war—although its progress is constantly couched in terms of victory—is demanding concessions. Official decrees and regulations are on the increase: dwellings have to be modified for air-raid protection; cars may be used only with special permits; coal, groceries, and many other necessities of daily life are no longer available without eligibility coupons. Thus life now includes the tending of a new vegetable garden, holding in reserve whatever will keep, exchange-of-goods excursions, and numerous appointments with bureaucrats. The letters of the couple during this time are replete with such daily concerns.
Marie le Jars de Gournay
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226305554
- eISBN:
- 9780226305264
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305264.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
During her lifetime, the gifted writer Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565–1645) was celebrated as one of the “seventy most famous women of all time” in Jean de la Forge's Circle of Learned Women (1663). ...
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During her lifetime, the gifted writer Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565–1645) was celebrated as one of the “seventy most famous women of all time” in Jean de la Forge's Circle of Learned Women (1663). The adopted daughter of Michel de Montaigne, as well as his editor, she was a major literary force and a pioneering feminist voice during a tumultuous period in France. This volume presents translations of four of Gournay's works that address feminist issues. Two of these appear here in English for the first time: The Promenade of Monsieur de Montaigne and The Apology for the Woman Writing. One of the first modern psychological novels, the best-selling Promenade was also the first to explore female sexual feeling. With the autobiographical Apology, Gournay defended every aspect of her life, from her moral conduct to her household management. The book also includes her last revisions (1641) of her two best-known feminist treatises: The Equality of Men and Women and The Ladies' Complaint. The editors provide a general overview of Gournay's career, as well as individual introductions and extensive annotations for each work.Less
During her lifetime, the gifted writer Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565–1645) was celebrated as one of the “seventy most famous women of all time” in Jean de la Forge's Circle of Learned Women (1663). The adopted daughter of Michel de Montaigne, as well as his editor, she was a major literary force and a pioneering feminist voice during a tumultuous period in France. This volume presents translations of four of Gournay's works that address feminist issues. Two of these appear here in English for the first time: The Promenade of Monsieur de Montaigne and The Apology for the Woman Writing. One of the first modern psychological novels, the best-selling Promenade was also the first to explore female sexual feeling. With the autobiographical Apology, Gournay defended every aspect of her life, from her moral conduct to her household management. The book also includes her last revisions (1641) of her two best-known feminist treatises: The Equality of Men and Women and The Ladies' Complaint. The editors provide a general overview of Gournay's career, as well as individual introductions and extensive annotations for each work.
