Duncan Gallie
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199271849
- eISBN:
- 9780191602733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271844.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines replacement rates across Europe using an integrated European tax-benefit model. It is argued that the household context must be taken into account when comparing measures of ...
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This chapter examines replacement rates across Europe using an integrated European tax-benefit model. It is argued that the household context must be taken into account when comparing measures of well-being both in- and out-of-work across countries. Replacement levels alone cannot be used to draw firm policy conclusions. The highest replacement rates are found for groups with the lowest household incomes while in-work, indicating the need for a comprehensive analysis of the income situation in different labour market states.Less
This chapter examines replacement rates across Europe using an integrated European tax-benefit model. It is argued that the household context must be taken into account when comparing measures of well-being both in- and out-of-work across countries. Replacement levels alone cannot be used to draw firm policy conclusions. The highest replacement rates are found for groups with the lowest household incomes while in-work, indicating the need for a comprehensive analysis of the income situation in different labour market states.
John Knight and Lina Song
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293309
- eISBN:
- 9780191684975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293309.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the microeconomics of the rural–urban migration of labour in China. It states that the empirical analysis of the previous chapter was based on surveys that provide only limited ...
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This chapter discusses the microeconomics of the rural–urban migration of labour in China. It states that the empirical analysis of the previous chapter was based on surveys that provide only limited or descriptive information. The chapter describes the two surveys on which the microeconomic analysis will be based, and also examines the causes of migration in two ways: by analysing the characteristics of migrants relative to non-migrants and by reporting their attitudinal responses. It also analyses the relationships between migrant income and other sources of household income. The chapter examines the processes of migration: the role of family, information flows, and urban contacts in migration decision. Lastly, it considers some of the consequences of migration, including the contribution that migration makes to rural incomes and to the alleviation of poverty.Less
This chapter discusses the microeconomics of the rural–urban migration of labour in China. It states that the empirical analysis of the previous chapter was based on surveys that provide only limited or descriptive information. The chapter describes the two surveys on which the microeconomic analysis will be based, and also examines the causes of migration in two ways: by analysing the characteristics of migrants relative to non-migrants and by reporting their attitudinal responses. It also analyses the relationships between migrant income and other sources of household income. The chapter examines the processes of migration: the role of family, information flows, and urban contacts in migration decision. Lastly, it considers some of the consequences of migration, including the contribution that migration makes to rural incomes and to the alleviation of poverty.
Martha N. Ozawa and Yongwoo Lee
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195304961
- eISBN:
- 9780199863648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304961.003.0022
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Research and Evaluation
This chapter examines the degree to which the number of children lowers the income status of female-headed households. The US situation is compared with that of other industrialized countries. In the ...
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This chapter examines the degree to which the number of children lowers the income status of female-headed households. The US situation is compared with that of other industrialized countries. In the United States, female heads of households are relatively well educated, have a relatively larger number of children, and are more likely to work. At the descriptive level, their after-tax income status is the highest among those in these six countries. Yet, after public and private income transfers are distributed, their income status plunges to the second lowest, next only to Canadians’. In the Nordic and European countries, social policy interventions have improved the income status of households with children, particularly female-headed households. The provision of various forms of public income transfers, including children’s allowances, maternity benefits, Social Security benefits, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation, has effectively smoothed out the distribution of disposable household income, mitigating the impact of children on the income status of female-headed households in these countries.Less
This chapter examines the degree to which the number of children lowers the income status of female-headed households. The US situation is compared with that of other industrialized countries. In the United States, female heads of households are relatively well educated, have a relatively larger number of children, and are more likely to work. At the descriptive level, their after-tax income status is the highest among those in these six countries. Yet, after public and private income transfers are distributed, their income status plunges to the second lowest, next only to Canadians’. In the Nordic and European countries, social policy interventions have improved the income status of households with children, particularly female-headed households. The provision of various forms of public income transfers, including children’s allowances, maternity benefits, Social Security benefits, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation, has effectively smoothed out the distribution of disposable household income, mitigating the impact of children on the income status of female-headed households in these countries.
A. B. Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532438
- eISBN:
- 9780191714559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532438.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the overall theme of this book, which is the distribution of individual earnings or household income. Specifically, the book examines ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the overall theme of this book, which is the distribution of individual earnings or household income. Specifically, the book examines changes in earnings differences or dispersion over time. The interest in this topic is largely attributed to rise in earnings dispersion in the US since the 1980s.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the overall theme of this book, which is the distribution of individual earnings or household income. Specifically, the book examines changes in earnings differences or dispersion over time. The interest in this topic is largely attributed to rise in earnings dispersion in the US since the 1980s.
Daniel Blobel, Holger Gerdes, Hector Pollitt, Jennifer Barton, Thomas Drosdowski, Christian Lutz, Marc Ingo Wolter, and Paul Ekins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584505
- eISBN:
- 9780191725012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584505.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter looks in depth at the possible implications of ETR for household distribution. It starts with a literature review, which shows that ETR in principle can be regressive, especially when it ...
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This chapter looks in depth at the possible implications of ETR for household distribution. It starts with a literature review, which shows that ETR in principle can be regressive, especially when it applies to household energy use, but that there are various ways in which this regressive effect can be mitigated. It then proceeds to analyse, using the E3ME model, the ETR scenarios described in Chapter 9. Because in this case the ETR increases household income, the income for all household groups increases, but in general those for middle quintiles increase by a smaller proportion than for the top and bottom quintiles. A rather different pattern emerges from a distributional analysis of an ETR for German households, when clearly regressive effects are apparent, but these are small, and could therefore largely be removed using revenues from the ETR.Less
This chapter looks in depth at the possible implications of ETR for household distribution. It starts with a literature review, which shows that ETR in principle can be regressive, especially when it applies to household energy use, but that there are various ways in which this regressive effect can be mitigated. It then proceeds to analyse, using the E3ME model, the ETR scenarios described in Chapter 9. Because in this case the ETR increases household income, the income for all household groups increases, but in general those for middle quintiles increase by a smaller proportion than for the top and bottom quintiles. A rather different pattern emerges from a distributional analysis of an ETR for German households, when clearly regressive effects are apparent, but these are small, and could therefore largely be removed using revenues from the ETR.
Peggy Mcdonough, Greg J. Duncan, David R. Williams, and James S. House
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The United States is facing a growing problem in inequality in terms of income which has dictated the course of the country’s economic growth. In order to study the relationship of income and ...
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The United States is facing a growing problem in inequality in terms of income which has dictated the course of the country’s economic growth. In order to study the relationship of income and mortality rate in the United States, this study considers retirement, unemployment, reductions in work hours, widowhood, separation and divorce as variables. These factors affect the household income of an American family. The study focuses on the changes recorded in life expectancy of an individual and death rates according to age. The study also focuses on the macroeconomic variables of the United States for the past 25 years and the inequality in the household income distribution. And then, this study deals with the relationship of mortality to household income.Less
The United States is facing a growing problem in inequality in terms of income which has dictated the course of the country’s economic growth. In order to study the relationship of income and mortality rate in the United States, this study considers retirement, unemployment, reductions in work hours, widowhood, separation and divorce as variables. These factors affect the household income of an American family. The study focuses on the changes recorded in life expectancy of an individual and death rates according to age. The study also focuses on the macroeconomic variables of the United States for the past 25 years and the inequality in the household income distribution. And then, this study deals with the relationship of mortality to household income.
Stephen P. Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199226436
- eISBN:
- 9780191728457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226436.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter introduces the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the data source underpinning the book's empirical analysis. The BHPS is described in detail — the design, sample size and response ...
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This chapter introduces the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the data source underpinning the book's empirical analysis. The BHPS is described in detail — the design, sample size and response (including attrition), imputation, and weighting. The second part of the chapter explains how the net household income variable that is used in the analysis reported in the rest of the book is derived. As part of the data quality assessment, it is shown that BHPS cross-section distributions of income correspond well with distributions derived from the ‘Households Below Average Income’ data that are derived from the Family Resource Survey — the UK's specialist income survey and the basis of Britain's official income distribution statistics.Less
This chapter introduces the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the data source underpinning the book's empirical analysis. The BHPS is described in detail — the design, sample size and response (including attrition), imputation, and weighting. The second part of the chapter explains how the net household income variable that is used in the analysis reported in the rest of the book is derived. As part of the data quality assessment, it is shown that BHPS cross-section distributions of income correspond well with distributions derived from the ‘Households Below Average Income’ data that are derived from the Family Resource Survey — the UK's specialist income survey and the basis of Britain's official income distribution statistics.
T. N. Madan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069409
- eISBN:
- 9780199080038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069409.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter discusses the economic situation of the Pandit household. Topics covered include the traditional sources of household income; recent changes in the pattern of economic pursuits; ...
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This chapter discusses the economic situation of the Pandit household. Topics covered include the traditional sources of household income; recent changes in the pattern of economic pursuits; present-day sources of collective and individual incomes; household income, patterns of spending, and levels of living; joint ownership of property; and rights of inheritance.Less
This chapter discusses the economic situation of the Pandit household. Topics covered include the traditional sources of household income; recent changes in the pattern of economic pursuits; present-day sources of collective and individual incomes; household income, patterns of spending, and levels of living; joint ownership of property; and rights of inheritance.
Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588435
- eISBN:
- 9780191731327
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Research on poverty in rich countries relies primarily on household income to capture living standards and distinguish those in poverty, and this is also true of official poverty measurement and ...
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Research on poverty in rich countries relies primarily on household income to capture living standards and distinguish those in poverty, and this is also true of official poverty measurement and monitoring. However, awareness of the limitations of income has been heightening interest in the role that non-monetary measures of deprivation can play. This book takes as its starting-point that research on poverty and social exclusion has been undergoing a fundamental shift towards a multidimensional approach; that researchers and policy-makers alike have struggled to develop concepts and indicators that do this approach justice; and that this is highly salient not only within individual countries (including both Britain and the USA) but also for the European Union post-enlargement. The difficulties encountered in applying a multidimensional approach reflect limitations in the information available but also in the conceptual and empirical underpinnings provided by existing research. The central aim of this book is to contribute to the development of those underpinnings and to productive ways of employing non-monetary indicators of deprivation. The book maps out the current landscape and the best way forward, concluding by offering a critical evaluation of the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.Less
Research on poverty in rich countries relies primarily on household income to capture living standards and distinguish those in poverty, and this is also true of official poverty measurement and monitoring. However, awareness of the limitations of income has been heightening interest in the role that non-monetary measures of deprivation can play. This book takes as its starting-point that research on poverty and social exclusion has been undergoing a fundamental shift towards a multidimensional approach; that researchers and policy-makers alike have struggled to develop concepts and indicators that do this approach justice; and that this is highly salient not only within individual countries (including both Britain and the USA) but also for the European Union post-enlargement. The difficulties encountered in applying a multidimensional approach reflect limitations in the information available but also in the conceptual and empirical underpinnings provided by existing research. The central aim of this book is to contribute to the development of those underpinnings and to productive ways of employing non-monetary indicators of deprivation. The book maps out the current landscape and the best way forward, concluding by offering a critical evaluation of the EU's 2020 poverty reduction target.
John Micklewright and Anna Wright
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic ...
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The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic concerns, and may vary with household income; the super‐rich are treated here as a special case. The next question asked is why development may command only a small share of charitable donations and how people determine the objects of their giving; here the economic literature on philanthropy provides only limited help and the discussion draws on the literature on donor behaviour from other disciplines, notably marketing. The special case of private donations to the UN agencies is then considered, looking at the particular problems faced by the UN, and focusing on the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which is by far the most successful UN agency at collecting money from private individuals; the question is asked as to whether private donations are crowded‐out by governmental contributions or by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The last main section of the chapter discusses future prospects and ways forward, including measures designed to promote charitable donations, in general, but focusing on their particular relevance for development. It covers the issue of tax incentives to donors, the new ‘global funds’ (intended partly to attract money from the super‐rich), new forms of corporate social responsibility and giving in relation to ‘cause‐related marketing’, the use of the Internet, and long‐term donor education.Less
The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic concerns, and may vary with household income; the super‐rich are treated here as a special case. The next question asked is why development may command only a small share of charitable donations and how people determine the objects of their giving; here the economic literature on philanthropy provides only limited help and the discussion draws on the literature on donor behaviour from other disciplines, notably marketing. The special case of private donations to the UN agencies is then considered, looking at the particular problems faced by the UN, and focusing on the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which is by far the most successful UN agency at collecting money from private individuals; the question is asked as to whether private donations are crowded‐out by governmental contributions or by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The last main section of the chapter discusses future prospects and ways forward, including measures designed to promote charitable donations, in general, but focusing on their particular relevance for development. It covers the issue of tax incentives to donors, the new ‘global funds’ (intended partly to attract money from the super‐rich), new forms of corporate social responsibility and giving in relation to ‘cause‐related marketing’, the use of the Internet, and long‐term donor education.
Jeffrey Thompson and Timothy M. Smeeding
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199671021
- eISBN:
- 9780191750601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671021.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This is the last of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the USA in this case. The Great Recession (GR) was the most dramatic economic downturn that the USA experienced in more than six ...
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This is the last of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the USA in this case. The Great Recession (GR) was the most dramatic economic downturn that the USA experienced in more than six decades. Total nonfarm employment fell by 5%, more than at any point since the nation returned to a peace-time economy following the Second World War. The chapter covers the impacts of the GR on inequality of wages and family incomes, and poverty, comparing these impacts to those in the previous three recessions and exploring the degree to which the tax and transfer system mitigated these impacts. Inequality growth was mixed during the GR. Some measures of inequality rose, others remained flat, and others declined. Most measures of inequality, however, remained at or near historic high levels, and poverty increased for everyone except elderly people, who were relatively well protected.Less
This is the last of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the USA in this case. The Great Recession (GR) was the most dramatic economic downturn that the USA experienced in more than six decades. Total nonfarm employment fell by 5%, more than at any point since the nation returned to a peace-time economy following the Second World War. The chapter covers the impacts of the GR on inequality of wages and family incomes, and poverty, comparing these impacts to those in the previous three recessions and exploring the degree to which the tax and transfer system mitigated these impacts. Inequality growth was mixed during the GR. Some measures of inequality rose, others remained flat, and others declined. Most measures of inequality, however, remained at or near historic high levels, and poverty increased for everyone except elderly people, who were relatively well protected.
Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588435
- eISBN:
- 9780191731327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588435.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the mismatch between poverty measured indirectly using income and direct measures focusing on indicators of material deprivation, using both comparative and longitudinal ...
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This chapter examines the mismatch between poverty measured indirectly using income and direct measures focusing on indicators of material deprivation, using both comparative and longitudinal perspectives to bring out the various contributing factors and their implications. It begins with a discussion of the reasons why one might expect a household's current equivalized income to have difficulties in fully capturing its command over financial resources in relation to its needs, and thus anticipate a priori that relying simply on income to measure poverty could be problematic. It then investigates the extent of overlap or mismatch between being below a relative income poverty threshold and above a corresponding consumption-related deprivation threshold, for twenty-six European countries. It looks at the cross-classification of persons by these income poverty and deprivation standards, distinguishing those who are both income poor and deprived, income poor but not deprived, deprived but not income poor, and neither income poor or deprived. Finally, the chapter turns from a static cross-sectional perspective to an analysis of the persistence of income poverty and deprivation over time, using the longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel.Less
This chapter examines the mismatch between poverty measured indirectly using income and direct measures focusing on indicators of material deprivation, using both comparative and longitudinal perspectives to bring out the various contributing factors and their implications. It begins with a discussion of the reasons why one might expect a household's current equivalized income to have difficulties in fully capturing its command over financial resources in relation to its needs, and thus anticipate a priori that relying simply on income to measure poverty could be problematic. It then investigates the extent of overlap or mismatch between being below a relative income poverty threshold and above a corresponding consumption-related deprivation threshold, for twenty-six European countries. It looks at the cross-classification of persons by these income poverty and deprivation standards, distinguishing those who are both income poor and deprived, income poor but not deprived, deprived but not income poor, and neither income poor or deprived. Finally, the chapter turns from a static cross-sectional perspective to an analysis of the persistence of income poverty and deprivation over time, using the longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel.
Márton Medgyesi and Ildikó Nagy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190864798
- eISBN:
- 9780190864828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
This chapter examines income sharing by young adults living with their parents. Using data from EU-SILC 2010, the chapter explores the determinants of contributions to household expenses among young ...
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This chapter examines income sharing by young adults living with their parents. Using data from EU-SILC 2010, the chapter explores the determinants of contributions to household expenses among young adults (aged 18–34 years) living with their parents in 17 European Union countries. The examination finds that income sharing in the household tends to attenuate income differences between household members and to help members with low resources. The results also show inequalities in young adults’ experience of co-residence with parents: young adults in low-income households tend to contribute more to the household than do those in higher income homes. In addition, the results show that the majority of young adults benefit from intra-household sharing of resources. There is, however, a minority of young adults whose income is lower when the actual extent of income pooling is taken into account in the calculation of equivalized household income.Less
This chapter examines income sharing by young adults living with their parents. Using data from EU-SILC 2010, the chapter explores the determinants of contributions to household expenses among young adults (aged 18–34 years) living with their parents in 17 European Union countries. The examination finds that income sharing in the household tends to attenuate income differences between household members and to help members with low resources. The results also show inequalities in young adults’ experience of co-residence with parents: young adults in low-income households tend to contribute more to the household than do those in higher income homes. In addition, the results show that the majority of young adults benefit from intra-household sharing of resources. There is, however, a minority of young adults whose income is lower when the actual extent of income pooling is taken into account in the calculation of equivalized household income.
Stephen P. Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199226436
- eISBN:
- 9780191728457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226436.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical ...
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This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical model. Differences in lifecycle income profiles reflect differences in income at the start of the working life and in income growth rates, and the association between initial incomes and income growth rates. There is also a role played by individual-specific income changes from one year to the next, representing transitory variation, measurement error, or events such as having children, or family formation or dissolution. The analysis is undertaken initially in terms of income measured in terms of wages but results are also presented for the needs-adjusted household income measure that is used throughout the rest of the book.Less
This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical model. Differences in lifecycle income profiles reflect differences in income at the start of the working life and in income growth rates, and the association between initial incomes and income growth rates. There is also a role played by individual-specific income changes from one year to the next, representing transitory variation, measurement error, or events such as having children, or family formation or dissolution. The analysis is undertaken initially in terms of income measured in terms of wages but results are also presented for the needs-adjusted household income measure that is used throughout the rest of the book.
Rekha Sharma, J.V. Meenakshi, and Sanghamitra Das
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077992
- eISBN:
- 9780199081608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077992.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses the correlates of child nutritional status in rural India in an attempt to understand which drivers may be used as entry points to policy intervention. Using children’s ...
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This chapter analyses the correlates of child nutritional status in rural India in an attempt to understand which drivers may be used as entry points to policy intervention. Using children’s standardized weights as a measure of their nutritional status, the analysis uses a health production function framework, in which child nutritional status is postulated as a function of food intakes—as measured by the frequency at which various foods were consumed in the previous week—and various individual-, parental-, household-, and village-level socio-economic factors. The analysis is based on unit record data on 16,755 pre-school rural children in the 1998–9 National Family Health Survey (NFHS). A unique feature of the estimation method is an explicit accounting of sequential fixed effects at the parent, household, and village levels. The chapter suggests that household incomes positively impact the nutritional status of children. However, the authors argue that there is no single solution to the problem of child undernutrition—what is required is a set of complementary strategies.Less
This chapter analyses the correlates of child nutritional status in rural India in an attempt to understand which drivers may be used as entry points to policy intervention. Using children’s standardized weights as a measure of their nutritional status, the analysis uses a health production function framework, in which child nutritional status is postulated as a function of food intakes—as measured by the frequency at which various foods were consumed in the previous week—and various individual-, parental-, household-, and village-level socio-economic factors. The analysis is based on unit record data on 16,755 pre-school rural children in the 1998–9 National Family Health Survey (NFHS). A unique feature of the estimation method is an explicit accounting of sequential fixed effects at the parent, household, and village levels. The chapter suggests that household incomes positively impact the nutritional status of children. However, the authors argue that there is no single solution to the problem of child undernutrition—what is required is a set of complementary strategies.
Arthur S. Alderson and Kevin Doran
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804778244
- eISBN:
- 9780804786751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804778244.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
The chapter looks “behind” standard summary measures of inequality to identify where distributional changes occurred in eight societies over the longest period available in the Luxembourg Income ...
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The chapter looks “behind” standard summary measures of inequality to identify where distributional changes occurred in eight societies over the longest period available in the Luxembourg Income Study Database, focusing on how inequality has grown in these societies (e.g., upgrading, downgrading, polarization). Methods based on the relative distribution are used to decompose overall distributional change into changes in location and shape. This is done for four high-income societies, three transitional societies, and Taiwan. A similar analysis is performed for female-headed households in the United Kingdom and the United States. The goal of this research is to use information on change in the first two moments of the income distribution to explore the degree to which various accounts of rising inequality and middle-class decline are consistent with the actual pattern of distributional change, and to generate new insights into this process.Less
The chapter looks “behind” standard summary measures of inequality to identify where distributional changes occurred in eight societies over the longest period available in the Luxembourg Income Study Database, focusing on how inequality has grown in these societies (e.g., upgrading, downgrading, polarization). Methods based on the relative distribution are used to decompose overall distributional change into changes in location and shape. This is done for four high-income societies, three transitional societies, and Taiwan. A similar analysis is performed for female-headed households in the United Kingdom and the United States. The goal of this research is to use information on change in the first two moments of the income distribution to explore the degree to which various accounts of rising inequality and middle-class decline are consistent with the actual pattern of distributional change, and to generate new insights into this process.
Edward Harris and Frank Sammartino
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226121338
- eISBN:
- 9780226121475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226121475.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Numerous studies have found that the distribution of income in the United States has become increasingly unequal—in particular, the share of income accruing to the highest-income households has ...
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Numerous studies have found that the distribution of income in the United States has become increasingly unequal—in particular, the share of income accruing to the highest-income households has increased, whereas the share accruing to other households has declined. The primary source for information on the income distribution in the United States is the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). In an influential paper, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez employed an alternative method, using data from tax returns to examine market income inequality in the United States over almost a century. Each of those data sources has strengths and limitations. This paper presents estimates of the distribution of household income in the United States, derived from a statistical combination of data from the Current Population Survey and from samples of income tax returns. This combined series overcomes some limitations of estimates produced from either the CPS or the income tax data alone: it covers the full population while maintaining the richness at the top of the income distribution, and can yield comprehensive estimates of the effect of the tax and transfer system on the full income distribution.Less
Numerous studies have found that the distribution of income in the United States has become increasingly unequal—in particular, the share of income accruing to the highest-income households has increased, whereas the share accruing to other households has declined. The primary source for information on the income distribution in the United States is the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). In an influential paper, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez employed an alternative method, using data from tax returns to examine market income inequality in the United States over almost a century. Each of those data sources has strengths and limitations. This paper presents estimates of the distribution of household income in the United States, derived from a statistical combination of data from the Current Population Survey and from samples of income tax returns. This combined series overcomes some limitations of estimates produced from either the CPS or the income tax data alone: it covers the full population while maintaining the richness at the top of the income distribution, and can yield comprehensive estimates of the effect of the tax and transfer system on the full income distribution.
Jason Beckfield
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190494254
- eISBN:
- 9780190494292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190494254.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, Economic Sociology
The stratification of Europe combines two trends: the economic convergence among European economies and the within-nation polarization of the distribution of household income. This chapter examines ...
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The stratification of Europe combines two trends: the economic convergence among European economies and the within-nation polarization of the distribution of household income. This chapter examines the combination of these trends to describe the new structure of European stratification, and it analyzes what role European integration has played in these changes. Using fixed-effects models that simulate control for unmeasured but stable between-country differences in the drivers of income inequality over the 1973–2013 period, it extrapolates predictions from those models and compares these to data on income inequality from Waves V and VI of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), circa 2000–2010, and Eurostat, circa 2008–2012. It then uses individual-level data from the LIS and Eurostat to calculate the level of total income inequality in Europe and the changing contribution of between- and within-nation income inequality to the total.Less
The stratification of Europe combines two trends: the economic convergence among European economies and the within-nation polarization of the distribution of household income. This chapter examines the combination of these trends to describe the new structure of European stratification, and it analyzes what role European integration has played in these changes. Using fixed-effects models that simulate control for unmeasured but stable between-country differences in the drivers of income inequality over the 1973–2013 period, it extrapolates predictions from those models and compares these to data on income inequality from Waves V and VI of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), circa 2000–2010, and Eurostat, circa 2008–2012. It then uses individual-level data from the LIS and Eurostat to calculate the level of total income inequality in Europe and the changing contribution of between- and within-nation income inequality to the total.
Robert Joyce and Luke Sibieta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199671021
- eISBN:
- 9780191750601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671021.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This is the fifth of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the UK in this case. GDP fell by over 7% during the Great Recession (GR), a post-war record. Employment fell by less than GDP, ...
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This is the fifth of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the UK in this case. GDP fell by over 7% during the Great Recession (GR), a post-war record. Employment fell by less than GDP, and the largest falls were experienced by young people, men, and the less-educated. Average incomes surprisingly grew to end-2009, but seem likely to have fallen substantially afterwards. Income changes during the GR were relatively progressive. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects on households of the fiscal consolidation that started in 2010, comprising tax rises and cuts to welfare spending and public services totalling 6% of national income. Poorer households and families with children will be most affected by tax and benefit reforms, whilst pensioners are relatively protected. More uncertain are the distributional impacts of public service cuts and trends in the macroeconomy.Less
This is the fifth of six chapters that focus on one country in depth: the UK in this case. GDP fell by over 7% during the Great Recession (GR), a post-war record. Employment fell by less than GDP, and the largest falls were experienced by young people, men, and the less-educated. Average incomes surprisingly grew to end-2009, but seem likely to have fallen substantially afterwards. Income changes during the GR were relatively progressive. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects on households of the fiscal consolidation that started in 2010, comprising tax rises and cuts to welfare spending and public services totalling 6% of national income. Poorer households and families with children will be most affected by tax and benefit reforms, whilst pensioners are relatively protected. More uncertain are the distributional impacts of public service cuts and trends in the macroeconomy.
Himanshu and Peter Lanjouw
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192896858
- eISBN:
- 9780191919138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192896858.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines income mobility in developing countries. We start by synthesizing findings from the available evidence on relative mobility and poverty dynamics. We then describe evidence on ...
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This chapter examines income mobility in developing countries. We start by synthesizing findings from the available evidence on relative mobility and poverty dynamics. We then describe evidence on economic mobility obtained via synthetic panels constructed from cross-section data. We echo earlier literature in pointing to substantial movement across income classes by households over time—poverty is not inevitably a chronic condition. However, less clear are the factors driving the observed ‘churning’. In an attempt to make headway, we consider the story of economic mobility in one village in northern India over seven decades. We describe patterns of poverty dynamics and economic mobility in the village, and we highlight some of the processes that have been important in driving these patterns. While this in-depth study does not permit inferences to broader populations, it may provide a reference point against which findings from studies elsewhere can be compared.Less
This chapter examines income mobility in developing countries. We start by synthesizing findings from the available evidence on relative mobility and poverty dynamics. We then describe evidence on economic mobility obtained via synthetic panels constructed from cross-section data. We echo earlier literature in pointing to substantial movement across income classes by households over time—poverty is not inevitably a chronic condition. However, less clear are the factors driving the observed ‘churning’. In an attempt to make headway, we consider the story of economic mobility in one village in northern India over seven decades. We describe patterns of poverty dynamics and economic mobility in the village, and we highlight some of the processes that have been important in driving these patterns. While this in-depth study does not permit inferences to broader populations, it may provide a reference point against which findings from studies elsewhere can be compared.