David D. Laitin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199228232
- eISBN:
- 9780191696312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228232.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book presents a revisionist view of the sources of nationalism, the relationship of the nation to culture, and the implications of nationalism and cultural heterogeneity for the future of the ...
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This book presents a revisionist view of the sources of nationalism, the relationship of the nation to culture, and the implications of nationalism and cultural heterogeneity for the future of the nation-state. It accepts the now-standard view that national identities are not inherited traits but constructed communities in order to serve political ends. But the resulting national identities do not emerge from some metaphorical plebiscite as had been suggested by some; rather they result from efforts by people to coordinate their identities with people who share at least some cultural traits with them. Coordination leads to powerful social and cultural ties that are hard to unravel, and this explains the persistence of national identities. Understood as the result of coordination dynamics, the implications of national homogeneity and heterogeneity are explored. The book shows that national heterogeneity is not, as it is sometimes accused of being, a source of hatred. Nonetheless, there are advantages to homogeneity for the production of public goods and economic growth. Whatever the positive implications of homogeneity, the book shows that in the current world, classic nation-states are defunct. Heterogeneity is proliferating not only due to migration but also because small groups in many states once thought to be homogeneous are coordinating to demand national recognition. With the prohibitive costs of eliminating cultural heterogeneity, citizens and leaders need to learn how best to manage, or even take advantage of, national diversity within their countries. Management of diversity demands that we understand the coordination aspects of national heterogeneity, a perspective that this book provides.Less
This book presents a revisionist view of the sources of nationalism, the relationship of the nation to culture, and the implications of nationalism and cultural heterogeneity for the future of the nation-state. It accepts the now-standard view that national identities are not inherited traits but constructed communities in order to serve political ends. But the resulting national identities do not emerge from some metaphorical plebiscite as had been suggested by some; rather they result from efforts by people to coordinate their identities with people who share at least some cultural traits with them. Coordination leads to powerful social and cultural ties that are hard to unravel, and this explains the persistence of national identities. Understood as the result of coordination dynamics, the implications of national homogeneity and heterogeneity are explored. The book shows that national heterogeneity is not, as it is sometimes accused of being, a source of hatred. Nonetheless, there are advantages to homogeneity for the production of public goods and economic growth. Whatever the positive implications of homogeneity, the book shows that in the current world, classic nation-states are defunct. Heterogeneity is proliferating not only due to migration but also because small groups in many states once thought to be homogeneous are coordinating to demand national recognition. With the prohibitive costs of eliminating cultural heterogeneity, citizens and leaders need to learn how best to manage, or even take advantage of, national diversity within their countries. Management of diversity demands that we understand the coordination aspects of national heterogeneity, a perspective that this book provides.
Simon Caney
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198293507
- eISBN:
- 9780191602337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829350X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Having argued, in Ch. 2, that there are universal moral values, the next logical step is to ask what these universal moral values are; this question is pursued in Chs 3 and 4, which consider ...
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Having argued, in Ch. 2, that there are universal moral values, the next logical step is to ask what these universal moral values are; this question is pursued in Chs 3 and 4, which consider arguments for two different types of universal value and link together to provide an analysis of what universal principles of justice should apply at the global level. This chapter examines claims that there are universal principles of civil and political justice, that is, those principles that specify what rights people have to what freedoms, and argues for universal human rights to certain civil and political liberties. It is arranged in 13 sections: Section I presents an analysis of human rights, since this term plays a central and important role in a plausible account of civil and political justice; Section II puts forward a general thesis about justifications for civil and political human rights; this is followed, in Sections III–VII, by an analysis of four cosmopolitan arguments for human rights that criticizes three of them but defends the fourth; Section VIII considers an alternative non-cosmopolitan approach to defending civil and political human rights, presented by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples (1999b); the next three sections (IX–XI) of the chapter explore misgivings about civil and political human rights, including the objections that such human rights are a species of imperialism and do not accord sufficient respect to cultural practices (IX), produce homogeneity/uniformity (X), and generate egoism/individualism and destroy community (XI); Section XII considers a further objection—the realist charges that foreign policy to protect civil and political human rights is in practice selective and partial and a cloak for the pursuit of the national interest. Section XIII summarizes the overall case made for civil and political justice.Less
Having argued, in Ch. 2, that there are universal moral values, the next logical step is to ask what these universal moral values are; this question is pursued in Chs 3 and 4, which consider arguments for two different types of universal value and link together to provide an analysis of what universal principles of justice should apply at the global level. This chapter examines claims that there are universal principles of civil and political justice, that is, those principles that specify what rights people have to what freedoms, and argues for universal human rights to certain civil and political liberties. It is arranged in 13 sections: Section I presents an analysis of human rights, since this term plays a central and important role in a plausible account of civil and political justice; Section II puts forward a general thesis about justifications for civil and political human rights; this is followed, in Sections III–VII, by an analysis of four cosmopolitan arguments for human rights that criticizes three of them but defends the fourth; Section VIII considers an alternative non-cosmopolitan approach to defending civil and political human rights, presented by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples (1999b); the next three sections (IX–XI) of the chapter explore misgivings about civil and political human rights, including the objections that such human rights are a species of imperialism and do not accord sufficient respect to cultural practices (IX), produce homogeneity/uniformity (X), and generate egoism/individualism and destroy community (XI); Section XII considers a further objection—the realist charges that foreign policy to protect civil and political human rights is in practice selective and partial and a cloak for the pursuit of the national interest. Section XIII summarizes the overall case made for civil and political justice.
Fred Landman and Susan Rothstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544325
- eISBN:
- 9780191720536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter argues that the constraint on the distribution of for phrases, and thus a relevant definition of atelicity is best phrased using a notion of incremental homogeneity which we define and ...
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This chapter argues that the constraint on the distribution of for phrases, and thus a relevant definition of atelicity is best phrased using a notion of incremental homogeneity which we define and explain. We show that on this definition, accomplishment predicates with bare plural or mass objects are incrementally homogeneous on the assumption these nominal phrases are taken to denote kinds.Less
This chapter argues that the constraint on the distribution of for phrases, and thus a relevant definition of atelicity is best phrased using a notion of incremental homogeneity which we define and explain. We show that on this definition, accomplishment predicates with bare plural or mass objects are incrementally homogeneous on the assumption these nominal phrases are taken to denote kinds.
Daniel Berkowitz and Karen B. Clay
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136042
- eISBN:
- 9781400840540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136042.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter argues that initial conditions associated with trade and agriculture shaped the occupational distributions of early state elites who, in turn, influenced the subsequent evolution of ...
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This chapter argues that initial conditions associated with trade and agriculture shaped the occupational distributions of early state elites who, in turn, influenced the subsequent evolution of state political competition. It provides a summary of the relationships among initial conditions, occupational homogeneity of the elite, and state political competition. The chapter thus shows how conditions shaped the early comparative advantage of the state economy and that, moreover, the mix of elite occupations influenced state political competition. When state elites worked largely in the same profession, a single party that reflected the interests of this occupation tended to dominate. When state elites worked in a broader mix of professions, different groups supported different parties, and political competition was stronger from the outset.Less
This chapter argues that initial conditions associated with trade and agriculture shaped the occupational distributions of early state elites who, in turn, influenced the subsequent evolution of state political competition. It provides a summary of the relationships among initial conditions, occupational homogeneity of the elite, and state political competition. The chapter thus shows how conditions shaped the early comparative advantage of the state economy and that, moreover, the mix of elite occupations influenced state political competition. When state elites worked largely in the same profession, a single party that reflected the interests of this occupation tended to dominate. When state elites worked in a broader mix of professions, different groups supported different parties, and political competition was stronger from the outset.
Robert Garland
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161051
- eISBN:
- 9781400850259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161051.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This concluding chapter argues that the brilliance of Greek civilization was predicated in part upon the shiftlessness of its population. Being Greek meant facing the prospect of being displaced at ...
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This concluding chapter argues that the brilliance of Greek civilization was predicated in part upon the shiftlessness of its population. Being Greek meant facing the prospect of being displaced at some point in one's life without any certainty of return. When compelled to do so, the Greeks were fully capable of putting their roofs on their backs and moving an entire population elsewhere. It was also the case that the mobility of the Greeks, and the spirit of adaptability that this bred inside them, encouraged the construction of panhellenic institutions and fostered cultural homogeneity. Greece, in sum, was a civilization of displaced persons.Less
This concluding chapter argues that the brilliance of Greek civilization was predicated in part upon the shiftlessness of its population. Being Greek meant facing the prospect of being displaced at some point in one's life without any certainty of return. When compelled to do so, the Greeks were fully capable of putting their roofs on their backs and moving an entire population elsewhere. It was also the case that the mobility of the Greeks, and the spirit of adaptability that this bred inside them, encouraged the construction of panhellenic institutions and fostered cultural homogeneity. Greece, in sum, was a civilization of displaced persons.
Gontzal Aldai
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Tundra Nenets intransitive verbs are divided into three classes: A-verbs, B-verbs and A&B-verbs, according to their compatibility with one of the two intransitive paradigms. This chapter investigates ...
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Tundra Nenets intransitive verbs are divided into three classes: A-verbs, B-verbs and A&B-verbs, according to their compatibility with one of the two intransitive paradigms. This chapter investigates the Aktionsart principles that govern (1) a verb's placement in one of the classes; and (2) the choice between the two paradigms for A&B-verbs.Less
Tundra Nenets intransitive verbs are divided into three classes: A-verbs, B-verbs and A&B-verbs, according to their compatibility with one of the two intransitive paradigms. This chapter investigates the Aktionsart principles that govern (1) a verb's placement in one of the classes; and (2) the choice between the two paradigms for A&B-verbs.
Derek Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814743478
- eISBN:
- 9780814743492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814743478.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. ...
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While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. In each case, the initial success of a single product led to a long-term embrace of media franchising—a dynamic process in which media workers from different industrial positions shared in and reproduced familiar culture across television, film, comics, games, and merchandising. This book examines the corporate culture behind these production practices, as well as the collaborative and creative efforts involved in conceiving, sustaining, and sharing intellectual properties in media work worlds. Challenging connotations of homogeneity, the book shows how the cultural and industrial logic of franchising has encouraged media industries to reimagine creativity as an opportunity for exchange among producers, licensees, and even consumers. Drawing on case studies and interviews with media producers, it reveals the meaningful identities, cultural hierarchies, and struggles for distinction that accompany collaboration within these production networks. The book provides a nuanced portrait of the collaborative cultural production embedded in both the media industries and our own daily lives.Less
While immediately recognizable throughout the United States and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. In each case, the initial success of a single product led to a long-term embrace of media franchising—a dynamic process in which media workers from different industrial positions shared in and reproduced familiar culture across television, film, comics, games, and merchandising. This book examines the corporate culture behind these production practices, as well as the collaborative and creative efforts involved in conceiving, sustaining, and sharing intellectual properties in media work worlds. Challenging connotations of homogeneity, the book shows how the cultural and industrial logic of franchising has encouraged media industries to reimagine creativity as an opportunity for exchange among producers, licensees, and even consumers. Drawing on case studies and interviews with media producers, it reveals the meaningful identities, cultural hierarchies, and struggles for distinction that accompany collaboration within these production networks. The book provides a nuanced portrait of the collaborative cultural production embedded in both the media industries and our own daily lives.
Nancy C. Dorian
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385939
- eISBN:
- 9780199870141
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Linguistic variation has been studied primarily in communities with the dominant social organization of our time: ethnic diversity, socioeconomic stratification, and a population size precluding ...
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Linguistic variation has been studied primarily in communities with the dominant social organization of our time: ethnic diversity, socioeconomic stratification, and a population size precluding community‐wide face‐to‐face interaction. In such communities literacy introduces extra‐community linguistic norms, and variation correlates with ethnicity and class. This study investigates variation in the ancestral language of a population with a very different social structure: small size, dense kinship ties, common occupation, absence of social stratification. Their Gaelic shows a high level of socially neutral individual variation, with variants originating in settlement‐period dialect mixture; a subsequent history of social isolation, endogamy, and regular face‐to‐face interaction eliminated any need for linguistic accommodation, while social homogeneity and absence of extra‐community norms permitted the variants to remain socially neutral. Examination of the theoretical assumptions and established methodologies prevailing in dialectology and descriptive linguistics offers a number of explanations for delayed recognition of linguistic variation unrelated to social class or other social sub‐groupings. Detailed examination of the social structure of one community offers explanations for the strikingly divergent usage of close kin and age‐mates. Reports of similar variation phenomena in locations with similar social‐setting and social‐organization features (minority‐language pockets in Ireland, Russia, Norway, Canada, and Cameroon) permit the recognition of factors that contribute to the emergence and persistence of socially neutral inter‐speaker and intra‐speaker variation. Facets of language use related to social structure remain to be investigated in communities with still other forms of social organization before the few communities that represent them disappear altogether.Less
Linguistic variation has been studied primarily in communities with the dominant social organization of our time: ethnic diversity, socioeconomic stratification, and a population size precluding community‐wide face‐to‐face interaction. In such communities literacy introduces extra‐community linguistic norms, and variation correlates with ethnicity and class. This study investigates variation in the ancestral language of a population with a very different social structure: small size, dense kinship ties, common occupation, absence of social stratification. Their Gaelic shows a high level of socially neutral individual variation, with variants originating in settlement‐period dialect mixture; a subsequent history of social isolation, endogamy, and regular face‐to‐face interaction eliminated any need for linguistic accommodation, while social homogeneity and absence of extra‐community norms permitted the variants to remain socially neutral. Examination of the theoretical assumptions and established methodologies prevailing in dialectology and descriptive linguistics offers a number of explanations for delayed recognition of linguistic variation unrelated to social class or other social sub‐groupings. Detailed examination of the social structure of one community offers explanations for the strikingly divergent usage of close kin and age‐mates. Reports of similar variation phenomena in locations with similar social‐setting and social‐organization features (minority‐language pockets in Ireland, Russia, Norway, Canada, and Cameroon) permit the recognition of factors that contribute to the emergence and persistence of socially neutral inter‐speaker and intra‐speaker variation. Facets of language use related to social structure remain to be investigated in communities with still other forms of social organization before the few communities that represent them disappear altogether.
Nancy C. Dorian
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385939
- eISBN:
- 9780199870141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385939.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Exclusive experience with standardized languages produces an expectation that speech community members will assess competing variants by their supposed correctness. This does not happen in the ...
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Exclusive experience with standardized languages produces an expectation that speech community members will assess competing variants by their supposed correctness. This does not happen in the persistently divergent but socially neutral variant use of Embo Gaelic speakers, including close kin and age mates. Communities elsewhere show both variation akin to Embo's personal‐pattern variation and similar social‐organization and social‐setting features: small population size, isolation, use of a minority language unrelated/distantly related to the dominant language, weak/absent extra‐community linguistic norms, social homogeneity with high interaction density and multiplex social roles, absence of linguistic accommodation. The ideologies of linguists from dominant‐language societies hamper recognition of different linguistic ideologies among other peoples. The importance of personal‐pattern variation to individual voice in homogeneous communities is discussed and exemplified. Ongoing transmission of individual variant‐use patterns is seen to have been in keeping with high‐variation language input to children and with diffuse child‐care patterns and peer‐group structure.Less
Exclusive experience with standardized languages produces an expectation that speech community members will assess competing variants by their supposed correctness. This does not happen in the persistently divergent but socially neutral variant use of Embo Gaelic speakers, including close kin and age mates. Communities elsewhere show both variation akin to Embo's personal‐pattern variation and similar social‐organization and social‐setting features: small population size, isolation, use of a minority language unrelated/distantly related to the dominant language, weak/absent extra‐community linguistic norms, social homogeneity with high interaction density and multiplex social roles, absence of linguistic accommodation. The ideologies of linguists from dominant‐language societies hamper recognition of different linguistic ideologies among other peoples. The importance of personal‐pattern variation to individual voice in homogeneous communities is discussed and exemplified. Ongoing transmission of individual variant‐use patterns is seen to have been in keeping with high‐variation language input to children and with diffuse child‐care patterns and peer‐group structure.
Eric A. Whitaker and John M. Fulwider
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines whether there are perceptual differences in how partisan identifiers think about the in-group and out-group, and whether these judgments relate reliably to other attitudes and ...
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This chapter examines whether there are perceptual differences in how partisan identifiers think about the in-group and out-group, and whether these judgments relate reliably to other attitudes and political behaviors. It first selectively reviews the psychological literature on social identity theory and group-based perceptual differences, focusing primarily on the out-group homogeneity effect. The subsequent analyses then consider and examine: how perceptions of in-group and out-group similarity and agreement vary among Democrats and Republicans, whether these judgments are systematically related to affective judgments about political groups and political figures, and whether these judgments relate to conventional political behaviors, such as voter turnout and vote choice. Finally, the chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for future research.Less
This chapter examines whether there are perceptual differences in how partisan identifiers think about the in-group and out-group, and whether these judgments relate reliably to other attitudes and political behaviors. It first selectively reviews the psychological literature on social identity theory and group-based perceptual differences, focusing primarily on the out-group homogeneity effect. The subsequent analyses then consider and examine: how perceptions of in-group and out-group similarity and agreement vary among Democrats and Republicans, whether these judgments are systematically related to affective judgments about political groups and political figures, and whether these judgments relate to conventional political behaviors, such as voter turnout and vote choice. Finally, the chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for future research.
John A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153261
- eISBN:
- 9781400847495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153261.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses how the rules of civility can vary, making them at times very hard to understand, let alone to accept. A contrast is drawn between the differential abilities of the European ...
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This chapter discusses how the rules of civility can vary, making them at times very hard to understand, let alone to accept. A contrast is drawn between the differential abilities of the European Union and the United States to “let in” immigrants so as to create one out of many—an area in which the contemporary United States far outperforms Europe. Civil nationalism is profoundly to be desired, but it is also rather hard to achieve. It is interesting to discover that the United States is more of a pioneer in this regard than European countries. However, both these great areas of the North have at their respective hearts a good deal of background homogeneity.Less
This chapter discusses how the rules of civility can vary, making them at times very hard to understand, let alone to accept. A contrast is drawn between the differential abilities of the European Union and the United States to “let in” immigrants so as to create one out of many—an area in which the contemporary United States far outperforms Europe. Civil nationalism is profoundly to be desired, but it is also rather hard to achieve. It is interesting to discover that the United States is more of a pioneer in this regard than European countries. However, both these great areas of the North have at their respective hearts a good deal of background homogeneity.
Gerard Toal and Carl T. Dahlman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199730360
- eISBN:
- 9780199895250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730360.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter reflects on the legacies of the double effort to remake Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1990 and outlines a qualified answer to the question of whether ethnic cleansing succeeded or not. ...
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This chapter reflects on the legacies of the double effort to remake Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1990 and outlines a qualified answer to the question of whether ethnic cleansing succeeded or not. Perhaps the most appropriate answer to whether ethnic cleansing has succeeded in Bosnia is that it is too early to tell. If Bosnia-Herzegovina is allowed to break apart by its neighbors, the European Union, and other major powers, we can say that ethnic cleansing has succeeded. But ethnic homogeneity—a condition often overstated and superficially claimed for states that are more heterogeneous than imagined—is no formula for stability. Certainly in Bosnia-Herzegovina, any independence for Republika Srpska (with the border drawn “on ethnic lines”) is likely to result in a new war. Bosnia-Herzegovina is still in the process of being made, its form an evolving one. While there are certainly grounds for being pessimistic about its future given its current ethnoterritorial arrangement, institutional burdens, and polarized politics, there is also some recognition among most of its divided political class that they are stuck together.Less
This chapter reflects on the legacies of the double effort to remake Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1990 and outlines a qualified answer to the question of whether ethnic cleansing succeeded or not. Perhaps the most appropriate answer to whether ethnic cleansing has succeeded in Bosnia is that it is too early to tell. If Bosnia-Herzegovina is allowed to break apart by its neighbors, the European Union, and other major powers, we can say that ethnic cleansing has succeeded. But ethnic homogeneity—a condition often overstated and superficially claimed for states that are more heterogeneous than imagined—is no formula for stability. Certainly in Bosnia-Herzegovina, any independence for Republika Srpska (with the border drawn “on ethnic lines”) is likely to result in a new war. Bosnia-Herzegovina is still in the process of being made, its form an evolving one. While there are certainly grounds for being pessimistic about its future given its current ethnoterritorial arrangement, institutional burdens, and polarized politics, there is also some recognition among most of its divided political class that they are stuck together.
Wendy Griswold
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226309224
- eISBN:
- 9780226309262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226309262.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
People have voiced concerns that global cultural homogeneity is obliterating people's “sense of place” since the colonial-era condemnation of cultural imperialism. However, a considerable amount of ...
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People have voiced concerns that global cultural homogeneity is obliterating people's “sense of place” since the colonial-era condemnation of cultural imperialism. However, a considerable amount of research is showing that people refashion external cultural inputs to conform to local sensibilities. Specifically, people use the very elements of globalized, electronic culture to rediscover, invent, fashion, promote, and celebrate their place-specific distinctiveness. Regional culture is part of this process, and this book demonstrates that literary regionalism has benefited from the developments that some had thought would kill it off. This introductory chapter sets out the book's primary claims. First, cultural regionalism, and regional literature in particular, is flourishing. Second, a reading class, habitual readers of print with a distinct demographic profile, has emerged from the general public. Third, that the first two claims are connected. The reading class is an active agent that is constantly reinforcing regionalism.Less
People have voiced concerns that global cultural homogeneity is obliterating people's “sense of place” since the colonial-era condemnation of cultural imperialism. However, a considerable amount of research is showing that people refashion external cultural inputs to conform to local sensibilities. Specifically, people use the very elements of globalized, electronic culture to rediscover, invent, fashion, promote, and celebrate their place-specific distinctiveness. Regional culture is part of this process, and this book demonstrates that literary regionalism has benefited from the developments that some had thought would kill it off. This introductory chapter sets out the book's primary claims. First, cultural regionalism, and regional literature in particular, is flourishing. Second, a reading class, habitual readers of print with a distinct demographic profile, has emerged from the general public. Third, that the first two claims are connected. The reading class is an active agent that is constantly reinforcing regionalism.
Reinhard B. Neder and Thomas Proffen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233694
- eISBN:
- 9780191715563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233694.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter addresses the question of how to visualize a large disordered structure and how to extract information describing the disorder from a large model crystal. Topics include the ...
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This chapter addresses the question of how to visualize a large disordered structure and how to extract information describing the disorder from a large model crystal. Topics include the determination of occupancies and their homogeneity, the calculation of correlations, and the concept of bond valence sums.Less
This chapter addresses the question of how to visualize a large disordered structure and how to extract information describing the disorder from a large model crystal. Topics include the determination of occupancies and their homogeneity, the calculation of correlations, and the concept of bond valence sums.
Amy C. Steinbugler
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199743551
- eISBN:
- 9780199979370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743551.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter begins to examine the practice of racework by considering a type of racework used by interracial couples in many public places—navigating racial homogeneity. It distinguishes between the ...
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This chapter begins to examine the practice of racework by considering a type of racework used by interracial couples in many public places—navigating racial homogeneity. It distinguishes between the racial segregation of neighborhoods, which is the result of almost a century of discriminatory housing and lending practices imposed by White-controlled institutions, and the racial separation of particular social spaces, which stems from some Blacks’ preference for all-Black environments as a response to Whites’ exclusion and as settings where people find safety and community. Although racial residential segregation affects innumerable communities in the United States, it is particularly onerous for interracial partners and families because of the strain of frequently being the only person of one’s race in a social setting. This strain creates race fatigue among both Blacks and Whites.Less
This chapter begins to examine the practice of racework by considering a type of racework used by interracial couples in many public places—navigating racial homogeneity. It distinguishes between the racial segregation of neighborhoods, which is the result of almost a century of discriminatory housing and lending practices imposed by White-controlled institutions, and the racial separation of particular social spaces, which stems from some Blacks’ preference for all-Black environments as a response to Whites’ exclusion and as settings where people find safety and community. Although racial residential segregation affects innumerable communities in the United States, it is particularly onerous for interracial partners and families because of the strain of frequently being the only person of one’s race in a social setting. This strain creates race fatigue among both Blacks and Whites.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The issue of the comparative homogeneity of the NICs' manufactured exports are explored in this chapter. The hypothesis that the export responses of the four tigers to changes in the U.S. market ...
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The issue of the comparative homogeneity of the NICs' manufactured exports are explored in this chapter. The hypothesis that the export responses of the four tigers to changes in the U.S. market after taking into account domestic supply capabilities were highly coordinated is examined. The authors utilize data extending over a longer period of time and employ a standard import demand model. In addition, various hypotheses that may explain the hitherto unobserved trade phenomenon are also discussed. Two polar explanations are offered for the observed homogeneity among NICs manufactured exports: a “collusive” approach and a “competitive” approach.Less
The issue of the comparative homogeneity of the NICs' manufactured exports are explored in this chapter. The hypothesis that the export responses of the four tigers to changes in the U.S. market after taking into account domestic supply capabilities were highly coordinated is examined. The authors utilize data extending over a longer period of time and employ a standard import demand model. In addition, various hypotheses that may explain the hitherto unobserved trade phenomenon are also discussed. Two polar explanations are offered for the observed homogeneity among NICs manufactured exports: a “collusive” approach and a “competitive” approach.
Francis Jeffry Pelletier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382891
- eISBN:
- 9780199870493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382891.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter introduces the logical, linguistic, and philosophical considerations relevant to mass terms. The various tests used to identify mass versus count terms, categorized as syntactic, ...
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This chapter introduces the logical, linguistic, and philosophical considerations relevant to mass terms. The various tests used to identify mass versus count terms, categorized as syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic, are discussed, and certain background notions are mentioned, such as the “universal grinder,” divisibility, homogeneity, sortal terms, and countability.Less
This chapter introduces the logical, linguistic, and philosophical considerations relevant to mass terms. The various tests used to identify mass versus count terms, categorized as syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic, are discussed, and certain background notions are mentioned, such as the “universal grinder,” divisibility, homogeneity, sortal terms, and countability.
Gloria Elizabeth Chacón
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469636795
- eISBN:
- 9781469636856
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636795.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American Colonial Literature
Latin America's Indigenous writers have long labored under the limits of colonialism, but in the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries, they have constructed a literary corpus that moves them ...
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Latin America's Indigenous writers have long labored under the limits of colonialism, but in the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries, they have constructed a literary corpus that moves them beyond those parameters. Gloria E. Chacón considers the growing number of contemporary Indigenous writers who turn to Maya and Zapotec languages alongside Spanish translations of their work to challenge the tyranny of monolingualism and cultural homogeneity. Chacón argues that these Maya and Zapotec authors reconstruct an Indigenous literary tradition rooted in an Indigenous cosmolectics, a philosophy originally grounded in pre-Columbian sacred conceptions of the cosmos, time, and place, and now expressed in creative writings. More specifically, she attends to Maya and Zapotec literary and cultural forms by theorizing kab'awil as an Indigenous philosophy. Tackling the political and literary implications of this work, Chacón argues that Indigenous writers' use of familiar genres alongside Indigenous language, use of oral traditions, and new representations of selfhood and nation all create space for expressions of cultural and political autonomy. Chacón recognizes that Indigenous writers draw from universal literary strategies but nevertheless argues that this literature is a vital center for reflecting on Indigenous ways of knowing and is a key artistic expression of decolonization.Less
Latin America's Indigenous writers have long labored under the limits of colonialism, but in the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries, they have constructed a literary corpus that moves them beyond those parameters. Gloria E. Chacón considers the growing number of contemporary Indigenous writers who turn to Maya and Zapotec languages alongside Spanish translations of their work to challenge the tyranny of monolingualism and cultural homogeneity. Chacón argues that these Maya and Zapotec authors reconstruct an Indigenous literary tradition rooted in an Indigenous cosmolectics, a philosophy originally grounded in pre-Columbian sacred conceptions of the cosmos, time, and place, and now expressed in creative writings. More specifically, she attends to Maya and Zapotec literary and cultural forms by theorizing kab'awil as an Indigenous philosophy. Tackling the political and literary implications of this work, Chacón argues that Indigenous writers' use of familiar genres alongside Indigenous language, use of oral traditions, and new representations of selfhood and nation all create space for expressions of cultural and political autonomy. Chacón recognizes that Indigenous writers draw from universal literary strategies but nevertheless argues that this literature is a vital center for reflecting on Indigenous ways of knowing and is a key artistic expression of decolonization.
Sarah Kay
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151920
- eISBN:
- 9780191672903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151920.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, European Literature
It can be observed that certain horizontal ties such as friendship, brotherhood, and companionship are formed between characters – junior men – who belong to the same age group and share the same ...
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It can be observed that certain horizontal ties such as friendship, brotherhood, and companionship are formed between characters – junior men – who belong to the same age group and share the same status. One of the fundamental impacts of such relationships on the organization of meaning is that the similarities of these individuals are illustrated as something desirable, since such similarities somehow overpower differences and inequalities as they advocate homogeneity. This endeavour to achieve general likeness may be associated with René Girard's notion of ‘mimetic desire’, wherein there exists an urge among individuals to imitate a certain model that thus results in an indefinite mirroring chain. Here, we observe that there would always be a certain desire for one to copy another, therefore sacrificing ‘difference’.Less
It can be observed that certain horizontal ties such as friendship, brotherhood, and companionship are formed between characters – junior men – who belong to the same age group and share the same status. One of the fundamental impacts of such relationships on the organization of meaning is that the similarities of these individuals are illustrated as something desirable, since such similarities somehow overpower differences and inequalities as they advocate homogeneity. This endeavour to achieve general likeness may be associated with René Girard's notion of ‘mimetic desire’, wherein there exists an urge among individuals to imitate a certain model that thus results in an indefinite mirroring chain. Here, we observe that there would always be a certain desire for one to copy another, therefore sacrificing ‘difference’.
Nanneke Redclift
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242191
- eISBN:
- 9780191697050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242191.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Although in the southern hemisphere an extended household is regarded as a vital determinant of caretaking, its purposes and underlying processes have not been sufficiently explored. Propositions ...
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Although in the southern hemisphere an extended household is regarded as a vital determinant of caretaking, its purposes and underlying processes have not been sufficiently explored. Propositions such as the homogeneity and the natural inclination to provide social protection and welfare of kin groups encourage further understanding of social policies in the international realm. Re-examination of the responsibilities of and the expectations from household members, relatives, and significant others as welfare endowers demonstrates that the distribution of public goods and services will be facilitated by heightened awareness and comprehension of caregiving practices and norms positioned in various cultural orientations. In view of this, it is valuable to take note of the caretaker's characteristics, potentials, personal necessities, and limitations as well as of the existing public provision policies.Less
Although in the southern hemisphere an extended household is regarded as a vital determinant of caretaking, its purposes and underlying processes have not been sufficiently explored. Propositions such as the homogeneity and the natural inclination to provide social protection and welfare of kin groups encourage further understanding of social policies in the international realm. Re-examination of the responsibilities of and the expectations from household members, relatives, and significant others as welfare endowers demonstrates that the distribution of public goods and services will be facilitated by heightened awareness and comprehension of caregiving practices and norms positioned in various cultural orientations. In view of this, it is valuable to take note of the caretaker's characteristics, potentials, personal necessities, and limitations as well as of the existing public provision policies.
