Fiona Leverick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199283460
- eISBN:
- 9780191712654
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283460.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book is a comprehensive analysis of the criminal defence of self-defence from a philosophical, legal, and human rights perspective. The primary focus is on self-defence as a defence to homicide, ...
More
This book is a comprehensive analysis of the criminal defence of self-defence from a philosophical, legal, and human rights perspective. The primary focus is on self-defence as a defence to homicide, as this is the most difficult type of self-defensive force to justify. Although not always recognised as such, self-defence is a contentious defence, permitting as it does the victim of an attack to preserve her life at the expense of another. If one holds that all human life is of equal value, explaining why this is permissible poses something of a challenge. It is particularly difficult to explain where the aggressor is, for reasons of non-age or insanity for example, not responsible for her actions. The first part of the book identifies the proper theoretical basis of a claim of self-defence. It examines the classification of defences, and the concepts of justification and excuse in particular, and locates self-defence within this classification. It then proceeds critically to analyse various philosophical explanations of why self-defensive killing is justified, before concluding that the most convincing account is one that draws on the right to life with an accompanying theory of forfeiture. The book then proceeds to draw upon this analysis to examine various aspects of the law of self-defence, including retreat, imminence of harm, self-generated self-defence, mistake, and proportionality. The analysis draws on material from all of the major common law jurisdictions and the various jurisdictions of the US. The book concludes with an examination of the implications that the European Convention on Human Rights might have for the law of self-defence.Less
This book is a comprehensive analysis of the criminal defence of self-defence from a philosophical, legal, and human rights perspective. The primary focus is on self-defence as a defence to homicide, as this is the most difficult type of self-defensive force to justify. Although not always recognised as such, self-defence is a contentious defence, permitting as it does the victim of an attack to preserve her life at the expense of another. If one holds that all human life is of equal value, explaining why this is permissible poses something of a challenge. It is particularly difficult to explain where the aggressor is, for reasons of non-age or insanity for example, not responsible for her actions. The first part of the book identifies the proper theoretical basis of a claim of self-defence. It examines the classification of defences, and the concepts of justification and excuse in particular, and locates self-defence within this classification. It then proceeds critically to analyse various philosophical explanations of why self-defensive killing is justified, before concluding that the most convincing account is one that draws on the right to life with an accompanying theory of forfeiture. The book then proceeds to draw upon this analysis to examine various aspects of the law of self-defence, including retreat, imminence of harm, self-generated self-defence, mistake, and proportionality. The analysis draws on material from all of the major common law jurisdictions and the various jurisdictions of the US. The book concludes with an examination of the implications that the European Convention on Human Rights might have for the law of self-defence.
T. A. Cavanaugh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272198
- eISBN:
- 9780191604157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272190.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter presents the history of DER, considering Aquinas’s originating account and closely tracing the development of double effect through subsequent moralists up to the 19th century Jesuit ...
More
This chapter presents the history of DER, considering Aquinas’s originating account and closely tracing the development of double effect through subsequent moralists up to the 19th century Jesuit J.P. Gury, who proposed the standard modern version. Over the six centuries separating Aquinas and Gury, ethicists expanded the number of cases considered by DER and further articulated its grounds in action theory, arriving at double-effect criteria as generally applicable to relevant cases. These criteria, their import, order, relation to one another, necessity, and sufficiency are analyzed, and revisions are proposed.Less
This chapter presents the history of DER, considering Aquinas’s originating account and closely tracing the development of double effect through subsequent moralists up to the 19th century Jesuit J.P. Gury, who proposed the standard modern version. Over the six centuries separating Aquinas and Gury, ethicists expanded the number of cases considered by DER and further articulated its grounds in action theory, arriving at double-effect criteria as generally applicable to relevant cases. These criteria, their import, order, relation to one another, necessity, and sufficiency are analyzed, and revisions are proposed.
Charles Patrick Ewing
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326130
- eISBN:
- 9780199893591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326130.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
The insanity defense is one of the oldest fixtures of the Anglo-American legal tradition. Though it is available to people charged with virtually any crime, and is often employed without controversy, ...
More
The insanity defense is one of the oldest fixtures of the Anglo-American legal tradition. Though it is available to people charged with virtually any crime, and is often employed without controversy, homicide defendants who raise the insanity defense are often viewed by the public and even the legal system as trying to get away with murder. Often it seems that the legal result of an insanity defense is unpredictable, and is determined not by the defendant's mental state, but by their lawyers' and psychologists' influence. From the thousands of murder cases in which defendants have claimed insanity, Doctor Ewing has chosen ten of the most influential and widely varied. Some were successful in their insanity plea, while others were rejected. Some of the defendants remain household names years after the fact, like Jack Ruby, while others were never nationally publicized. Regardless of the circumstances, each case considered here was extremely controversial, hotly contested, and relied heavily on lengthy testimony by expert psychologists and psychiatrists. Several of them played a major role in shaping the criminal justice system as we know it today.Less
The insanity defense is one of the oldest fixtures of the Anglo-American legal tradition. Though it is available to people charged with virtually any crime, and is often employed without controversy, homicide defendants who raise the insanity defense are often viewed by the public and even the legal system as trying to get away with murder. Often it seems that the legal result of an insanity defense is unpredictable, and is determined not by the defendant's mental state, but by their lawyers' and psychologists' influence. From the thousands of murder cases in which defendants have claimed insanity, Doctor Ewing has chosen ten of the most influential and widely varied. Some were successful in their insanity plea, while others were rejected. Some of the defendants remain household names years after the fact, like Jack Ruby, while others were never nationally publicized. Regardless of the circumstances, each case considered here was extremely controversial, hotly contested, and relied heavily on lengthy testimony by expert psychologists and psychiatrists. Several of them played a major role in shaping the criminal justice system as we know it today.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287154
- eISBN:
- 9780191713231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287154.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
In the Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas develops Augustine's anthropology with the help of the rediscovered metaphysics of Aristotle. Thomas comes to stress that the power of understanding of the ...
More
In the Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas develops Augustine's anthropology with the help of the rediscovered metaphysics of Aristotle. Thomas comes to stress that the power of understanding of the ‘separated soul’ is very weak. Death is natural as regards matter (the destructible body) but not as regards form (the indestructible soul). Death in itself is always a bad thing and it is only incidentally (per accidens) that death is, for some, the beginning of heavenly bliss. Thus, homicide and suicide can be seen to be wrong because, in themselves, they are acts of destruction.Less
In the Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas develops Augustine's anthropology with the help of the rediscovered metaphysics of Aristotle. Thomas comes to stress that the power of understanding of the ‘separated soul’ is very weak. Death is natural as regards matter (the destructible body) but not as regards form (the indestructible soul). Death in itself is always a bad thing and it is only incidentally (per accidens) that death is, for some, the beginning of heavenly bliss. Thus, homicide and suicide can be seen to be wrong because, in themselves, they are acts of destruction.
Julie Ellison
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199561643
- eISBN:
- 9780191730313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561643.003.0018
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked ...
More
This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked to elicit information from a shocked and traumatized family in an emphatic and compassionate way. They also provide investigative expertise and support to families.Less
This chapter discusses family liaison, which is a core policing function, although for many years it has been generally confined to homicide investigations. Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) are tasked to elicit information from a shocked and traumatized family in an emphatic and compassionate way. They also provide investigative expertise and support to families.
Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was ...
More
By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was surrounded by key supporters and advisers who wanted to make crime a high administration priority. The administration named a violent crime task force that called in August 1981 for a stronger federal role and changes in the law to favor the prosecution side. Three years later, a coalition of Republicans and moderate Democrats used a parliamentary maneuver to enact the most far‐ranging federal anticrime law in 16 years. Key players in pushing the anticrime agenda included Republicans like Edwin Meese, a longtime Reagan aide who later became Attorney General; Representative Dan Lungren of California, and prosecutor/crime victims advocate Lois Herrington; on the Democratic side were Senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Representative William Hughes of New Jersey. An important provision of the law was a requirement that “sentencing guidelines” restrict federal judges’ power to set penalties in criminal cases. Others created a federal fund to support programs that aided crime victims and set up a “forfeiture” procedure by which law enforcers could seize the assets of suspects and convicts.Less
By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was surrounded by key supporters and advisers who wanted to make crime a high administration priority. The administration named a violent crime task force that called in August 1981 for a stronger federal role and changes in the law to favor the prosecution side. Three years later, a coalition of Republicans and moderate Democrats used a parliamentary maneuver to enact the most far‐ranging federal anticrime law in 16 years. Key players in pushing the anticrime agenda included Republicans like Edwin Meese, a longtime Reagan aide who later became Attorney General; Representative Dan Lungren of California, and prosecutor/crime victims advocate Lois Herrington; on the Democratic side were Senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Representative William Hughes of New Jersey. An important provision of the law was a requirement that “sentencing guidelines” restrict federal judges’ power to set penalties in criminal cases. Others created a federal fund to support programs that aided crime victims and set up a “forfeiture” procedure by which law enforcers could seize the assets of suspects and convicts.
Joshua D. Duntley and David M. Buss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179675
- eISBN:
- 9780199869794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179675.003.0017
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter presents a new theory of homicide — homicide adaptation theory — which proposes that humans evolved adaptations to facilitate killing. The new theory is contrasted with two competing ...
More
This chapter presents a new theory of homicide — homicide adaptation theory — which proposes that humans evolved adaptations to facilitate killing. The new theory is contrasted with two competing conceptions of why people kill: the by-product hypothesis and the evolved goal hypothesis. The concept of ‘innateness’ in relation to the conception of evolved homicide adaptations presented in this chapter is discussed.Less
This chapter presents a new theory of homicide — homicide adaptation theory — which proposes that humans evolved adaptations to facilitate killing. The new theory is contrasted with two competing conceptions of why people kill: the by-product hypothesis and the evolved goal hypothesis. The concept of ‘innateness’ in relation to the conception of evolved homicide adaptations presented in this chapter is discussed.
Keith Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239757
- eISBN:
- 9780191705151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239757.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses historical developments in the law of offences against the person. These are considered in three distinct groupings: (1) non-fatal assaults and wounding; (2) sexual offences; ...
More
This chapter discusses historical developments in the law of offences against the person. These are considered in three distinct groupings: (1) non-fatal assaults and wounding; (2) sexual offences; and (3) unlawful homicide.Less
This chapter discusses historical developments in the law of offences against the person. These are considered in three distinct groupings: (1) non-fatal assaults and wounding; (2) sexual offences; and (3) unlawful homicide.
Douglas Husak
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199585038
- eISBN:
- 9780191723476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585038.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter tries to identify whether and under what conditions strict liability in the penal law is morally objectionable or unobjectionable. It argues that liability without fault for one or more ...
More
This chapter tries to identify whether and under what conditions strict liability in the penal law is morally objectionable or unobjectionable. It argues that liability without fault for one or more material elements often is worrisome because it results in disproportionate punishments: punishments in excess of the desert of the offender. This position is illustrated by an extended critical discussion of the strict liability drug homicide statutes that have been enacted in New Jersey as well as in other jurisdictions throughout the United States.Less
This chapter tries to identify whether and under what conditions strict liability in the penal law is morally objectionable or unobjectionable. It argues that liability without fault for one or more material elements often is worrisome because it results in disproportionate punishments: punishments in excess of the desert of the offender. This position is illustrated by an extended critical discussion of the strict liability drug homicide statutes that have been enacted in New Jersey as well as in other jurisdictions throughout the United States.
David P. Wright
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195304756
- eISBN:
- 9780199866830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304756.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This explores the compositional logic involved in creating the laws on homicide (Exodus 21:12–14), injury/assault (vv. 18–19), slave homicide (vv. 20–21), aggravated miscarriage (abortion; vv. ...
More
This explores the compositional logic involved in creating the laws on homicide (Exodus 21:12–14), injury/assault (vv. 18–19), slave homicide (vv. 20–21), aggravated miscarriage (abortion; vv. 22–23), talion ("an eye for and eye," etc.; vv. 23b-25), and slave injury (vv. 26–27). It demonstrates that all of these laws are a unity based on sources in the Laws of Hammurabi. It also shows that the talion law is integrally connected to the legislation on homicide and injury, giving the requirement that one must indemnify a victim or their kin, even if the injury or homicide was accidental. The Covenant Code thus identifies and solve problems in the homicide and injury laws of its source.Less
This explores the compositional logic involved in creating the laws on homicide (Exodus 21:12–14), injury/assault (vv. 18–19), slave homicide (vv. 20–21), aggravated miscarriage (abortion; vv. 22–23), talion ("an eye for and eye," etc.; vv. 23b-25), and slave injury (vv. 26–27). It demonstrates that all of these laws are a unity based on sources in the Laws of Hammurabi. It also shows that the talion law is integrally connected to the legislation on homicide and injury, giving the requirement that one must indemnify a victim or their kin, even if the injury or homicide was accidental. The Covenant Code thus identifies and solve problems in the homicide and injury laws of its source.
Andrew Ashworth and Barry Mitchell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299158
- eISBN:
- 9780191685637
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299158.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The law of homicide is probably the most high-profile area of the criminal law, and yet in recent years it has been relatively neglected by law-reform agencies. This book brings together six English ...
More
The law of homicide is probably the most high-profile area of the criminal law, and yet in recent years it has been relatively neglected by law-reform agencies. This book brings together six English criminal lawyers to discuss the future shape of the English law of homicide, and deals with such important topics as the definition of murder, the relevance of mental-abnormality provocation, unintentional killings, defences, and sentencing. It also considers broad policy choices and matters of detail in their contemporary social and legal contexts, and highlights the difficult issues that need to be tackled if we are to have an up-to-date law for murder and manslaughter.Less
The law of homicide is probably the most high-profile area of the criminal law, and yet in recent years it has been relatively neglected by law-reform agencies. This book brings together six English criminal lawyers to discuss the future shape of the English law of homicide, and deals with such important topics as the definition of murder, the relevance of mental-abnormality provocation, unintentional killings, defences, and sentencing. It also considers broad policy choices and matters of detail in their contemporary social and legal contexts, and highlights the difficult issues that need to be tackled if we are to have an up-to-date law for murder and manslaughter.
David A. Green
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199230969
- eISBN:
- 9780191696497
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230969.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This title examines the role of political culture and penal populism in the response to the emotive subject of child-on-child homicide. The book explores the reasons underlying the vastly differing ...
More
This title examines the role of political culture and penal populism in the response to the emotive subject of child-on-child homicide. The book explores the reasons underlying the vastly differing responses of the English and Norwegian criminal justice systems to the cases of James Bulger and Silje Redergård respectively. Whereas James Bulger's killers were subject to extreme press and public hostility, and held in secure detention for nine months before being tried in an adversarial court, and serving eight years in custody, Redergård's killers were shielded from public antagonism and carefully reintegrated into the local community. This book argues that the English adversarial political culture creates far more incentives to politicize high-profile crimes than the Norwegian consensus political culture. Drawing on a wealth of empirical research, the book suggests that the tendency for politicians to justify punitive responses to crime by invoking harsh political attitudes is based upon a flawed understanding of public opinion. In a compelling study, the book proposes that a more deliberative response to crime is possible by making English culture less adversarial and by making informed public judgment more assessable.Less
This title examines the role of political culture and penal populism in the response to the emotive subject of child-on-child homicide. The book explores the reasons underlying the vastly differing responses of the English and Norwegian criminal justice systems to the cases of James Bulger and Silje Redergård respectively. Whereas James Bulger's killers were subject to extreme press and public hostility, and held in secure detention for nine months before being tried in an adversarial court, and serving eight years in custody, Redergård's killers were shielded from public antagonism and carefully reintegrated into the local community. This book argues that the English adversarial political culture creates far more incentives to politicize high-profile crimes than the Norwegian consensus political culture. Drawing on a wealth of empirical research, the book suggests that the tendency for politicians to justify punitive responses to crime by invoking harsh political attitudes is based upon a flawed understanding of public opinion. In a compelling study, the book proposes that a more deliberative response to crime is possible by making English culture less adversarial and by making informed public judgment more assessable.
Martin Innes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199259427
- eISBN:
- 9780191698613
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259427.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This book provides a unique insight into how police detectives investigate and solve murders. Based upon fieldwork observation of murder squads at work, interviews with detectives and detailed ...
More
This book provides a unique insight into how police detectives investigate and solve murders. Based upon fieldwork observation of murder squads at work, interviews with detectives and detailed analysis of police case files, it provides an original account of the practices and processes involved in the investigation of homicides, as well as some of the problems that are often encountered in the conduct of this work. Drawing upon detailed empirical data collected, the book develops a conceptual framework for understanding the methods that detectives seek to utilise in order to identify suspects and construct a case against them. Situating such work in its social and legal context this major study shows how interviews, forensic evidence, and other investigative techniques are used by detectives to manufacture a narrative of the crime that sets out how the incident took place, and who did what to whom. In so doing, the book does much to further our understandings of detective work, how detectives understand their role, the problems they encounter and the solutions they manufacture to solve these problems.Less
This book provides a unique insight into how police detectives investigate and solve murders. Based upon fieldwork observation of murder squads at work, interviews with detectives and detailed analysis of police case files, it provides an original account of the practices and processes involved in the investigation of homicides, as well as some of the problems that are often encountered in the conduct of this work. Drawing upon detailed empirical data collected, the book develops a conceptual framework for understanding the methods that detectives seek to utilise in order to identify suspects and construct a case against them. Situating such work in its social and legal context this major study shows how interviews, forensic evidence, and other investigative techniques are used by detectives to manufacture a narrative of the crime that sets out how the incident took place, and who did what to whom. In so doing, the book does much to further our understandings of detective work, how detectives understand their role, the problems they encounter and the solutions they manufacture to solve these problems.
Penney Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199212873
- eISBN:
- 9780191707063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212873.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Medical Law
The upsurge in interest in assisted dying has occurred against a backdrop of growing concern over the modern reality of dying. Important terms must be defined including euthanasia (voluntary, ...
More
The upsurge in interest in assisted dying has occurred against a backdrop of growing concern over the modern reality of dying. Important terms must be defined including euthanasia (voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary); assisted suicide; assisted dying; and other medical behaviour that (potentially) shortens life. The current legal position in most major Western jurisdictions is relatively consistent. Most common law and some civil law jurisdictions treat termination of life on request or voluntary active euthanasia as murder. Some civil law jurisdictions have a separate, lesser offence of consensual homicide or termination of life on request, and others have a separate offence of compassionate homicide. Most jurisdictions have criminal prohibitions on assisted suicide, although a minority restrict the scope of criminalization of assistance in suicide based on the assister's motive. In jurisdicitions without a prohibition on assisting suicide, other offences may be used to effectively criminalize such behaviour.Less
The upsurge in interest in assisted dying has occurred against a backdrop of growing concern over the modern reality of dying. Important terms must be defined including euthanasia (voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary); assisted suicide; assisted dying; and other medical behaviour that (potentially) shortens life. The current legal position in most major Western jurisdictions is relatively consistent. Most common law and some civil law jurisdictions treat termination of life on request or voluntary active euthanasia as murder. Some civil law jurisdictions have a separate, lesser offence of consensual homicide or termination of life on request, and others have a separate offence of compassionate homicide. Most jurisdictions have criminal prohibitions on assisted suicide, although a minority restrict the scope of criminalization of assistance in suicide based on the assister's motive. In jurisdicitions without a prohibition on assisting suicide, other offences may be used to effectively criminalize such behaviour.
Fred C. Pampel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645254
- eISBN:
- 9780226645278
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645278.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to ...
More
Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to show how they are affected by institutional structures. European nations, for example, offer universal public benefits for men and women who are unable to work and have policies to ease the burdens of working mothers. The United States, in contrast, does not. This study demonstrates how public policy differences such as these affect childbearing among working women, moderate pressures for suicide and homicide among the young and old, and shape sex difference in suicide and homicide. The Institutional Context of Population Change cuts across numerous political and sociological topics, including political sociology, stratification, sex and gender, and aging. It persuasively shows the importance of public policies for understanding the demographic consequences of population change and the importance of demographic change for understanding the consequences of public policies.Less
Despite having similar economies and political systems, high-income nations show persistent diversity. This work looks at fertility, suicide, and homicide rates in eighteen high-income nations to show how they are affected by institutional structures. European nations, for example, offer universal public benefits for men and women who are unable to work and have policies to ease the burdens of working mothers. The United States, in contrast, does not. This study demonstrates how public policy differences such as these affect childbearing among working women, moderate pressures for suicide and homicide among the young and old, and shape sex difference in suicide and homicide. The Institutional Context of Population Change cuts across numerous political and sociological topics, including political sociology, stratification, sex and gender, and aging. It persuasively shows the importance of public policies for understanding the demographic consequences of population change and the importance of demographic change for understanding the consequences of public policies.
Christian Kay and Margaret Mackay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748622818
- eISBN:
- 9780748653362
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748622818.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This book celebrates the rich diversity of the Scots language and the culture it embodies. It marks two important events in Scots language scholarship: the completion of the Dictionary of the Older ...
More
This book celebrates the rich diversity of the Scots language and the culture it embodies. It marks two important events in Scots language scholarship: the completion of the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) in 2001 and the publication of its final volumes in 2002. The thirteen chapters that comprise the book cover many aspects of Scottish life as illuminated by the words used to describe it. The writers are linked by the fact that they have all made use of the wealth of information in DOST to advance their research. Their topics include the use of DOST in reading literature, in tracing the consumption of cereals and wine in early Scotland, in elucidating place names and terms used in shipping, building and measurement, and in defining such complex concepts as homicide and the role of ‘gossip’. Nor is the history and structure of the dictionary itself forgotten. There is a study of its development from its beginnings in the 1920s, together with biographical notes on its editors over the years. There are also chapters drawing comparisons with the Middle English Dictionary, the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots and the proposed historical dictionary of Scottish Gaelic.Less
This book celebrates the rich diversity of the Scots language and the culture it embodies. It marks two important events in Scots language scholarship: the completion of the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) in 2001 and the publication of its final volumes in 2002. The thirteen chapters that comprise the book cover many aspects of Scottish life as illuminated by the words used to describe it. The writers are linked by the fact that they have all made use of the wealth of information in DOST to advance their research. Their topics include the use of DOST in reading literature, in tracing the consumption of cereals and wine in early Scotland, in elucidating place names and terms used in shipping, building and measurement, and in defining such complex concepts as homicide and the role of ‘gossip’. Nor is the history and structure of the dictionary itself forgotten. There is a study of its development from its beginnings in the 1920s, together with biographical notes on its editors over the years. There are also chapters drawing comparisons with the Middle English Dictionary, the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots and the proposed historical dictionary of Scottish Gaelic.
Gunther Martin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199560226
- eISBN:
- 9780191721427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560226.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter demonstrates that Demosthenes uses religion in a different way when he writes for delivery by other speakers. Of the three speeches on illegal proposals, in Against Aristocrates the ...
More
This chapter demonstrates that Demosthenes uses religion in a different way when he writes for delivery by other speakers. Of the three speeches on illegal proposals, in Against Aristocrates the Athenian rules on homicide procedures are characterized as in compliance with religious requirements and the opposite is accordingly accused of undermining these rules and exposing the city to pollution. Androtion is likewise accused of religious misconduct in the speeches against himself and Against Timocrates. In contrast to the speeches discussed in Chapters 1–3, the attacks made in Demosthenes' logographic speeches rely on their religious nature.Less
This chapter demonstrates that Demosthenes uses religion in a different way when he writes for delivery by other speakers. Of the three speeches on illegal proposals, in Against Aristocrates the Athenian rules on homicide procedures are characterized as in compliance with religious requirements and the opposite is accordingly accused of undermining these rules and exposing the city to pollution. Androtion is likewise accused of religious misconduct in the speeches against himself and Against Timocrates. In contrast to the speeches discussed in Chapters 1–3, the attacks made in Demosthenes' logographic speeches rely on their religious nature.
Martin Killias, Santiago Redondo, and Jerzy Sarnecki
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond ...
More
This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond the small number of countries that are routinely included in international reviews of research. The chapter also gives an overview of transnational European crime victimization surveys and comparative research on self-reported juvenile delinquency. European countries differ substantially with respect to the volume, trends, and explanations of criminal victimization, violence against women, juvenile delinquency, and homicide. Among the factors routinely addressed is the nexus between migration and crime where Europe’s and America’s experiences differ in many respects. With respect to responses to offending, Europe has a long history of favouring therapeutic rather than punitive approaches, although evaluations often are unsatisfactory or entirely missing. Europe’s remarkably varying crime and incarceration rates, which are well-documented, allow us to asses to what extent prison populations are driven by crime rates or the length of sentences. The findings suggest that both variables play an important role and that especially the rate of inmates convicted of murder strongly affects a country’s prison population. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the impact on crime of alcohol, drug and welfare policies.Less
This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond the small number of countries that are routinely included in international reviews of research. The chapter also gives an overview of transnational European crime victimization surveys and comparative research on self-reported juvenile delinquency. European countries differ substantially with respect to the volume, trends, and explanations of criminal victimization, violence against women, juvenile delinquency, and homicide. Among the factors routinely addressed is the nexus between migration and crime where Europe’s and America’s experiences differ in many respects. With respect to responses to offending, Europe has a long history of favouring therapeutic rather than punitive approaches, although evaluations often are unsatisfactory or entirely missing. Europe’s remarkably varying crime and incarceration rates, which are well-documented, allow us to asses to what extent prison populations are driven by crime rates or the length of sentences. The findings suggest that both variables play an important role and that especially the rate of inmates convicted of murder strongly affects a country’s prison population. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the impact on crime of alcohol, drug and welfare policies.
Jonathan Burnside
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199759217
- eISBN:
- 9780199827084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759217.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter shows how biblical law distinguishes between premeditated, spur of the moment, and accidental homicide, and thus tries to strike a particular balance between harm and culpability. ...
More
This chapter shows how biblical law distinguishes between premeditated, spur of the moment, and accidental homicide, and thus tries to strike a particular balance between harm and culpability. Central to this is the operation of the biblical laws of asylum, either at a divinely-approved altar or at a city of refuge. Biblical law takes seriously the value of human life—both the value of the victim's life and the need to protect the life of the offender, in certain circumstances. This is consistent with the limits that are set to blood vengeance and to other forms of vengeance, as expressed in the lex talionis. This is concerned with both quantitative and qualitative proportionality. The discussion includes some key biblical narratives, including the story of Cain and Abel.Less
This chapter shows how biblical law distinguishes between premeditated, spur of the moment, and accidental homicide, and thus tries to strike a particular balance between harm and culpability. Central to this is the operation of the biblical laws of asylum, either at a divinely-approved altar or at a city of refuge. Biblical law takes seriously the value of human life—both the value of the victim's life and the need to protect the life of the offender, in certain circumstances. This is consistent with the limits that are set to blood vengeance and to other forms of vengeance, as expressed in the lex talionis. This is concerned with both quantitative and qualitative proportionality. The discussion includes some key biblical narratives, including the story of Cain and Abel.
Richard Rosenfeld, Helene R. White, and Finn-Aage Esbensen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines drug dealing and gang membership, and to a lesser extent sex offending and homicide, with respect to age of onset and desistance, correlates and causes, and offense ...
More
This chapter examines drug dealing and gang membership, and to a lesser extent sex offending and homicide, with respect to age of onset and desistance, correlates and causes, and offense specialization and persistence during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood. Prior studies and research indicate that initiation of criminal activity is not rigidly fixed in enduring biological or developmental processes, but is contingent on crime type, time period, and perhaps other features of social context. Although most criminal offending begins in adolescence, the chapter finds some evidence of initiation of serious violence and drug dealing in early adulthood, whereas gang membership almost always begins during adolescence. The chapter's analyses also indicate comparatively strong persistence from adolescence into young adulthood of drug dealing and gun carrying, less persistence in serious violence and theft, and little persistence in gang involvement. In general, the evidence suggests that special types of offenders do not tend to specialize in a single offense type to the exclusion of others, although prior research does indicate somewhat greater specialization among sex offenders who victimize children than those who victimize peers or adults. Additional research is needed to formulate effective interventions for these special offenders.Less
This chapter examines drug dealing and gang membership, and to a lesser extent sex offending and homicide, with respect to age of onset and desistance, correlates and causes, and offense specialization and persistence during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood. Prior studies and research indicate that initiation of criminal activity is not rigidly fixed in enduring biological or developmental processes, but is contingent on crime type, time period, and perhaps other features of social context. Although most criminal offending begins in adolescence, the chapter finds some evidence of initiation of serious violence and drug dealing in early adulthood, whereas gang membership almost always begins during adolescence. The chapter's analyses also indicate comparatively strong persistence from adolescence into young adulthood of drug dealing and gun carrying, less persistence in serious violence and theft, and little persistence in gang involvement. In general, the evidence suggests that special types of offenders do not tend to specialize in a single offense type to the exclusion of others, although prior research does indicate somewhat greater specialization among sex offenders who victimize children than those who victimize peers or adults. Additional research is needed to formulate effective interventions for these special offenders.
