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Holistic Approach to Knowledge: Contribution of the Bhagavadgita and its Relevance to Social Science Research and Ethics *

M.V. Nadkarni

in Ethics For Our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective

This chapter examines the relevance and contribution of the Bhagavadgita to ethics and social science research in India. It explains that most of the training in social science research methodology ... More

This chapter examines the relevance and contribution of the Bhagavadgita to ethics and social science research in India. It explains that most of the training in social science research methodology in India is focused on quantitative techniques of the inductive method and are deprived of valuable insights which can come from a holistic approach. This chapter highlights the Gita's call for a holistic approach to knowledge called saatvik and provides examples of the application of the holistic approach in social sciences, particularly in economics and applied ethics.Less

Holistic Approach to Knowledge: Contribution of the Bhagavadgita and Its Relevance to Social Science Research and Ethics*

M.V. Nadkarni

in Ethics for Our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective

This chapter examines the relevance and contribution of the Bhagavadgita to ethics and social science research in India. It explains that most of the training in social science research methodology ... More

This chapter examines the relevance and contribution of the Bhagavadgita to ethics and social science research in India. It explains that most of the training in social science research methodology in India is focused on quantitative techniques of the inductive method and are deprived of valuable insights which can come from a holistic approach. This chapter highlights the Gita’s call for a holistic approach to knowledge called saatvik and provides examples of the application of the holistic approach in social sciences, particularly in economics and applied ethics.Less

Beyond Child Welfare: International Perspectives on Child and Family Policies

Sheila B. Kamerman and Alfred J. Kahn

in Child Welfare Research: Advances for Practice and Policy

This chapter examines the evolving attention to achieving the goal of child well-being through a broad child and family approach rather than a narrow focus on protecting children against abuse and ... More

This chapter examines the evolving attention to achieving the goal of child well-being through a broad child and family approach rather than a narrow focus on protecting children against abuse and neglect. The more holistic type of approach employed is driven by the growing use of children’s rights as the basis for intervention, the increased attention to childhood social indicators as a device for monitoring and measuring trends in wellbeing over time, and developments in child and family policies as the framework for a strategic response once well-being is in focus. The objective is not to ignore social service reforms but to go beyond them.Less

Two Faces of Discrimination

Hanoch Sheinman

in Philosophical Foundations of Discrimination Law

This chapter analyzes interpersonally individualistic and holistic aspects of discrimination. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I characterizes the organizing distinction and looks at ... More

This chapter analyzes interpersonally individualistic and holistic aspects of discrimination. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I characterizes the organizing distinction and looks at related cases. Section II suggests that the conduct in these cases offends against some individualistic considerations. Section III argues that it also offends against some holistic considerations. Section IV considers objections to Section III. The chapter argues that neither side to the debate over the interpersonally comparative nature of discrimination has the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Each has some of the truth.Less

Affirmative Action and Higher Education

J. Scott Carter and Cameron D. Lippard

in The Death of Affirmative Action?: Racialized Framing and the Fight Against Racial Preference in College Admissions

This chapter discusses the ever-evolving role of race in politics in the history of the US. How the government handled racial and other discrimination has not always been effective. It was not until ... More

This chapter discusses the ever-evolving role of race in politics in the history of the US. How the government handled racial and other discrimination has not always been effective. It was not until the 1960s that the US government attempted to make a concrete effort to minimize racial discrimination, which of course effected enrollment at elite US colleges and universities. This chapter then goes onto to discuss the deep ideological divide over affirmative action that exists in the country and provides public opinion data on where whites stand with the subject. This chapter demonstrates that indeed affirmative action is a controversial subject that receives little support from whites.Less

Young people with mental health problems

Sarah Judd

in Managing transitions: Support for individuals at key points of change

Young adults face a number of stressful transitions that can prove a trigger point for their mental health, including the transition from school to work or university, leaving the family home, or ... More

Young adults face a number of stressful transitions that can prove a trigger point for their mental health, including the transition from school to work or university, leaving the family home, or managing relationships. This chapter looks at positive ways to improve transitional mental-health services for young people aged between 16 and 24, while acknowledging the financial constraints on the sector as a whole. By listening to young people and encouraging a person-centred approach, services can be developed to ensure useful and effective provision. The joint working agenda needs to be applied to this situation to encourage greater collaboration between children's and adults' mental-health services. Many young people arrive in mental-health services with a complex range of other issues. A holistic approach that looks at wider problems may help them to engage with a range of services and ease their transition out of child and adolescent mental-health services.Less

Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender-Based Violence: Holistic Approaches for Marital Rape Research

Jennifer R. Wies and Hillary J. Haldane

in Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage, and Social Change in Global Context

Drawing from studies of gender-based violence in anthropology, Wies and Haldane chart the possibilities for understanding rape in marriage informed by cross-cultural approaches. Through ethnographic ... More

Drawing from studies of gender-based violence in anthropology, Wies and Haldane chart the possibilities for understanding rape in marriage informed by cross-cultural approaches. Through ethnographic and theoretical examples, they consider how culture, kinship, and households influence the ways individuals understand rape in marriage. They contrast feminist conceptualizations of rape in terms of power and fear with other views, such as the Borneo Dayaks’ and point out that cultural constructions of rape include Western definitions. They suggest that an anthropological/political economy approach is a productive framework for examining marital rape cross-culturally. The chapter provides a foundation for scholars, policy-makers, activists, and others to consider the multiple cultural factors that affect our understanding of marriage, gender, gender-based violence, and sex. It offers a holistic framework to address the problem of marital rape in myriad societies.Less

Alternative Explanations

in The Japanese Challenge to the American Neoliberal World Order: Identity, Meaning, and Foreign Policy

This chapter explores alternative explanations to the identity-intention analytical framework in relation to the Japanese challenge to the U.S.-led neoliberal world order. It evaluates different ... More

This chapter explores alternative explanations to the identity-intention analytical framework in relation to the Japanese challenge to the U.S.-led neoliberal world order. It evaluates different alternatives used to explain Japanese foreign economic policy including interest group, state-centered, and systemic approaches, and highlights the indeterminacy of these alternative explanations. The chapter stresses the need for a holistic analytical approach in order to fully understand the nature, emergence, and policy development of the Japanese challenge.Less

Perspectives on phonological development

Marilyn May Vihman

in Phonological Templates in Development

The chapter characterizes language as a system of links or associations and states the goal of gaining understanding of the origins of systematicity in the child. A working definition of ‘template’ ... More

The chapter characterizes language as a system of links or associations and states the goal of gaining understanding of the origins of systematicity in the child. A working definition of ‘template’ is followed by an account of early accuracy followed by later regression in early phonological development, concomitants of emergent system-building. A review of the theoretical advances that led to the concept of ‘templates’ is followed by a brief summary of Dynamic Systems Theory, with its emphasis on non-linearity in development, and of holistic approaches to phonology, including exemplar representations. A broad chronological account of research into infant speech processing is complemented by a brief review of production studies, the articulatory filter hypothesis, and the experimental work that supports it. Finally, studies of adult word learning that distinguish between lexical configuration and lexical engagement are found to bring new insights to the construct of emergent systematicity.Less

A Typology of the Evaluation of Qualitative Research: Toward a Holistic View

Jeasik Cho

in Evaluating Qualitative Research

This chapter explores five specific categories of the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR): (1) a general EQR category for a universal set of criteria for any type of qualitative research; (2) a ... More

This chapter explores five specific categories of the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR): (1) a general EQR category for a universal set of criteria for any type of qualitative research; (2) a “subtle realist” category that does not necessarily give up on positivist aims while drawing on the insights of constructivist conceptions of social research; (3) a post-criteriology category that views as an impossibility setting up predetermined criteria for qualitative research that uncovers complex meaning-making processes; (4) an art-based research category that consists of six criteria—incisiveness, concision, coherence, generativity, social significance, and evocation and illumination—that serve as a cue for perception that assists audiences in making a better evaluation of an art product; and (5) a post-validity category seeking out openly ideological evaluation criteria. The author’s holistic view of EQR, underpinning a beehive metaphor, is presented as neither unitary nor paradigm-idiosyncratic.Less

Schools as Systems

Robin Detterman, Jenny Ventura, Lihi Rosenthal, and Ken Berrick

in Unconditional Education: Supporting Schools to Serve All Students

The work of changing schools means acknowledging that we are, in fact, changing systems. Often, these are long-established systems enacted by multiple stakeholders invested in their preservation. ... More

The work of changing schools means acknowledging that we are, in fact, changing systems. Often, these are long-established systems enacted by multiple stakeholders invested in their preservation. Many efforts to promote educational equity attempt to tackle a single problematic aspect of the school in the hope that addressing an identified need in one area will improve the system as a whole. Some schools adopt a new math curriculum, hoping it will yield higher 4-year graduation rates. Other schools introduce computer-based learning, believing it will improve the ability of teachers to differentiate content. Still others practice mindfulness with students to reduce suspension rates. Efforts such as these are praiseworthy, but the piecemeal approach often fails to translate into meaningful change. At the other extreme, many schools choose to implement various reform efforts simultaneously–a new math curriculum, for instance, supplemented by computer-based learning and followed by a schoolwide mindfulness exercise. The result, generally, is mile-wide and inch-deep efforts that leave already overtaxed schools and principals with the challenge of running multiple initiatives at once, very likely without the resources to implement any one of them successfully (Cuban, 1990). Piecemeal or duplicative approaches to school transformation are particularly troubling as they rarely produce the systemic transformation required to reduce broadscale inequities within the system. When problems are identified in isolation, solutions tend to address symptoms rather than the underlying causes of the most acute or prevalent manifestations. More often than not, addressing the root cause requires some level of attention to the system itself. When these systems-level changes are ignored, similar problems are likely to occur again in the future. Nowhere is this more true than in the systems designed to address learning and mental health challenges in schools. Special education services rely largely on pull-out approaches to service delivery only after students have shown substantial deficits in their learning. The words mental health are often synonymous with clinicians providing closed-door therapy to specific students or supporting young people with disabilities who have been placed in specialized, segregated settings. Less

From Periphery to Core: A Process Model for Embracing Sustainability

Luciana Silvestri and Ranjay Gulati

in Leading Sustainable Change: An Organizational Perspective

There is a growing call for business enterprises to adopt sustainability principles and practices, yet many established organizations continue to struggle in their quest to embrace them. This chapter ... More

There is a growing call for business enterprises to adopt sustainability principles and practices, yet many established organizations continue to struggle in their quest to embrace them. This chapter analyzes how organizations that relegate sustainability to the periphery and those that incorporate it into their core differ in their approaches to organizational identity (how they think about sustainability), strategy (how they plan for sustainability), and design (how they act towards sustainability). Advocating a holistic approach to these three fundamental organizational elements, it presents a process model that shows, along four specific stages, how an established organization can effect change in order to bring sustainability into its core. It illustrates the model through the experience of The Ford Motor Company, a long-standing organization whose efforts to bring sustainability into its core span decades and are still ongoing.Less

Conclusions: Striving for Data Subject Control within and beyond Data Subject Rights

Helena U. Vrabec

in Data Subject Rights under the GDPR

Chapter 9 is a concluding section of the book. It takes a look at the rights from the perspective of effectiveness and analyses them in a more structured manner by utilising a framework of data ... More

Chapter 9 is a concluding section of the book. It takes a look at the rights from the perspective of effectiveness and analyses them in a more structured manner by utilising a framework of data protection principles from Article 5 of the GDPR. The analysis shows that data subjects’ control rights are sometimes ineffective. However, this part of data protection law must be, nonetheless, maintained, because it not only serves the objective of control but has other objectives too. To mitigate the ineffectiveness, some alterative measures are considered, for example technological solutions and legal mechanisms outside of data protection law. The chapter refers to these alternatives as ‘a holistic approach to control’.Less

Marxism and Ancient History

Kostas Vlassopoulos

in How to Do Things with History: New Approaches to Ancient Greece

In this chapter, Vlassopoulos explores how Marxist historiographies can be turned to productive use by contemporary historians. He argues that Marxist approaches bring four major elements that are ... More

In this chapter, Vlassopoulos explores how Marxist historiographies can be turned to productive use by contemporary historians. He argues that Marxist approaches bring four major elements that are particularly relevant for ancient history: history from below, a focus on large-scale historical change, a holistic approach to history, and metanarratives. Marxism was one of the major currents that brought history from below into ancient history, through a focus on slaves, women, and other subaltern groups. Much of this work, though, has focused on subaltern groups as passive objects of exploitation and domination and has taken the form of synchronic structural analysis, divorced from histoire événementielle. The big challenge ahead for both Marxism and ancient history is how to study subaltern groups as active agents of history and how to incorporate them into historical narrative.Less

Common Concepts of Successful Prevention Programs

Joy G. Dryfoos

in Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention

The review of four major fields—prevention of delinquency, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and school failure (in Chapters 9 to 12)—yielded about 100 different programs that appear to have ... More

The review of four major fields—prevention of delinquency, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and school failure (in Chapters 9 to 12)—yielded about 100 different programs that appear to have potential for changing behavioral outcomes. Most of the selected programs reported evaluation data that showed improvements in social behavior or school achievement or reductions in substance abuse or unprotected sexual intercourse. However, 20 of the programs were included as examples of new interventions based on proven theories of behavioral change but with incomplete evaluations. These programs represent a cross-section of thousands of efforts to change the lives of children and youth in all parts of the country. In each chapter, the programs were loosely categorized by type. Among all the models discussed, about 10 percent fell into the category of early child or family intervention, 60 percent were school-based interventions, and 30 percent community-based or multiagency programs. Among the school-based programs, one-third involved specialized curricula, one-third provided nonacademic services in schools, and one-third dealt with school organization or were alternative schools. As we will see, the successful programs share a number of common elements, more than might be expected given the extensive differences in size, complexity, goals, and level of documentation. Among the program models are those directed at very small groups of selected high-risk children and those directed at an entire school or community. Some of the programs had a single purpose (smoking prevention), while others had multiple goals (dropout and pregnancy prevention). Some were offered at one site, while others were multisite. The criterion of primary prevention was loosely applied; some of the most successful models combined identification and counseling or teaching of potential high-risk children with treatment of those who already had the problem. The evaluation of some of the programs accepted here as models was admittedly less than ideal, demonstrating only short-term effects with imperfect control groups. However, for other models, the evaluation meets scientific standards. More than half of the evaluations were carried out by the “designers” of the programs, typically testing their own curricula in schools. Less