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This chapter explores the challenge to the proof of Fitch’s results presented by intuitionism, and the prospects of this viewpoint in avoiding the paradox that results. It argues that adopting intuitionistic principles of reasoning will not help avoid the paradox. It merely changes what is paradoxical from a lost distinction between known truth and knowable truth, to a lost distinction between unknown truth and unknowable truth. Since paradox remains in both cases, the solution to the paradox must be found elsewhere.

Much has changed in the long years since Helen first became ill. In the field of medicine, there are signs of a more holistic approach in the treatment of the sick and injured. The National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital is now called Action for Sick Children (ASC). This marks the recognition to the role played by parents and families in the care of sick children, and of the fact that serious illness is not encountered, and indeed treated or coped with, only within the confines of hospitals. In the field of care of those with life-threatening illness and of the terminally ill, adult hospices are now relatively commonplace and certainly no longer arouse the controversy they did in their pioneering days. When Helen House opened in 1982 there were no other children's hospices in the world; there are now five in operation in England and 17 planned.

This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may find a place only in certain situations, vocations, or ways of life. Personal moral integration remains an important goal of moral aspiration, though it probably will, and should, never be finished, but rather require recurrent renegotiation.

Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing through the harmony of science and religion; introduces music-prayer-meditation dynamics, neuroplasticity, cognitive flexibility, entrainment, holistic embodiment (or embeingment), and the Human Certainty Principle as culture-transcendent processes and principles that undergird musical healing; challenges moral and cultural relativism, focusing on the importance of applied work to benefit the whole of humanity; introduces maddâh devotional music and the culture of Badakhshan, Tajikistan as the primary cultural example of musical healing. Core theoretical and philosophical frameworks are established that draw on local beliefs and practices, ethnomusicology, health science, neuro- and cognitive science, and quantum physics.

Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). Scientific and religious attitudes depend on different types of faith. Science requires faith in the uniformity and continuity of shared sensory space — faith that nature's patterns and structures can be understood (“intelligible design”). Religion requires faith in starting assumptions from outside of shared sensory space — belief in an unseen order to which the individual seeks harmonious adjustment. The scientific attitude defers unchangeable Truth to the future, while the religious attitude unconditionally accepts certain Truths in the present. Scientific and religious attitudes exhibit complementarity — two distinct domains of knowledge that cannot be seen, inferred, or negated from the other's perspective and that merge into a dynamic, holistic framework not possible to resolve further, offering different answers to fundamental questions about the self and the world.

This chapter argues that we should return to ideas about the relationship between language and music advocated by scholars such as Rousseau, Darwin, and Jespersen. It further articulates the view that language and music co-evolved — a view that is tied in with recent arguments to the effect that protolanguage was holistic. It is argued that the proposal of a music-like protolanguage enables us not only to explain certain continuities between human speech and primate vocal communication but also to explain the seeming alacrity with which newborn infants respond to language and music alike, and the significant overlaps of the respective brain regions recruited for language and music. In addition, the chapter cites different reasons for assuming that protolanguage used holistic phrases, not compositional ones. It discusses a number of reasons why so-called hominin holistic phrase communication would have had a degree of musicality. In interweaving various strands of evidence, the chapter illustrates the extent to which work on language evolution has become an interdisciplinary endeavor.

This chapter addresses the question of how direct the linkage is between functional pressures and the typological distribution of formal elements that represents a response to those pressures. It contrasts two positions on the question: one of which maintains that the link between grammatical constructs and functional motivations is very close, the other that maintains that the relationship between the two is extremely indirect. The latter position is shown to be the correct one.

Taking into consideration the form and content of various forms of music and the interaction between learner and teacher, this chapter explores tangible and less tangible aspects of music that are considered the essential skill base for musicians in various cultures. Juxtaposing Western art music with African musics, Indian court music, and village gamelans, it demonstrates that there are vast differences in approaches and priorities, which resonate in systems of music education. This ranges from tangible aspects such as repertoire and performance practice; (explicit or implicit) theories; creativity and expression; and the culture and values underlying any music practice. It goes on to examine how these aspects of music are learned or transmitted: with or without notation, atomistic or holistic, with emphasis on tangible or intangible aspects?

This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.

Evidence for holistic processing is observed for faces and nonface objects of expertise using several behavioral paradigms (composite task, whole-part paradigm, inversion paradigm), and holistic processing accompanies important neural signatures of face perception. Although holistic processing is assumed to have a perceptual locus, where faces are represented as unified wholes, the decisional component involved in these tasks is often overlooked—it is possible for parts to be represented independently and yet for decisions about them to not be independent. A possible decisional locus of holistic processing is suggested by studies that compare manipulations at the encoding stage versus the decisional stage, studies showing that holistic processing can be modulated by context, and studies that apply the general recognition framework and related analyses. A decisional interaction between face parts may arise due to the learned expectation that face parts change together.

Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias facilitates the development of specialization for faces by ensuring that the developing brain receives visual input from faces. Indeed, postnatal changes in face recognition abilities are assumed to arise from experience. However, despite an abundance of exposure to faces during infancy and early childhood, both neural and behavioral markers of face expertise suggest that perceptual tuning for faces is a gradual process, such that adult-like face recognition does not emerge until adolescence. In particular, children are impaired at recognizing faces under different transformations in appearance, they process faces in a piecemeal fashion rather than holistically, and they are less sensitive to second-order relations between face features.

Unlike general object recognition that occurs at the basic level (e.g. person; bird), faces and nonface objects of expertise tend to be recognized at the subordinate, individual level (e.g. Bob; sparrow). Specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise may occur as different cognitive strategies (e.g. holistic processing) and neural substrates (e.g. FFA) are recruited to support subordinate-level recognition. Together, the studies reviewed here suggest that recognition skills and neural specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise are tuned by experience, in particular experience individuating exemplars, although perceptual exposure may also play a role. Studies where participants are trained to become experts in the lab provide a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of perceptual expertise, and the relationship between perceptual exposure and individuation experience.

Although persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a range of cognitive impairments, their perceptual abilities are generally preserved, with the notable exception of face perception. This deficit goes beyond face recognition and discrimination to include impairments processing emotion, gaze direction, and gender, and may contribute to the social impairments associated with ASD. Atypical face processing is evident in behavioral measures of processing strategy, as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging data. The absence of perceptual expertise with faces may arise from reduced and abnormal experience with faces across the course of development, potentially caused by a combination of visuocognitive and socioaffective abnormalities. This notion is supported by results of training interventions, where persons with ASD are trained to become “face experts” using training protocols that have been successful for teaching other forms of object expertise.

The ‘historical‐critical method’ perceived as basic to modern scholarship has come to be seen as outmoded and should be replaced by a more ‘literary’, more ‘sociological’, or more ‘ideological’, a more ‘canonical’ or a more ‘theological’ approach. But critical history in its application to the Bible has not disappeared, and indeed has revived in more radical forms than before.

Symmetry is key in solving many scientific and engineering problems. Drawing on examples from chemical engineering, this chapter illustrates how recognizing fractal scaling and other invariant patterns that envelop multiple scales is an excellent way to bridge multi-scale gaps. Such invariants are frequently observed in biological systems, which are only able to function thanks to the conservation of microscopic properties up to macroscopic scales in a scale-free way. Similarly, by imposing such invariant distributions in engineering designs, the advantages of microscopic (micro- or nanoscale) designs are preserved for macro-scale applications, while considerably reducing complexity and increasing efficiency. This holistic view helps to simplify multi-scale problems, and is proposed as a useful supplement to atomistic, bottom-up approaches.