Julie Hearn and Kathryn Myers (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631831
- eISBN:
- 9780191730221
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. ...
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Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. Many benefits, in terms of quality of life, holistic care for the patient and family and increased time at home are claimed by day care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current philosophy, patterns, and policies of palliative day care. It places emphasis on the need to evaluate performance in palliative day care and describes in detail aspects such as audit, health economics, and research, and their associated problems and pitfalls. For readers new to the field it aims to survey the broad concepts and components of palliative day care and the philosophies and practical issues that relate to them. For those more experienced in the field, it seeks to highlight some of the questions, challenges, and dilemmas that palliative day care services face and which will need to be addressed in the years ahead.Less
Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. Many benefits, in terms of quality of life, holistic care for the patient and family and increased time at home are claimed by day care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current philosophy, patterns, and policies of palliative day care. It places emphasis on the need to evaluate performance in palliative day care and describes in detail aspects such as audit, health economics, and research, and their associated problems and pitfalls. For readers new to the field it aims to survey the broad concepts and components of palliative day care and the philosophies and practical issues that relate to them. For those more experienced in the field, it seeks to highlight some of the questions, challenges, and dilemmas that palliative day care services face and which will need to be addressed in the years ahead.
Peter Speck (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567745
- eISBN:
- 9780191730436
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567745.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
Teamwork is a complex but essential component of palliative care. The needs of people diagnosed with life threatening disease will vary greatly over time, and it is rarely possible for just one ...
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Teamwork is a complex but essential component of palliative care. The needs of people diagnosed with life threatening disease will vary greatly over time, and it is rarely possible for just one professional to be able to provide adequate care. In order to ensure an holistic approach, the whole multi-disciplinary team must be involved. Inevitable questions arise from such an approach, and this book seeks to address these. How does a team come into being? What different formats are there? How might the patient contribute to the effectiveness of their care and the way in which the team operates? What are the difficulties and frustrations encountered in developing and maintaining such teams? What models of working and styles of leadership have developed? How are power and authority handled within the team setting? The importance of team building, training, support, attention to group process, and stress management to protect the mental health of the team are explored. The ethical issues inherent in palliative care such as consent, autonomy, confidentiality, decision making within teams, and the legal implications of such are also discussed. The book concludes with one important question: Do we know if teams are the most effective way of providing care?Less
Teamwork is a complex but essential component of palliative care. The needs of people diagnosed with life threatening disease will vary greatly over time, and it is rarely possible for just one professional to be able to provide adequate care. In order to ensure an holistic approach, the whole multi-disciplinary team must be involved. Inevitable questions arise from such an approach, and this book seeks to address these. How does a team come into being? What different formats are there? How might the patient contribute to the effectiveness of their care and the way in which the team operates? What are the difficulties and frustrations encountered in developing and maintaining such teams? What models of working and styles of leadership have developed? How are power and authority handled within the team setting? The importance of team building, training, support, attention to group process, and stress management to protect the mental health of the team are explored. The ethical issues inherent in palliative care such as consent, autonomy, confidentiality, decision making within teams, and the legal implications of such are also discussed. The book concludes with one important question: Do we know if teams are the most effective way of providing care?
Jacqueline Worswick
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632357
- eISBN:
- 9780191730122
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632357.003.0010
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Much has changed in the long years since Helen first became ill. In the field of medicine, there are signs of a more holistic approach in the treatment of the sick and injured. The National ...
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Much has changed in the long years since Helen first became ill. In the field of medicine, there are signs of a more holistic approach in the treatment of the sick and injured. The National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital is now called Action for Sick Children (ASC). This marks the recognition to the role played by parents and families in the care of sick children, and of the fact that serious illness is not encountered, and indeed treated or coped with, only within the confines of hospitals. In the field of care of those with life-threatening illness and of the terminally ill, adult hospices are now relatively commonplace and certainly no longer arouse the controversy they did in their pioneering days. When Helen House opened in 1982 there were no other children's hospices in the world; there are now five in operation in England and 17 planned.Less
Much has changed in the long years since Helen first became ill. In the field of medicine, there are signs of a more holistic approach in the treatment of the sick and injured. The National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital is now called Action for Sick Children (ASC). This marks the recognition to the role played by parents and families in the care of sick children, and of the fact that serious illness is not encountered, and indeed treated or coped with, only within the confines of hospitals. In the field of care of those with life-threatening illness and of the terminally ill, adult hospices are now relatively commonplace and certainly no longer arouse the controversy they did in their pioneering days. When Helen House opened in 1982 there were no other children's hospices in the world; there are now five in operation in England and 17 planned.
Jonathan L. Kvanvig
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282593
- eISBN:
- 9780191603587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282595.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter explores the challenge to the proof of Fitch’s results presented by intuitionism, and the prospects of this viewpoint in avoiding the paradox that results. It argues that adopting ...
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This chapter explores the challenge to the proof of Fitch’s results presented by intuitionism, and the prospects of this viewpoint in avoiding the paradox that results. It argues that adopting intuitionistic principles of reasoning will not help avoid the paradox. It merely changes what is paradoxical from a lost distinction between known truth and knowable truth, to a lost distinction between unknown truth and unknowable truth. Since paradox remains in both cases, the solution to the paradox must be found elsewhere.Less
This chapter explores the challenge to the proof of Fitch’s results presented by intuitionism, and the prospects of this viewpoint in avoiding the paradox that results. It argues that adopting intuitionistic principles of reasoning will not help avoid the paradox. It merely changes what is paradoxical from a lost distinction between known truth and knowable truth, to a lost distinction between unknown truth and unknowable truth. Since paradox remains in both cases, the solution to the paradox must be found elsewhere.
Robert Merrihew Adams
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207510
- eISBN:
- 9780191708824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207510.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may ...
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This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may find a place only in certain situations, vocations, or ways of life. Personal moral integration remains an important goal of moral aspiration, though it probably will, and should, never be finished, but rather require recurrent renegotiation.Less
This chapter examines questions about holistic ascriptions of virtue or good character. It argues that such ascriptions may imply possession of some but not all particular virtues. Some virtues may find a place only in certain situations, vocations, or ways of life. Personal moral integration remains an important goal of moral aspiration, though it probably will, and should, never be finished, but rather require recurrent renegotiation.
Benjamin D Koen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367744
- eISBN:
- 9780199867295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367744.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing ...
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Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing through the harmony of science and religion; introduces music-prayer-meditation dynamics, neuroplasticity, cognitive flexibility, entrainment, holistic embodiment (or embeingment), and the Human Certainty Principle as culture-transcendent processes and principles that undergird musical healing; challenges moral and cultural relativism, focusing on the importance of applied work to benefit the whole of humanity; introduces maddâh devotional music and the culture of Badakhshan, Tajikistan as the primary cultural example of musical healing. Core theoretical and philosophical frameworks are established that draw on local beliefs and practices, ethnomusicology, health science, neuro- and cognitive science, and quantum physics.Less
Chapter 1 sets a new paradigm of research and applied practice based on the ontology of oneness; introduces medical ethnomusicology; lays a foundation for the study of music, health, and healing through the harmony of science and religion; introduces music-prayer-meditation dynamics, neuroplasticity, cognitive flexibility, entrainment, holistic embodiment (or embeingment), and the Human Certainty Principle as culture-transcendent processes and principles that undergird musical healing; challenges moral and cultural relativism, focusing on the importance of applied work to benefit the whole of humanity; introduces maddâh devotional music and the culture of Badakhshan, Tajikistan as the primary cultural example of musical healing. Core theoretical and philosophical frameworks are established that draw on local beliefs and practices, ethnomusicology, health science, neuro- and cognitive science, and quantum physics.
Frederick Grinnell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064575
- eISBN:
- 9780199869442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064575.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). ...
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Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). Scientific and religious attitudes depend on different types of faith. Science requires faith in the uniformity and continuity of shared sensory space — faith that nature's patterns and structures can be understood (“intelligible design”). Religion requires faith in starting assumptions from outside of shared sensory space — belief in an unseen order to which the individual seeks harmonious adjustment. The scientific attitude defers unchangeable Truth to the future, while the religious attitude unconditionally accepts certain Truths in the present. Scientific and religious attitudes exhibit complementarity — two distinct domains of knowledge that cannot be seen, inferred, or negated from the other's perspective and that merge into a dynamic, holistic framework not possible to resolve further, offering different answers to fundamental questions about the self and the world.Less
Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). Scientific and religious attitudes depend on different types of faith. Science requires faith in the uniformity and continuity of shared sensory space — faith that nature's patterns and structures can be understood (“intelligible design”). Religion requires faith in starting assumptions from outside of shared sensory space — belief in an unseen order to which the individual seeks harmonious adjustment. The scientific attitude defers unchangeable Truth to the future, while the religious attitude unconditionally accepts certain Truths in the present. Scientific and religious attitudes exhibit complementarity — two distinct domains of knowledge that cannot be seen, inferred, or negated from the other's perspective and that merge into a dynamic, holistic framework not possible to resolve further, offering different answers to fundamental questions about the self and the world.
Edward Ricketts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247048
- eISBN:
- 9780520932661
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247048.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Trailblazing marine biologist, visionary conservationist, deep ecology philosopher, Edward F. Ricketts (1897–1948) has reached legendary status in the California mythos. A true polymath and a thinker ...
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Trailblazing marine biologist, visionary conservationist, deep ecology philosopher, Edward F. Ricketts (1897–1948) has reached legendary status in the California mythos. A true polymath and a thinker ahead of his time, Ricketts was a scientist who worked in passionate collaboration with many of his friends—artists, writers, and influential intellectual figures—including, perhaps most famously, John Steinbeck, who once said that Ricketts's mind “had no horizons.” This collection, featuring previously unpublished pieces as well as others available for the first time in their original form, reflects the wide scope of Ricketts's scientific, philosophical, and literary interests during the years he lived and worked on Cannery Row in Monterey, California. These writings, which together illuminate the evolution of Ricketts's unique, holistic approach to science, include “Verbatim transcription of notes on the Gulf of California trip,” the basic manuscript for Steinbeck's and Ricketts's “Log from the Sea of Cortez”; the essays “The Philosophy of Breaking Through” and “A Spiritual Morphology of Poetry”; several shorter pieces on topics including collecting invertebrates and the impact of modernization on Mexican village life; and more. This critical biography, with a number of rare photographs, offers a new, detailed view of Ricketts's life.Less
Trailblazing marine biologist, visionary conservationist, deep ecology philosopher, Edward F. Ricketts (1897–1948) has reached legendary status in the California mythos. A true polymath and a thinker ahead of his time, Ricketts was a scientist who worked in passionate collaboration with many of his friends—artists, writers, and influential intellectual figures—including, perhaps most famously, John Steinbeck, who once said that Ricketts's mind “had no horizons.” This collection, featuring previously unpublished pieces as well as others available for the first time in their original form, reflects the wide scope of Ricketts's scientific, philosophical, and literary interests during the years he lived and worked on Cannery Row in Monterey, California. These writings, which together illuminate the evolution of Ricketts's unique, holistic approach to science, include “Verbatim transcription of notes on the Gulf of California trip,” the basic manuscript for Steinbeck's and Ricketts's “Log from the Sea of Cortez”; the essays “The Philosophy of Breaking Through” and “A Spiritual Morphology of Poetry”; several shorter pieces on topics including collecting invertebrates and the impact of modernization on Mexican village life; and more. This critical biography, with a number of rare photographs, offers a new, detailed view of Ricketts's life.
Frederick J. Newmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199274338
- eISBN:
- 9780191706479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274338.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
This chapter addresses the question of how direct the linkage is between functional pressures and the typological distribution of formal elements that represents a response to those pressures. It ...
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This chapter addresses the question of how direct the linkage is between functional pressures and the typological distribution of formal elements that represents a response to those pressures. It contrasts two positions on the question: one of which maintains that the link between grammatical constructs and functional motivations is very close, the other that maintains that the relationship between the two is extremely indirect. The latter position is shown to be the correct one.Less
This chapter addresses the question of how direct the linkage is between functional pressures and the typological distribution of formal elements that represents a response to those pressures. It contrasts two positions on the question: one of which maintains that the link between grammatical constructs and functional motivations is very close, the other that maintains that the relationship between the two is extremely indirect. The latter position is shown to be the correct one.
Steven Mithen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199545872
- eISBN:
- 9780191720369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545872.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter argues that we should return to ideas about the relationship between language and music advocated by scholars such as Rousseau, Darwin, and Jespersen. It further articulates the view ...
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This chapter argues that we should return to ideas about the relationship between language and music advocated by scholars such as Rousseau, Darwin, and Jespersen. It further articulates the view that language and music co-evolved — a view that is tied in with recent arguments to the effect that protolanguage was holistic. It is argued that the proposal of a music-like protolanguage enables us not only to explain certain continuities between human speech and primate vocal communication but also to explain the seeming alacrity with which newborn infants respond to language and music alike, and the significant overlaps of the respective brain regions recruited for language and music. In addition, the chapter cites different reasons for assuming that protolanguage used holistic phrases, not compositional ones. It discusses a number of reasons why so-called hominin holistic phrase communication would have had a degree of musicality. In interweaving various strands of evidence, the chapter illustrates the extent to which work on language evolution has become an interdisciplinary endeavor.Less
This chapter argues that we should return to ideas about the relationship between language and music advocated by scholars such as Rousseau, Darwin, and Jespersen. It further articulates the view that language and music co-evolved — a view that is tied in with recent arguments to the effect that protolanguage was holistic. It is argued that the proposal of a music-like protolanguage enables us not only to explain certain continuities between human speech and primate vocal communication but also to explain the seeming alacrity with which newborn infants respond to language and music alike, and the significant overlaps of the respective brain regions recruited for language and music. In addition, the chapter cites different reasons for assuming that protolanguage used holistic phrases, not compositional ones. It discusses a number of reasons why so-called hominin holistic phrase communication would have had a degree of musicality. In interweaving various strands of evidence, the chapter illustrates the extent to which work on language evolution has become an interdisciplinary endeavor.
Charles W. Fowler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199540969
- eISBN:
- 9780191716249
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540969.001.1
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
“Systemic management” describes a holistic, objective, and universally applicable form of management, providing a framework for addressing environmental challenges such as global warming, emergent ...
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“Systemic management” describes a holistic, objective, and universally applicable form of management, providing a framework for addressing environmental challenges such as global warming, emergent diseases, deforestation, overpopulation, the extinction crisis, pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction. Its goals are the consistently sustainable relationships between humans and ecosystems, between humans and other species, and between humans and the biosphere. This book presents a convincing argument that these goals, and the means to achieve them, can be inferred from empirical information. It describes how comparisons between humans and other species reveal patterns that can serve to guide management toward true sustainability, that is, ways that are empirically observed to work in natural systems by virtue of their emergence. It shows how this objective approach has not been possible in conventional management because sustainability is undermined by other human values. This book presents systemic management as a specialized process of pattern-based decision making that avoids the inconsistency, subjectivity, and error in current management practice. It clearly demonstrates how mimicking nature's empirical examples of sustainability can circumvent anthropocentric tendencies to overuse/misuse human values in management, and illustrates the best science for management (the science best suited for achieving sustainability) through examples of research that address specific management questions. It presents systemic management as reality-based management to replace the misdirected reductionism of conventional management with reductionism useful for directing human self-control.Less
“Systemic management” describes a holistic, objective, and universally applicable form of management, providing a framework for addressing environmental challenges such as global warming, emergent diseases, deforestation, overpopulation, the extinction crisis, pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction. Its goals are the consistently sustainable relationships between humans and ecosystems, between humans and other species, and between humans and the biosphere. This book presents a convincing argument that these goals, and the means to achieve them, can be inferred from empirical information. It describes how comparisons between humans and other species reveal patterns that can serve to guide management toward true sustainability, that is, ways that are empirically observed to work in natural systems by virtue of their emergence. It shows how this objective approach has not been possible in conventional management because sustainability is undermined by other human values. This book presents systemic management as a specialized process of pattern-based decision making that avoids the inconsistency, subjectivity, and error in current management practice. It clearly demonstrates how mimicking nature's empirical examples of sustainability can circumvent anthropocentric tendencies to overuse/misuse human values in management, and illustrates the best science for management (the science best suited for achieving sustainability) through examples of research that address specific management questions. It presents systemic management as reality-based management to replace the misdirected reductionism of conventional management with reductionism useful for directing human self-control.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier ...
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This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.Less
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.
Huib Schippers
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379754
- eISBN:
- 9780199864386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379754.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Taking into consideration the form and content of various forms of music and the interaction between learner and teacher, this chapter explores tangible and less tangible aspects of music that are ...
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Taking into consideration the form and content of various forms of music and the interaction between learner and teacher, this chapter explores tangible and less tangible aspects of music that are considered the essential skill base for musicians in various cultures. Juxtaposing Western art music with African musics, Indian court music, and village gamelans, it demonstrates that there are vast differences in approaches and priorities, which resonate in systems of music education. This ranges from tangible aspects such as repertoire and performance practice; (explicit or implicit) theories; creativity and expression; and the culture and values underlying any music practice. It goes on to examine how these aspects of music are learned or transmitted: with or without notation, atomistic or holistic, with emphasis on tangible or intangible aspects?Less
Taking into consideration the form and content of various forms of music and the interaction between learner and teacher, this chapter explores tangible and less tangible aspects of music that are considered the essential skill base for musicians in various cultures. Juxtaposing Western art music with African musics, Indian court music, and village gamelans, it demonstrates that there are vast differences in approaches and priorities, which resonate in systems of music education. This ranges from tangible aspects such as repertoire and performance practice; (explicit or implicit) theories; creativity and expression; and the culture and values underlying any music practice. It goes on to examine how these aspects of music are learned or transmitted: with or without notation, atomistic or holistic, with emphasis on tangible or intangible aspects?
Olivia S. Cheung and Isabel Gauthier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Evidence for holistic processing is observed for faces and nonface objects of expertise using several behavioral paradigms (composite task, whole-part paradigm, inversion paradigm), and holistic ...
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Evidence for holistic processing is observed for faces and nonface objects of expertise using several behavioral paradigms (composite task, whole-part paradigm, inversion paradigm), and holistic processing accompanies important neural signatures of face perception. Although holistic processing is assumed to have a perceptual locus, where faces are represented as unified wholes, the decisional component involved in these tasks is often overlooked—it is possible for parts to be represented independently and yet for decisions about them to not be independent. A possible decisional locus of holistic processing is suggested by studies that compare manipulations at the encoding stage versus the decisional stage, studies showing that holistic processing can be modulated by context, and studies that apply the general recognition framework and related analyses. A decisional interaction between face parts may arise due to the learned expectation that face parts change together.Less
Evidence for holistic processing is observed for faces and nonface objects of expertise using several behavioral paradigms (composite task, whole-part paradigm, inversion paradigm), and holistic processing accompanies important neural signatures of face perception. Although holistic processing is assumed to have a perceptual locus, where faces are represented as unified wholes, the decisional component involved in these tasks is often overlooked—it is possible for parts to be represented independently and yet for decisions about them to not be independent. A possible decisional locus of holistic processing is suggested by studies that compare manipulations at the encoding stage versus the decisional stage, studies showing that holistic processing can be modulated by context, and studies that apply the general recognition framework and related analyses. A decisional interaction between face parts may arise due to the learned expectation that face parts change together.
Catherine J. Mondloch, Richard Le Grand, and Daphne Maurer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias ...
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Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias facilitates the development of specialization for faces by ensuring that the developing brain receives visual input from faces. Indeed, postnatal changes in face recognition abilities are assumed to arise from experience. However, despite an abundance of exposure to faces during infancy and early childhood, both neural and behavioral markers of face expertise suggest that perceptual tuning for faces is a gradual process, such that adult-like face recognition does not emerge until adolescence. In particular, children are impaired at recognizing faces under different transformations in appearance, they process faces in a piecemeal fashion rather than holistically, and they are less sensitive to second-order relations between face features.Less
Newborn infants have a bias to look at faces, in particular the eye region. Whether this is due to an innate face template or is the result of more general visual preferences, this early bias facilitates the development of specialization for faces by ensuring that the developing brain receives visual input from faces. Indeed, postnatal changes in face recognition abilities are assumed to arise from experience. However, despite an abundance of exposure to faces during infancy and early childhood, both neural and behavioral markers of face expertise suggest that perceptual tuning for faces is a gradual process, such that adult-like face recognition does not emerge until adolescence. In particular, children are impaired at recognizing faces under different transformations in appearance, they process faces in a piecemeal fashion rather than holistically, and they are less sensitive to second-order relations between face features.
Lisa S. Scott, James W. Tanaka, and Tim Curran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Unlike general object recognition that occurs at the basic level (e.g. person; bird), faces and nonface objects of expertise tend to be recognized at the subordinate, individual level (e.g. Bob; ...
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Unlike general object recognition that occurs at the basic level (e.g. person; bird), faces and nonface objects of expertise tend to be recognized at the subordinate, individual level (e.g. Bob; sparrow). Specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise may occur as different cognitive strategies (e.g. holistic processing) and neural substrates (e.g. FFA) are recruited to support subordinate-level recognition. Together, the studies reviewed here suggest that recognition skills and neural specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise are tuned by experience, in particular experience individuating exemplars, although perceptual exposure may also play a role. Studies where participants are trained to become experts in the lab provide a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of perceptual expertise, and the relationship between perceptual exposure and individuation experience.Less
Unlike general object recognition that occurs at the basic level (e.g. person; bird), faces and nonface objects of expertise tend to be recognized at the subordinate, individual level (e.g. Bob; sparrow). Specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise may occur as different cognitive strategies (e.g. holistic processing) and neural substrates (e.g. FFA) are recruited to support subordinate-level recognition. Together, the studies reviewed here suggest that recognition skills and neural specialization for faces and nonface objects of expertise are tuned by experience, in particular experience individuating exemplars, although perceptual exposure may also play a role. Studies where participants are trained to become experts in the lab provide a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of perceptual expertise, and the relationship between perceptual exposure and individuation experience.
Kim M. Curby, Verena Willenbockel, James W. Tanaka, and Robert T. Schultz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309607
- eISBN:
- 9780199865291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Vision
Although persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a range of cognitive impairments, their perceptual abilities are generally preserved, with the notable exception of face perception. This ...
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Although persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a range of cognitive impairments, their perceptual abilities are generally preserved, with the notable exception of face perception. This deficit goes beyond face recognition and discrimination to include impairments processing emotion, gaze direction, and gender, and may contribute to the social impairments associated with ASD. Atypical face processing is evident in behavioral measures of processing strategy, as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging data. The absence of perceptual expertise with faces may arise from reduced and abnormal experience with faces across the course of development, potentially caused by a combination of visuocognitive and socioaffective abnormalities. This notion is supported by results of training interventions, where persons with ASD are trained to become “face experts” using training protocols that have been successful for teaching other forms of object expertise.Less
Although persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a range of cognitive impairments, their perceptual abilities are generally preserved, with the notable exception of face perception. This deficit goes beyond face recognition and discrimination to include impairments processing emotion, gaze direction, and gender, and may contribute to the social impairments associated with ASD. Atypical face processing is evident in behavioral measures of processing strategy, as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging data. The absence of perceptual expertise with faces may arise from reduced and abnormal experience with faces across the course of development, potentially caused by a combination of visuocognitive and socioaffective abnormalities. This notion is supported by results of training interventions, where persons with ASD are trained to become “face experts” using training protocols that have been successful for teaching other forms of object expertise.
Marc-Olivier Coppens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0016
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Symmetry is key in solving many scientific and engineering problems. Drawing on examples from chemical engineering, this chapter illustrates how recognizing fractal scaling and other invariant ...
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Symmetry is key in solving many scientific and engineering problems. Drawing on examples from chemical engineering, this chapter illustrates how recognizing fractal scaling and other invariant patterns that envelop multiple scales is an excellent way to bridge multi-scale gaps. Such invariants are frequently observed in biological systems, which are only able to function thanks to the conservation of microscopic properties up to macroscopic scales in a scale-free way. Similarly, by imposing such invariant distributions in engineering designs, the advantages of microscopic (micro- or nanoscale) designs are preserved for macro-scale applications, while considerably reducing complexity and increasing efficiency. This holistic view helps to simplify multi-scale problems, and is proposed as a useful supplement to atomistic, bottom-up approaches.Less
Symmetry is key in solving many scientific and engineering problems. Drawing on examples from chemical engineering, this chapter illustrates how recognizing fractal scaling and other invariant patterns that envelop multiple scales is an excellent way to bridge multi-scale gaps. Such invariants are frequently observed in biological systems, which are only able to function thanks to the conservation of microscopic properties up to macroscopic scales in a scale-free way. Similarly, by imposing such invariant distributions in engineering designs, the advantages of microscopic (micro- or nanoscale) designs are preserved for macro-scale applications, while considerably reducing complexity and increasing efficiency. This holistic view helps to simplify multi-scale problems, and is proposed as a useful supplement to atomistic, bottom-up approaches.
Alan G. Padgett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269854
- eISBN:
- 9780191600517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269854.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
In his presentation Alan Padgett analyses and rejects a powerful and attractive ideology (‘myth’) in academia, viz. that the best approach to biblical and religious studies is one that brackets‐off ...
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In his presentation Alan Padgett analyses and rejects a powerful and attractive ideology (‘myth’) in academia, viz. that the best approach to biblical and religious studies is one that brackets‐off our own faith, an assumption that religious faith corrupts scientific research. He suggests as a replacement a post‐modern method that is holistic, humble, and accepting of different faiths, using the Resurrection of Jesus as a focused example.Less
In his presentation Alan Padgett analyses and rejects a powerful and attractive ideology (‘myth’) in academia, viz. that the best approach to biblical and religious studies is one that brackets‐off our own faith, an assumption that religious faith corrupts scientific research. He suggests as a replacement a post‐modern method that is holistic, humble, and accepting of different faiths, using the Resurrection of Jesus as a focused example.
Philip A. Woods
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427366
- eISBN:
- 9781447304067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427366.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Education is in a state of continual change and schools ever more diverse. People want more participation and meaning in their lives; organisations want more creativity and flexibility. Building on ...
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Education is in a state of continual change and schools ever more diverse. People want more participation and meaning in their lives; organisations want more creativity and flexibility. Building on these trends, this book argues that a new paradigm is emerging in education, sowing the seeds of a self-organising system that values holistic democracy.Less
Education is in a state of continual change and schools ever more diverse. People want more participation and meaning in their lives; organisations want more creativity and flexibility. Building on these trends, this book argues that a new paradigm is emerging in education, sowing the seeds of a self-organising system that values holistic democracy.
