David Wengrow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159041
- eISBN:
- 9781400848867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159041.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his ...
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This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his controversial view that the true architects of classical civilization were not those tied to the land, whether as peasant laborers or feudal aristocracy, but rather the middling professional classes of merchants, industrialists, and bankers whose social aspirations were most closely in tune with the civic values of an expanding urban society. Rostovtzeff was also embroiled in debates over the chronological position and cultural affiliations of Bronze Age metal hoards, unearthed along the shores of the Caspian and Black Seas. The chapter considers Rostovtzeff's approach to the interpretation of imagery, and his particular attraction to the imaginary creatures of nomadic art. It might be argued that the movements of monsters offered a kind of visual counterpart to Rostovtzeff's story of an ever-expanding Bronze Age civilization.Less
This chapter examines what led Mikhail Rostovtzeff, an ancient historian, almost a century ago to compare distributions of composite figures from China to Scandinavia. Rostovtzeff is known for his controversial view that the true architects of classical civilization were not those tied to the land, whether as peasant laborers or feudal aristocracy, but rather the middling professional classes of merchants, industrialists, and bankers whose social aspirations were most closely in tune with the civic values of an expanding urban society. Rostovtzeff was also embroiled in debates over the chronological position and cultural affiliations of Bronze Age metal hoards, unearthed along the shores of the Caspian and Black Seas. The chapter considers Rostovtzeff's approach to the interpretation of imagery, and his particular attraction to the imaginary creatures of nomadic art. It might be argued that the movements of monsters offered a kind of visual counterpart to Rostovtzeff's story of an ever-expanding Bronze Age civilization.
Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283652
- eISBN:
- 9780191596193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283652.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The ...
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Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The relationship of food availability and prices to individual entitlements is studied. The argument then moves to the role of transactions, both interregional (private trade) and intertemporal (hoarding), on famine vulnerability and how the government could intervene in each case. The last part discusses the merits and limitations of cash support, and recommends its greater use.Less
Some of the deficiencies of direct delivery strategies as a means of preventing famines are noted before the part that markets can play in precipitating or relieving famine is explored. The relationship of food availability and prices to individual entitlements is studied. The argument then moves to the role of transactions, both interregional (private trade) and intertemporal (hoarding), on famine vulnerability and how the government could intervene in each case. The last part discusses the merits and limitations of cash support, and recommends its greater use.
Matthew Flinders
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271597
- eISBN:
- 9780191709234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271597.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
During 1997–2007 the constitution of the United Kingdom was modified but not fundamentally reformed. New Labour suffered from constitutional anomie predominantly due to intra‐executive confusion ...
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During 1997–2007 the constitution of the United Kingdom was modified but not fundamentally reformed. New Labour suffered from constitutional anomie predominantly due to intra‐executive confusion regarding what it was seeking to achieve. Constitutional anomie is a debilitating condition. Its symptoms include the introduction of reforms in a manner bereft of any underlying logic or explicit principles combined with the inability to adopt a strategic approach which is sensitive to the inter‐related nature of any constitutional configuration. It is therefore an ailment of both mental and physical health vis‐à‐vis the body politic. Social and political anxiety, confusion, and frustration emerge with the result that reforms that were designed to enhance levels of public trust and confidence in politics, politicians and political institutions can actually have the opposite effect.Less
During 1997–2007 the constitution of the United Kingdom was modified but not fundamentally reformed. New Labour suffered from constitutional anomie predominantly due to intra‐executive confusion regarding what it was seeking to achieve. Constitutional anomie is a debilitating condition. Its symptoms include the introduction of reforms in a manner bereft of any underlying logic or explicit principles combined with the inability to adopt a strategic approach which is sensitive to the inter‐related nature of any constitutional configuration. It is therefore an ailment of both mental and physical health vis‐à‐vis the body politic. Social and political anxiety, confusion, and frustration emerge with the result that reforms that were designed to enhance levels of public trust and confidence in politics, politicians and political institutions can actually have the opposite effect.
Matthew Flinders
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271597
- eISBN:
- 9780191709234
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271597.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
The political studies community in the United Kingdom has traditionally adopted a distinctive and insular approach, in terms of theory and methods, to constitutional research but there is a pressing ...
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The political studies community in the United Kingdom has traditionally adopted a distinctive and insular approach, in terms of theory and methods, to constitutional research but there is a pressing need to embrace alternative tools of political analysis. This book utilizes Lijphartian political analysis in order to inject a more theoretically driven account of change.Less
The political studies community in the United Kingdom has traditionally adopted a distinctive and insular approach, in terms of theory and methods, to constitutional research but there is a pressing need to embrace alternative tools of political analysis. This book utilizes Lijphartian political analysis in order to inject a more theoretically driven account of change.
Hiroyuki Odagiri
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288732
- eISBN:
- 9780191596711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288735.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter focuses on the employment adjustment behaviour of Japanese management and the effect of this on macroeconomic stability. With a theoretical model and an empirical application, we argue ...
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This chapter focuses on the employment adjustment behaviour of Japanese management and the effect of this on macroeconomic stability. With a theoretical model and an empirical application, we argue that the labour‐hoarding behaviour of Japanese management, that is, the lay‐off minimization behaviour (with a certain profitability constraint), has contributed to macro‐stability. Not only does it reduce unemployment by the amount of retained (excess) labour but it has also reduced macro unemployment through the multiplier effect. A study on the mark‐up behaviour of Japanese firms during business cycles in comparison to that of American firms also gives evidence consistent with the labour‐hoarding hypothesis.Less
This chapter focuses on the employment adjustment behaviour of Japanese management and the effect of this on macroeconomic stability. With a theoretical model and an empirical application, we argue that the labour‐hoarding behaviour of Japanese management, that is, the lay‐off minimization behaviour (with a certain profitability constraint), has contributed to macro‐stability. Not only does it reduce unemployment by the amount of retained (excess) labour but it has also reduced macro unemployment through the multiplier effect. A study on the mark‐up behaviour of Japanese firms during business cycles in comparison to that of American firms also gives evidence consistent with the labour‐hoarding hypothesis.
Andrew Lawson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828050
- eISBN:
- 9780199933334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828050.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This chapter shows how James lacked a secure social position within the Northeastern bourgeoisie because his rentier father effectively spent his inheritance, forcing him carve out a career as a ...
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This chapter shows how James lacked a secure social position within the Northeastern bourgeoisie because his rentier father effectively spent his inheritance, forcing him carve out a career as a writer in the mass market. It shows how James was obsessed with preserving the relatively small hoard of capital jealously supervised by his parents, going on to explore the imprint of class and economics on James’s evolving realist aesthetic, through readings of the early magazine stories and the novels Roderick Hudson (1875) and Washington Square (1881). In these texts, a realist drive to anchor an inchoate and continually dissolving reality in sharp mimetic particulars is matched by an anxious hoarding of Paterian “impressions,” which are consistently imaged in financial terms.Less
This chapter shows how James lacked a secure social position within the Northeastern bourgeoisie because his rentier father effectively spent his inheritance, forcing him carve out a career as a writer in the mass market. It shows how James was obsessed with preserving the relatively small hoard of capital jealously supervised by his parents, going on to explore the imprint of class and economics on James’s evolving realist aesthetic, through readings of the early magazine stories and the novels Roderick Hudson (1875) and Washington Square (1881). In these texts, a realist drive to anchor an inchoate and continually dissolving reality in sharp mimetic particulars is matched by an anxious hoarding of Paterian “impressions,” which are consistently imaged in financial terms.
Florin Curta and Siu-lun Wong
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638093
- eISBN:
- 9780748670741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638093.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The many hoards of bronze coins buried in Greece in the sixth and early seventh century may have belonged to soldiers or officers in the army. That hoards of the 580s were a military phenomenon, not ...
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The many hoards of bronze coins buried in Greece in the sixth and early seventh century may have belonged to soldiers or officers in the army. That hoards of the 580s were a military phenomenon, not an index of barbarian invasions, may also explain why hoarding in Greece stopped after 585 (although barbarian attacks continued after that). This could also explain the sudden reduction of the number of coins in circulation in Greece, which is particularly striking for the years between 582 and 602. In Greece, an economy exhausted by the combined effects of inflation, barbarian raids, and overwhelming military demands was not given sufficient respite to recover. Under Phocas and at the beginning of Heraclius’ reign, the army re-appeared in Greece, which explains the last horizon of hoards buried in the region. After the withdrawal of the Roman troops from the central and northern Balkans, troops and coins were restricted in Greece to the coastal areas around Thessalonica, Athens, and Corinth.Less
The many hoards of bronze coins buried in Greece in the sixth and early seventh century may have belonged to soldiers or officers in the army. That hoards of the 580s were a military phenomenon, not an index of barbarian invasions, may also explain why hoarding in Greece stopped after 585 (although barbarian attacks continued after that). This could also explain the sudden reduction of the number of coins in circulation in Greece, which is particularly striking for the years between 582 and 602. In Greece, an economy exhausted by the combined effects of inflation, barbarian raids, and overwhelming military demands was not given sufficient respite to recover. Under Phocas and at the beginning of Heraclius’ reign, the army re-appeared in Greece, which explains the last horizon of hoards buried in the region. After the withdrawal of the Roman troops from the central and northern Balkans, troops and coins were restricted in Greece to the coastal areas around Thessalonica, Athens, and Corinth.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199644339
- eISBN:
- 9780191745812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644339.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Gandhi praised Christ's advocacy of subsistence-living without hoarding for tomorrow, and required these for a non-violent attitude. Even one's body was not one's own property. Reinterpreting Ruskin, ...
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Gandhi praised Christ's advocacy of subsistence-living without hoarding for tomorrow, and required these for a non-violent attitude. Even one's body was not one's own property. Reinterpreting Ruskin, he paraphrased him in support of his vision of a future India of villages, without wealth-producing cities or factories. To avoid violence, he would not expropriate wealth, so long as the wealthy acted as trustees for the poor. Zeno the Stoic, inspired by the Cynics, favoured subsistence-living, like Gandhi, at least for an ideal city of the wise. For actual cities, however, the Stoics applied to private property Zeno's concept of preferred indifferent, which allowed opposite emphases, one distant from Gandhi, that property was to be preferred, the other that it was indifferent. Insofar as subsistence–living was still celebrated, this was because of admiration for the Cynics, or as a quest for freedom from attachments, or with reference to an imaginary past.Less
Gandhi praised Christ's advocacy of subsistence-living without hoarding for tomorrow, and required these for a non-violent attitude. Even one's body was not one's own property. Reinterpreting Ruskin, he paraphrased him in support of his vision of a future India of villages, without wealth-producing cities or factories. To avoid violence, he would not expropriate wealth, so long as the wealthy acted as trustees for the poor. Zeno the Stoic, inspired by the Cynics, favoured subsistence-living, like Gandhi, at least for an ideal city of the wise. For actual cities, however, the Stoics applied to private property Zeno's concept of preferred indifferent, which allowed opposite emphases, one distant from Gandhi, that property was to be preferred, the other that it was indifferent. Insofar as subsistence–living was still celebrated, this was because of admiration for the Cynics, or as a quest for freedom from attachments, or with reference to an imaginary past.
Stilt Talar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602438
- eISBN:
- 9780191729348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602438.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This long chapter describes in eight cases how the muhtasib attempted to regulate the complex markets of wheat, flour, and bread. In doing so, the muhtasib was challenged by the sultan’s high-ranking ...
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This long chapter describes in eight cases how the muhtasib attempted to regulate the complex markets of wheat, flour, and bread. In doing so, the muhtasib was challenged by the sultan’s high-ranking solders, amirs, who were grain owners and wanted to keep the price of grain high. The average residents of Cairo and Fustat wanted more bread at cheaper prices. The cases show the muhtasib dealing with rising prices and hoarders of food, and the official tried to set prices at reasonable levels and force hoarders to sell.Less
This long chapter describes in eight cases how the muhtasib attempted to regulate the complex markets of wheat, flour, and bread. In doing so, the muhtasib was challenged by the sultan’s high-ranking solders, amirs, who were grain owners and wanted to keep the price of grain high. The average residents of Cairo and Fustat wanted more bread at cheaper prices. The cases show the muhtasib dealing with rising prices and hoarders of food, and the official tried to set prices at reasonable levels and force hoarders to sell.
Jane N. Nathanson and Gary J. Patronek
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199738571
- eISBN:
- 9780199918669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738571.003.0085
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses how an animal hoarder’s professed mission to rescue animals degenerates into a pattern of chronic animal neglect, cruelty, and death, since hoarders fail to fulfill the ...
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This chapter discusses how an animal hoarder’s professed mission to rescue animals degenerates into a pattern of chronic animal neglect, cruelty, and death, since hoarders fail to fulfill the animals’ needs for proper nutrition, health care, and environmental conditions. We postulate how hoarding behavior may evolve from hoarders’ having experienced childhood neglect, abuse, or unstable parenting; their failure to develop functional attachment styles; and their reliance on compulsive caregiving of animals to fulfill their own emotional needs. The relationship between animal hoarders and their animals may initially serve both animals and people, but the relationship deteriorates as hoarders exceed their capacities to care for their animals. Unable to distinguish “self” from “others,” hoarders futilely utilize their pets as means of self-repair. Furthermore, hoarders, others in residence, and people and animals in the community are at risk of safety and health problems associated with the toxic environment created by animal hoarding.Less
This chapter discusses how an animal hoarder’s professed mission to rescue animals degenerates into a pattern of chronic animal neglect, cruelty, and death, since hoarders fail to fulfill the animals’ needs for proper nutrition, health care, and environmental conditions. We postulate how hoarding behavior may evolve from hoarders’ having experienced childhood neglect, abuse, or unstable parenting; their failure to develop functional attachment styles; and their reliance on compulsive caregiving of animals to fulfill their own emotional needs. The relationship between animal hoarders and their animals may initially serve both animals and people, but the relationship deteriorates as hoarders exceed their capacities to care for their animals. Unable to distinguish “self” from “others,” hoarders futilely utilize their pets as means of self-repair. Furthermore, hoarders, others in residence, and people and animals in the community are at risk of safety and health problems associated with the toxic environment created by animal hoarding.
Gitte Tarnow Ingvardson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198827986
- eISBN:
- 9780191866678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, Economic History
This chapter considers the phenomenon of mixed hoards, containing both minted and non-minted silver, from the Baltic island of Bornholm. Rather than following a general Scandinavian trend towards ...
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This chapter considers the phenomenon of mixed hoards, containing both minted and non-minted silver, from the Baltic island of Bornholm. Rather than following a general Scandinavian trend towards coin-only hoards, on Bornholm mixed hoards dominated until the twelfth century. They are often interpreted as signifying a somewhat primitive bullion economy, within which coins, ingots, jewellery, and scrap silver were traded and treated equally as a means of payment. In this chapter, this interpretation is re-evaluated. Six in-depth case studies are presented, providing a rich narrative context for each hoard. This reveals how mixed hoards with varying compositions and depositional contexts occupied different economic spheres, relating to the monetary, productive, and ritual uses of silver. Hoards should not be seen as a uniform phenomenon, but as mirrors reflecting individual life stories.Less
This chapter considers the phenomenon of mixed hoards, containing both minted and non-minted silver, from the Baltic island of Bornholm. Rather than following a general Scandinavian trend towards coin-only hoards, on Bornholm mixed hoards dominated until the twelfth century. They are often interpreted as signifying a somewhat primitive bullion economy, within which coins, ingots, jewellery, and scrap silver were traded and treated equally as a means of payment. In this chapter, this interpretation is re-evaluated. Six in-depth case studies are presented, providing a rich narrative context for each hoard. This reveals how mixed hoards with varying compositions and depositional contexts occupied different economic spheres, relating to the monetary, productive, and ritual uses of silver. Hoards should not be seen as a uniform phenomenon, but as mirrors reflecting individual life stories.
Scott Herring
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226171685
- eISBN:
- 9780226171852
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226171852.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
The Hoarders argues that the mental illness of hoarding (Hoarding Disorder) is not an individual pathology. While abnormal psychology and social work use classification systems such as Diagnostic and ...
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The Hoarders argues that the mental illness of hoarding (Hoarding Disorder) is not an individual pathology. While abnormal psychology and social work use classification systems such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) to legitimize the activity as a mental disorder, this book disputes these diagnoses. Examining how scientific research, the entertainment industry, the professional organizing industry, and others promote knowledge about hoarding, this book presents an extended cultural study of improper forms of collecting and unorthodox material culture in the modern United States. It also connects hoarding to social fears over urban disorder, proper housekeeping, and old age. To do so it offers four cultural biographies of things that established hoarding’s entry into DSM-5. These chapters each trace a different backstory of the disease. Collyer Brothers syndrome, Chapter 1 argues, advanced what experts refer to as chronic disorganization, a trait often considered a symptom of Hoarding Disorder. Chapter 2 reveals abnormal collecting to be a cornerstone of the DSM diagnostic. Chapter 3 does likewise for Messy House syndrome, Pack Rat syndrome, and fears over excessive clutter. Senile squalor syndrome, Chapter 4 details, established stereotypes of the elderly as aberrant hoarders. Together these accounts narrate how hoarding shifted from an eccentric engagement with ordinary things such as curios, clutter, keepsakes, and collectibles into a twenty-first century mental disease.Less
The Hoarders argues that the mental illness of hoarding (Hoarding Disorder) is not an individual pathology. While abnormal psychology and social work use classification systems such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) to legitimize the activity as a mental disorder, this book disputes these diagnoses. Examining how scientific research, the entertainment industry, the professional organizing industry, and others promote knowledge about hoarding, this book presents an extended cultural study of improper forms of collecting and unorthodox material culture in the modern United States. It also connects hoarding to social fears over urban disorder, proper housekeeping, and old age. To do so it offers four cultural biographies of things that established hoarding’s entry into DSM-5. These chapters each trace a different backstory of the disease. Collyer Brothers syndrome, Chapter 1 argues, advanced what experts refer to as chronic disorganization, a trait often considered a symptom of Hoarding Disorder. Chapter 2 reveals abnormal collecting to be a cornerstone of the DSM diagnostic. Chapter 3 does likewise for Messy House syndrome, Pack Rat syndrome, and fears over excessive clutter. Senile squalor syndrome, Chapter 4 details, established stereotypes of the elderly as aberrant hoarders. Together these accounts narrate how hoarding shifted from an eccentric engagement with ordinary things such as curios, clutter, keepsakes, and collectibles into a twenty-first century mental disease.
Dilip K. Chakrabarti
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198064121
- eISBN:
- 9780199080519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198064121.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter looks beyond the Harappan distribution zone and studies sites in the mountains in the north, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Deccan, and eastern India. The purpose is to build up ...
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This chapter looks beyond the Harappan distribution zone and studies sites in the mountains in the north, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Deccan, and eastern India. The purpose is to build up columns of archaeological sequence and show how these relate and lead to the foundations of early historic India. The chapter starts with the complexities of the beginning of food production and emergence of village-farming communities in non-Harappan India. It also discusses Ochre Coloured Pottery and copper hoards.Less
This chapter looks beyond the Harappan distribution zone and studies sites in the mountains in the north, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Deccan, and eastern India. The purpose is to build up columns of archaeological sequence and show how these relate and lead to the foundations of early historic India. The chapter starts with the complexities of the beginning of food production and emergence of village-farming communities in non-Harappan India. It also discusses Ochre Coloured Pottery and copper hoards.
Ruth and Vincent Megaw
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199230341
- eISBN:
- 9780191917448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0021
- Subject:
- Archaeology, European Archaeology
17 July 1980 was indeed an amazing day when the then Federal Minister for Science in Austria, Dr Herta Firnberg, planned to visit the excavation of the La ...
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17 July 1980 was indeed an amazing day when the then Federal Minister for Science in Austria, Dr Herta Firnberg, planned to visit the excavation of the La Tène cemetery of Mannersdorf a.d. Leitha. Dr Gertrud Mossler, Head of the Abteilung für Bodendenkmale, Bundesdenkmalamt Wien was waiting— after much preparation—for the chief guest together with Gustav Melzer, excavation assistant, and the two curators of the local museum at Mannersdorf, Friedrich Opferkuh, and Heribert Schutzbier. When the Minister arrived, she and her party were to lead him to the excavations, in particular to one recorded as Grave md115 (figure 12.1). At that very moment the excavators found the two gold armlets which are the subject of this contribution. Barry Cunliffe, in his long career as a consummate excavator, has not been slow to bring out the drama of a new discovery so we hope that what follows will please him, covering as it does nearly the total spread of his own overviews of the European Iron Age (Cunliffe 1979; 1997; 2003). The Iron Age cemetery of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, lying in the district of Bruck an der Leitha, Lower Austria, is situated on a gravel ridge by the River Leitha which in prehistory probably virtually enclosed the site. It is positioned at the foot of the Leithagebirge (figure 12.2), the line of hills which mark the border between Lower Austria and the Burgenland. The site lies to the west of the modern village of Mannersdorf. The smooth slopes and the plain beyond were intensively settled in prehistoric and early historical times (Neugebauer 1991: 298–9 and cat. no.18; id. 1994: 56). The first reference to prehistoric finds from Mannersdorf is in a letter of 1879 from Mathias Kornmüller to the former Director of the Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums, Vienna, Ferdinand von Hochstetter. Between 1905 and 1911 more than twenty Iron Age graves were found while digging for sand. Not until 1912 was Alexander von Seracin allowed to carry out an official excavation by order of the k. k. Zentralkommission and the Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum (Seracin-Zehenthofer 1916).
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17 July 1980 was indeed an amazing day when the then Federal Minister for Science in Austria, Dr Herta Firnberg, planned to visit the excavation of the La Tène cemetery of Mannersdorf a.d. Leitha. Dr Gertrud Mossler, Head of the Abteilung für Bodendenkmale, Bundesdenkmalamt Wien was waiting— after much preparation—for the chief guest together with Gustav Melzer, excavation assistant, and the two curators of the local museum at Mannersdorf, Friedrich Opferkuh, and Heribert Schutzbier. When the Minister arrived, she and her party were to lead him to the excavations, in particular to one recorded as Grave md115 (figure 12.1). At that very moment the excavators found the two gold armlets which are the subject of this contribution. Barry Cunliffe, in his long career as a consummate excavator, has not been slow to bring out the drama of a new discovery so we hope that what follows will please him, covering as it does nearly the total spread of his own overviews of the European Iron Age (Cunliffe 1979; 1997; 2003). The Iron Age cemetery of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, lying in the district of Bruck an der Leitha, Lower Austria, is situated on a gravel ridge by the River Leitha which in prehistory probably virtually enclosed the site. It is positioned at the foot of the Leithagebirge (figure 12.2), the line of hills which mark the border between Lower Austria and the Burgenland. The site lies to the west of the modern village of Mannersdorf. The smooth slopes and the plain beyond were intensively settled in prehistoric and early historical times (Neugebauer 1991: 298–9 and cat. no.18; id. 1994: 56). The first reference to prehistoric finds from Mannersdorf is in a letter of 1879 from Mathias Kornmüller to the former Director of the Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums, Vienna, Ferdinand von Hochstetter. Between 1905 and 1911 more than twenty Iron Age graves were found while digging for sand. Not until 1912 was Alexander von Seracin allowed to carry out an official excavation by order of the k. k. Zentralkommission and the Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum (Seracin-Zehenthofer 1916).
Gary B. Gorton and Ellis W. Tallman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226479514
- eISBN:
- 9780226479651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226479651.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
During a crisis there was a shortage of a medium of exchange, a “currency famine,” due to hoarding of cash. To address this problem, certified checks circulated as a hand-to-hand currency. The ...
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During a crisis there was a shortage of a medium of exchange, a “currency famine,” due to hoarding of cash. To address this problem, certified checks circulated as a hand-to-hand currency. The certified checks were the liabilities of the joint clearing house membership. Such checks traded (against cash) in a market where the checks were discounted. For example, a ten dollar check might only be able to buy $9.50 of cash, a currency premium. Such discounts priced the risk of the failure of the clearing house, effectively the US banking system. The discounts did not decline monotonically, but when the discount reached zero the crisis was essentially over.Less
During a crisis there was a shortage of a medium of exchange, a “currency famine,” due to hoarding of cash. To address this problem, certified checks circulated as a hand-to-hand currency. The certified checks were the liabilities of the joint clearing house membership. Such checks traded (against cash) in a market where the checks were discounted. For example, a ten dollar check might only be able to buy $9.50 of cash, a currency premium. Such discounts priced the risk of the failure of the clearing house, effectively the US banking system. The discounts did not decline monotonically, but when the discount reached zero the crisis was essentially over.
Nathan T. Elkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190648039
- eISBN:
- 9780190648060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190648039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, History of Art: pre-history, BCE to 500CE, ancient and classical, Byzantine, European History: BCE to 500CE
Nerva ruled from September AD 96 to January 98. His short reign provided little public building and monumental art, and study of Nerva has been the province of the historian, who often relies on ...
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Nerva ruled from September AD 96 to January 98. His short reign provided little public building and monumental art, and study of Nerva has been the province of the historian, who often relies on textual sources written after his death. History has judged Nerva as an emperor who lacked the respect of the Praetorians and armed forces, and who was vulnerable to coercion. The most complete record of state-sanctioned art from Nerva’s reign is his imperial coinage, frequently studied with historical hindsight and thus characterized as “hopeful,” “apologetic,” or otherwise relating the anxiety of the period. But art operated independently of later and biased historical texts, always presenting the living emperor in a positive light. This book reexamines Nerva’s imperial coinage in positivistic terms and relates imagery to contemporary poetry and panegyric, which praised the emperor. While the audiences at which images were directed included the emperor, attention to hoards and finds also indicates what visual messages were most important in Nerva’s reign and at what other groups in the Roman Empire they were directed. The relationship between the imagery and the rhetoric used by Frontinus, Martial, Tacitus, and Pliny to characterize Nerva and his reign allows reinvestigation of debate about the agency behind the creation of images on imperial coinage. Those in charge of the mint were close to the emperor’s inner circle and thus walked alongside prominent senatorial politicians and equestrians who wrote praise directed at the emperor; those men were in a position to visualize that praise.Less
Nerva ruled from September AD 96 to January 98. His short reign provided little public building and monumental art, and study of Nerva has been the province of the historian, who often relies on textual sources written after his death. History has judged Nerva as an emperor who lacked the respect of the Praetorians and armed forces, and who was vulnerable to coercion. The most complete record of state-sanctioned art from Nerva’s reign is his imperial coinage, frequently studied with historical hindsight and thus characterized as “hopeful,” “apologetic,” or otherwise relating the anxiety of the period. But art operated independently of later and biased historical texts, always presenting the living emperor in a positive light. This book reexamines Nerva’s imperial coinage in positivistic terms and relates imagery to contemporary poetry and panegyric, which praised the emperor. While the audiences at which images were directed included the emperor, attention to hoards and finds also indicates what visual messages were most important in Nerva’s reign and at what other groups in the Roman Empire they were directed. The relationship between the imagery and the rhetoric used by Frontinus, Martial, Tacitus, and Pliny to characterize Nerva and his reign allows reinvestigation of debate about the agency behind the creation of images on imperial coinage. Those in charge of the mint were close to the emperor’s inner circle and thus walked alongside prominent senatorial politicians and equestrians who wrote praise directed at the emperor; those men were in a position to visualize that praise.
Neil Brodie, Morag M. Kersel, and Kathryn Walker Tubb
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029726
- eISBN:
- 9780813039145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029726.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter reports a survey of burial tumuli in the Güre-Uşak region of western Turkey, where the Lydian Hoard was discovered, famous—or infamous—because of its acquisition by the Metropolitan ...
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This chapter reports a survey of burial tumuli in the Güre-Uşak region of western Turkey, where the Lydian Hoard was discovered, famous—or infamous—because of its acquisition by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the 1960s and subsequent return to Turkey in 1993. It also makes the important point that although the destruction caused by looting is clear on the ground—in the form of ransacked tombs—it is hard to assess just what has been lost, in terms of both material and historical information. It then investigates the looting of Lydia, and of tumuli in particular, and explores local and international responses to the destruction of an archaeological landscape. The research has shown that tumulus groups like the one that produced the Lydian Hoard, and their associated settlement sites, probably represent extended estates of regional elites of the Lydian and Persian periods.Less
This chapter reports a survey of burial tumuli in the Güre-Uşak region of western Turkey, where the Lydian Hoard was discovered, famous—or infamous—because of its acquisition by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the 1960s and subsequent return to Turkey in 1993. It also makes the important point that although the destruction caused by looting is clear on the ground—in the form of ransacked tombs—it is hard to assess just what has been lost, in terms of both material and historical information. It then investigates the looting of Lydia, and of tumuli in particular, and explores local and international responses to the destruction of an archaeological landscape. The research has shown that tumulus groups like the one that produced the Lydian Hoard, and their associated settlement sites, probably represent extended estates of regional elites of the Lydian and Persian periods.
Dennis Harding
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199687565
- eISBN:
- 9780191918384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199687565.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Mortuary Archaeology
The discovery of human remains in both hillforts and settlements has a long archaeological history, whether whole or partial skeletons or simply individual bones and ...
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The discovery of human remains in both hillforts and settlements has a long archaeological history, whether whole or partial skeletons or simply individual bones and fragments, though the former were often dismissed as the atypical disposal of social outcasts or malefactors, and the latter were never satisfactorily explained as casual discards. The fact that complete or near-complete skeletons were found in pits that evidently had been designed for another purpose, together with the absence of grave-goods, militated against their interpretation as formal burials, and set these apart from those grouped burials in pits that we have treated as small cemeteries. As regards fragmentary remains, the idea that the dead were exposed for excarnation, possibly over a protracted period of time, is now well established in Iron Age studies. What happened after excarnation is less clear, whether the skeleton was reassembled and buried, either in a formal cemetery or in a settlement context, or distributed as body parts or individual bones in pits, ditches, entrances, or other locations around settlements. Alternatively, in ethnographic contexts it is not unknown for the dead to be interred in a temporary burial ground for a period of months or even years, whilst the process of decomposition took place, before exhumation and re-burial following a final funerary feast. That final stage of re-interment in the British Iron Age likewise could have involved complete or near-complete re-burial, or separation of body parts and their distribution into liminal locations, as a means of incorporating the benign dead into the living community. And hillforts might well have served as the location, not only for excarnation platforms, but for temporary burial as well. We should not, however, exclude other possible interpretations. As Duday (2006: 30) warned, ‘one must not presuppose a funerary context of all such deposits because certain intentional deposits of human remains have nothing to do with burial’. Necessarily, of course, researchers are dependent upon the quantity as well as the quality of the excavated data-base, particularly in terms of statistical assessments, and for this reason Danebury has tended to dominate recent studies.
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The discovery of human remains in both hillforts and settlements has a long archaeological history, whether whole or partial skeletons or simply individual bones and fragments, though the former were often dismissed as the atypical disposal of social outcasts or malefactors, and the latter were never satisfactorily explained as casual discards. The fact that complete or near-complete skeletons were found in pits that evidently had been designed for another purpose, together with the absence of grave-goods, militated against their interpretation as formal burials, and set these apart from those grouped burials in pits that we have treated as small cemeteries. As regards fragmentary remains, the idea that the dead were exposed for excarnation, possibly over a protracted period of time, is now well established in Iron Age studies. What happened after excarnation is less clear, whether the skeleton was reassembled and buried, either in a formal cemetery or in a settlement context, or distributed as body parts or individual bones in pits, ditches, entrances, or other locations around settlements. Alternatively, in ethnographic contexts it is not unknown for the dead to be interred in a temporary burial ground for a period of months or even years, whilst the process of decomposition took place, before exhumation and re-burial following a final funerary feast. That final stage of re-interment in the British Iron Age likewise could have involved complete or near-complete re-burial, or separation of body parts and their distribution into liminal locations, as a means of incorporating the benign dead into the living community. And hillforts might well have served as the location, not only for excarnation platforms, but for temporary burial as well. We should not, however, exclude other possible interpretations. As Duday (2006: 30) warned, ‘one must not presuppose a funerary context of all such deposits because certain intentional deposits of human remains have nothing to do with burial’. Necessarily, of course, researchers are dependent upon the quantity as well as the quality of the excavated data-base, particularly in terms of statistical assessments, and for this reason Danebury has tended to dominate recent studies.
Richard Bradley, Colin Haselgrove, Marc Vander Linden, and Leo Webley
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199659777
- eISBN:
- 9780191918285
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199659777.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
It was easy to choose the title of this chapter. Over a span of almost a thousand years, which embraces the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and early Bronze Age periods ...
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It was easy to choose the title of this chapter. Over a span of almost a thousand years, which embraces the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and early Bronze Age periods in local chronologies, the archaeological record of northwest Europe takes a distinctive form. Round barrows are widely distributed and are found on both sides of the English Channel and the North Sea. At the same time there are few regions in which the dwellings of the living population can be identified and studied in any detail. There is good evidence for long-distance contacts illustrated by the movement of artefacts and raw materials, and analysis of human bones suggests that certain individuals travelled in the course of their lives. Even so, the best indications of these networks are provided by the contents of the graves. There is a danger of taking this state of affairs literally. Any account that summarizes the distribution of funerary monuments is subject to certain biases. Although barrows play a prominent part in the archaeology of the later third and earlier second millennia BC, there were many burials without mounds. There are also regions in which earthworks are preserved and others where they have been destroyed. For example, in lowland England major concentrations of round barrows have been documented on the chalk of Wessex and Sussex, but it has taken aerial photography, supplemented by development-led excavations, to show that they occurred in equally high densities on the Isle of Thanet which commands the entrance to the Thames estuary. On the opposite shore of the Channel there is a great concentration of round barrows in Flanders and another on the gravels of the Somme (Fig. 4.2; De Reu et al. 2011). Again they have been discovered from the air, but in this case comparatively few have been excavated and dated. There is a striking contrast with the situation across the border in the southern Netherlands where round barrows still survive. Even there research has shown that many examples were levelled in the nineteenth century (Bourgeois 2013).
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It was easy to choose the title of this chapter. Over a span of almost a thousand years, which embraces the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and early Bronze Age periods in local chronologies, the archaeological record of northwest Europe takes a distinctive form. Round barrows are widely distributed and are found on both sides of the English Channel and the North Sea. At the same time there are few regions in which the dwellings of the living population can be identified and studied in any detail. There is good evidence for long-distance contacts illustrated by the movement of artefacts and raw materials, and analysis of human bones suggests that certain individuals travelled in the course of their lives. Even so, the best indications of these networks are provided by the contents of the graves. There is a danger of taking this state of affairs literally. Any account that summarizes the distribution of funerary monuments is subject to certain biases. Although barrows play a prominent part in the archaeology of the later third and earlier second millennia BC, there were many burials without mounds. There are also regions in which earthworks are preserved and others where they have been destroyed. For example, in lowland England major concentrations of round barrows have been documented on the chalk of Wessex and Sussex, but it has taken aerial photography, supplemented by development-led excavations, to show that they occurred in equally high densities on the Isle of Thanet which commands the entrance to the Thames estuary. On the opposite shore of the Channel there is a great concentration of round barrows in Flanders and another on the gravels of the Somme (Fig. 4.2; De Reu et al. 2011). Again they have been discovered from the air, but in this case comparatively few have been excavated and dated. There is a striking contrast with the situation across the border in the southern Netherlands where round barrows still survive. Even there research has shown that many examples were levelled in the nineteenth century (Bourgeois 2013).
William O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199605651
- eISBN:
- 9780191918094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199605651.003.0015
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The opening chapter of this book considered different factors that influenced the availability of copper resources in prehistory. While geological distribution and ...
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The opening chapter of this book considered different factors that influenced the availability of copper resources in prehistory. While geological distribution and technological expertise were critical, consideration must also be given to the wider societal context of production. The operation of early mines must be explained in terms of access to ore deposits and the desire and ability of different population groups to become involved in primary metal production. The impact on local and regional economies is also relevant, in terms of wealth generation through trade and the repercussions for society as a whole. Understanding the organization of this activity is a challenge. Key elements of the chaîne opératoire are often missing, such as the location of smelting sites or the workshops where objects were made. This makes it difficult to establish links between mines and the circulation of intermediate and final metal products in a wider settlement context. With stone tools it is possible to apply production indices to quantify the different stages involved in the use of a specific raw material, with a view to modelling a lithic production system in space (see Ericson 1984). This approach cannot be easily applied to metal objects, which generally have a more complex life cycle than stone tools. This began with a fundamentally different use of a raw material to create a finished object, requiring chemical as well as physical transformation. For this reason, scientific analysis of prehistoric metalwork is problematic in terms of source provenancing to specific ore deposits and mines. There is the further complication of recycling, which in some instances involved the mixing of metal from different mine sources. One approach has been to identify metal circulation zones where copper of a similar chemistry, lead isotope signature, and/ or alloy type was used (e.g. Northover 1982). Within these circulation zones various patterns of primary and secondary (recycled) metal use can be explored in the context of local workshop traditions. This provides a spatial and typochronological context in which to view the input of metal from particular mines.
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The opening chapter of this book considered different factors that influenced the availability of copper resources in prehistory. While geological distribution and technological expertise were critical, consideration must also be given to the wider societal context of production. The operation of early mines must be explained in terms of access to ore deposits and the desire and ability of different population groups to become involved in primary metal production. The impact on local and regional economies is also relevant, in terms of wealth generation through trade and the repercussions for society as a whole. Understanding the organization of this activity is a challenge. Key elements of the chaîne opératoire are often missing, such as the location of smelting sites or the workshops where objects were made. This makes it difficult to establish links between mines and the circulation of intermediate and final metal products in a wider settlement context. With stone tools it is possible to apply production indices to quantify the different stages involved in the use of a specific raw material, with a view to modelling a lithic production system in space (see Ericson 1984). This approach cannot be easily applied to metal objects, which generally have a more complex life cycle than stone tools. This began with a fundamentally different use of a raw material to create a finished object, requiring chemical as well as physical transformation. For this reason, scientific analysis of prehistoric metalwork is problematic in terms of source provenancing to specific ore deposits and mines. There is the further complication of recycling, which in some instances involved the mixing of metal from different mine sources. One approach has been to identify metal circulation zones where copper of a similar chemistry, lead isotope signature, and/ or alloy type was used (e.g. Northover 1982). Within these circulation zones various patterns of primary and secondary (recycled) metal use can be explored in the context of local workshop traditions. This provides a spatial and typochronological context in which to view the input of metal from particular mines.
