Search Results

Basic Determinants of Reform Strategies

Johan F. M. Swinnen

in From Marx and Mao to the Market: The Economics and Politics of Agricultural Transition

This chapter introduces the second part of the book, which focuses on the political economy of agricultural transition. It introduces the basic concepts to be used in the analysis: initial ... More

This chapter introduces the second part of the book, which focuses on the political economy of agricultural transition. It introduces the basic concepts to be used in the analysis: initial technology, wealth and structure of the economy, decentralization, historical legacy, and path dependency.Less

Conclusion

Megan Taylor Shockley

in The Captain's Widow of Sandwich: Self-Invention and the Life of Hannah Rebecca Burgess, 1834-1917

This concluding chapter offers some reflections on the overall veracity of Rebecca's story, and positions her as a historical figure amid a dramatic wave of change occurring in the nineteenth ... More

This concluding chapter offers some reflections on the overall veracity of Rebecca's story, and positions her as a historical figure amid a dramatic wave of change occurring in the nineteenth century. Rebecca worked hard to create a legacy that linked her maritime experiences with her Victorian persona. She was not unlike thousands of Victorian middle-class women, but what makes her special is not whether she saved a ship in peril; it is that she crafted her own public narrative in a way that ensured her legacy after her death. The chapter argues that Rebecca's carefully crafted identity does not detract from the overall remarkable situation of her life and her attempts to create historical legacy. In fact, it reveals her determination to be remembered as a genteel sea captain's wife, the link to a time long gone in Sandwich and Bourne by the twentieth century.Less

The Political Project of Austerity

Vicki Dabrowski

in Austerity, Women and the Role of the State: Lived Experiences of the Crisis

This chapter takes a look on the social and political history of austerity in the UK. It begins with a historical contextualization of austerity as a repeating political project, exploring how the ... More

This chapter takes a look on the social and political history of austerity in the UK. It begins with a historical contextualization of austerity as a repeating political project, exploring how the state has been put to use during different times of crisis and state regimes. This genealogy provides a gendered analysis of the workings of the state, highlighting how women have continually been used and/or blamed. It then shifts on the present era of UK austerity. Through the examination of policy documents and political discourse, it investigates how moral discourses that emanate from the state both justify changes to the welfare state and reinforce gendered, classed and 'racial' divisions inside the population. Ultimately, the chapter situates the present context of austerity within historical legacies that structure, reproduce and legitimize material and symbolic violence. In doing so, it analyses how the state has crafted and shaped gender and class relations within these different periodizations.Less

Historical Legacies

in Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society

This chapter examines the multiple historical understandings and national communities that are enacted within the designs of archaeological museums and sites. And by focusing on museum designs and ... More

This chapter examines the multiple historical understandings and national communities that are enacted within the designs of archaeological museums and sites. And by focusing on museum designs and archaeological tours, the distinctions, tensions, and continuities between sacred and secular (colonial-)national-histories, between living and dead monuments are made apparent. It is important both to consider signs of struggle that disquiet the impression of a (more) singular and coherent project of settler nationhood and, at the same time, to trace historical legacies that endure in myriad ways.Less

Modernity Interrupted: Kierkegaard's Antigone

Kevin Newmark

in Irony on Occasion: From Schlegel and Kierkegaard to Derrida and de Man

If Kierkegaard's thesis on irony asks what can be learned about subjective existence from Socrates to Schlegel and Hegel, then it remains to determine what might be learned about this same question ... More

If Kierkegaard's thesis on irony asks what can be learned about subjective existence from Socrates to Schlegel and Hegel, then it remains to determine what might be learned about this same question from texts Kierkegaard will write after that. This chapter examines the itinerary Kierkegaard follows from Socrates to Abraham, from irony to faith, or from a questioning about knowledge to a testimony about belief. If irony questions knowledge by exposing it to the truth of its own non-knowledge, then faith testifies to a secret passion whose truth can never be sufficiently revealed or known by either the self or the other. The decisive move from Greek philosophy to “Christian” testimony passes by way of the aesthetic: Kierkegaard's repetition of ancient tragedy and its historical legacy to modernity. The figure who occupies this space of repetition—which names an interruption rather than a mediation—between Socrates and Abraham is named Antigone.Less

Everyday Cosmopolitanism in the Marketplace

Khairudin Aljunied

in Muslim Cosmopolitanism: Southeast Asian Islam in Comparative Perspective

This chapter looks at spaces where societal actors interact as they buy and sell all sorts of everyday products and services. In the marketplace, where economic activities take place, Muslims and ... More

This chapter looks at spaces where societal actors interact as they buy and sell all sorts of everyday products and services. In the marketplace, where economic activities take place, Muslims and non-Muslims speak, exchange, and bargain with one another and thereby sustain peaceful relationships. This chapter looks back at history and explores how Southeast Asia developed its reputation of being a region of trading hubs and settlements for diverse communities. Such historical legacies along with the built character of marketplaces in Penang and Kelantan, for example, set the stage for fluid interactions between businessmen, traders, and customers, and between Muslims and non-Muslims, each learning the subtleties of their respective cultures while appreciating one another's differences and commonalities alike.Less

Differential inclusion in Germany’s conservative welfare state: policy legacies and structural constraints

Lutz C. Kaiser and Regine Paul

in Migration and welfare in the new Europe: Social protection and the challenges of integration

This chapter tries to develop some arguments in the literature regarding the relative exclusion of migrants and the structural impact of welfare states on their social-inclusion patterns. It begins ... More

This chapter tries to develop some arguments in the literature regarding the relative exclusion of migrants and the structural impact of welfare states on their social-inclusion patterns. It begins by explaining the system-specific modes of inclusion and their differential impact on migrants, while using a policy-legacy perspective. The chapter then contextualises the position of the migrants in Germany today within a framework of historical policy legacies. The dominant domains of migrant inclusion and the sources of intergenerational pathways of inclusion are also viewed in this context. The chapter ends with a tribute to political participation as a cross-cutting rights regime.Less

How Democratic Practice Varies by Country: Legacies of Historical Pathways to Democracy

Robert M. Fishman

in Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion

This chapter introduces the theme of variation among democracies and the book’s new approach to this question. The major outlines of the book’s argument and of its placement in existing literatures ... More

This chapter introduces the theme of variation among democracies and the book’s new approach to this question. The major outlines of the book’s argument and of its placement in existing literatures are presented. The chapter also provides a working definition of the main concepts—such as democratic practice—that are used in the analysis. The chapter also explains why the empirical work focuses on Spain and Portugal, highlighting the usefulness of this paired comparison as a near natural experiment. Although the neighboring countries have a long history of structural similarity and political parallelism, they moved from dictatorship to democracy through virtually polar opposite pathways of change in the 1970s. The work is placed in the context of studies on democracy, democratization, critical junctures, and culture. The implications of the book for the pursuit of political equality and inclusion are discussed. The content of the book’s eight chapters is outlined.Less

The Enigma of Eurasian Regionalism

Anastassia V. Obydenkova and Alexander Libman

in Authoritarian Regionalism in the World of International Organizations: Global Perspective and the Eurasian Enigma

This chapter lays the foundation for the analysis of the post-Soviet Eurasian regional organizations. First, it provides empirical details necessary for understanding the evolution of regionalism in ... More

This chapter lays the foundation for the analysis of the post-Soviet Eurasian regional organizations. First, it provides empirical details necessary for understanding the evolution of regionalism in this part of the world. Second, it identifies three specific factors affecting the development of Eurasian regionalism: the role of historical legacies of the Communist era; the role of the limiting factor as a specific feature of many economies in Eurasia; and the impact of territorial conflicts and secessionism. The chapter analyzes how these features affected the development trajectories of Eurasian regionalism, as well as discusses whether, because of these specific phenomena, a study of regionalism in Eurasia can produce generalizable results.Less

Achieving Rights to Land, Water, and Health in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Heinz Klug

in Closing the Rights Gap: From Human Rights to Social Transformation

Focusing on three specific social and economic rights – to land, water and health – guaranteed in the South African Constitution, this chapter explores the sources, histories, and processes of ... More

Focusing on three specific social and economic rights – to land, water and health – guaranteed in the South African Constitution, this chapter explores the sources, histories, and processes of implementation in order to identify the mechanisms, actors and pathways through which these rights are being realized. This comparative approach highlights the specific material reality shaping the implementation of each of these specific rights and identifies the relative importance of historical legacies and actors in the specific pathways through which these particular rights are, or are not, realized. It also highlights the materiality of these rights which effects both their social construction and the capacity of various actors in promoting their realization.Less

Conclusions: On the Global Significance of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion

Robert M. Fishman

in Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion

This concluding chapter addresses the overall contribution of the book to our understanding of democracy in the contemporary world. The discussion reviews key arguments in the book and takes up ... More

This concluding chapter addresses the overall contribution of the book to our understanding of democracy in the contemporary world. The discussion reviews key arguments in the book and takes up possible objections along with alternative forms of explanation. The chapter also examines how generalizable the argument is, considering how national histories shape conceptions of democracy and forms of political conduct in other cases as well. The Greek case, the experience of Scandinavia, and post-revolutionary cases including the United States are also taken up. The chapter analyzes the contribution to theories of critical junctures and other historically minded approaches to explanation. The discussion also considers the importance of political inclusion and of the Portuguese pattern of “conversation” between protesters and power holders for democracy’s central aspirations, especially in pursuit of political equality. The significance of revolution, of protest movements, and of other mechanisms of social change is also taken up.Less

Epilogue: Unfrozen in Time

Andrew Stuhl

in Unfreezing the Arctic: Science, Colonialism, and the Transformation of Inuit Lands

This chapter returns to contemporary media narratives about the Arctic to connect the colonial and environmental history of science with the present. It presents a brief history of conflict within ... More

This chapter returns to contemporary media narratives about the Arctic to connect the colonial and environmental history of science with the present. It presents a brief history of conflict within the Arctic Council since the mid 1990s. Whereas Inuit advocated community-based science that served the interests of northern residents, U.S. senior officials supported computer-based and remote research that answered theoretical or empirical questions posed by southern scientists. This conflict mirrors the narrative of the book as it hinges on differing interpretations of the relations among knowledge, nature, and power. The chapter then details how lessons from the Arctic’s colonial past can be applied in current environmental decision-making. It is argued that climate scientists and policy-makers must engage in participatory forums at regional levels to build trust and capacity to respond to rapid environmental change. Key to these actions will be a recommitment to principles that were first developed in the 1970s: ecological ethics, social justice, and awareness of the historical legacies present in the Arctic. Historians and concerned citizens must counter simplified ideas of the Arctic proliferating in the press to shift the focus of climate action from the circumpolar basin to the sites where most fossil fuels are burned.Less

Conclusion

Mark Knights

in Trust and Distrust: Corruption in Office in Britain and its Empire, 1600-1850

The chapter summarises key changes between 1600 and 1850 in the concept and practice of corruption and officeholding, and examines the factors pushing for, and restraining, such shifts. The ... More

The chapter summarises key changes between 1600 and 1850 in the concept and practice of corruption and officeholding, and examines the factors pushing for, and restraining, such shifts. The discussion underlines the importance of analysing trust and distrust; of examining the interaction of corruption and anti-corruption; taking a long view of corruption in office; and of combining metropolitan and colonial perspectives. Britain is also placed in a wider context including other European powers and empires, to show some similarities but also interesting differences in pathways. The latter suggest that reform had to be fitted to local contexts and that we need a future comparative research agenda to explore how these shaped varying chronologies, concepts and practices of corruption, anti-corruption, office, and accountability.Less

Policy analysis in Mexico: an introduction

Jose-Luis Mendez and Mauricio I. Dussauge-Laguna (eds)

in Policy Analysis in Mexico

This chapter provides a general overview of the volume. It highlights some historical and political features of Mexico, particularly those related to the country’s recent democratisation and economic ... More

This chapter provides a general overview of the volume. It highlights some historical and political features of Mexico, particularly those related to the country’s recent democratisation and economic liberalisation. The chapter underlines the central role that the state and its federal administration have played in terms of producing policy analysis and leading policymaking processes, and how this has in turn constrained the development of policy analytical capacities among other public actors such as the legislative power and subnational governments. The chapter then describes the contents of the book, outlining the main topics addressed by the various authors and how they contribute to increasing our knowledge about how policy analysis is conducted in Mexico.Less

The Classical Developmental State in Korea

Hyeong-ki Kwon

in Changes by Competition: The Evolution of the South Korean Developmental State

This chapter explores the characteristics of the classical developmental state in Korea in the Park Chung Hee era of the 1960s and 1970s, how it was established, and how it evolved. Neoliberals ... More

This chapter explores the characteristics of the classical developmental state in Korea in the Park Chung Hee era of the 1960s and 1970s, how it was established, and how it evolved. Neoliberals emphasize the free market of the 1960s in the Park Chung Hee era. By contrast, most developmental state (DS) scholars focus on the HCI drive of the 1970s to identify the typical developmental state in Korea. However, unlike the arguments of neoliberals and DS theorists, this chapter reveals that the basic characteristics of the Korean classical developmental state, including state-guided capitalism and export-led industrialization, were already established in the 1960s, although the 1970s saw a shift to an extreme variant of developmental state. In addition, unlike historical institutionalists’ emphasis on historical legacy of Japanese colonialism, this chapter emphatically examines the political process of elite competition for the origin of Korean DS.Less

History as Prologue

Michael T. Rock

in Dictators, Democrats, and Development in Southeast Asia: Implications for the Rest

While Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are among the developing world’s development success stories, high sustained growth did not come easily. They followed on the heels of economic stagnation, ... More

While Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are among the developing world’s development success stories, high sustained growth did not come easily. They followed on the heels of economic stagnation, political instability, ethnic conflagration, and, at least in one instance, hyperinflation. If history casts a long shadow over the present, what were the legacies of the pre-takeoff period in these polities for their subsequent takeoffs? The aim of this chapter is to document the pre-take-off failures in political and economic development in IMT and to suggest how those failures laid the basis for the subsequent economic take-offs in IMT.Less