Chris Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264416
- eISBN:
- 9780191734342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264416.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Credit in medieval England was obtained in various ways, either through a deferred payment or through cash loans. All these transactions were efforts to maintain production and consumption at its ...
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Credit in medieval England was obtained in various ways, either through a deferred payment or through cash loans. All these transactions were efforts to maintain production and consumption at its previous level or for investment purposes. During this period, the majority of the transactions arose from the need to obtain goods or services or to discharge an obligation at a time when immediate full cash payments from that individual's own resources were impossible or inadvisable. In the medieval period, full payment in cash was impossible as societies during this period did not have regular monetary income. Thus, in such societies, debtors accrue their needs through credit and they were not obliged to make immediate cash payments from their own resources whenever they obtained goods or services. This chapter examines credit supply during this period with emphasis on the willingness of the creditors to lend or sell goods and services on credit. It examines the effects of dearth and high prices, coin shortage or money supply, and crisis mortality on the credit supply of medieval Europe.Less
Credit in medieval England was obtained in various ways, either through a deferred payment or through cash loans. All these transactions were efforts to maintain production and consumption at its previous level or for investment purposes. During this period, the majority of the transactions arose from the need to obtain goods or services or to discharge an obligation at a time when immediate full cash payments from that individual's own resources were impossible or inadvisable. In the medieval period, full payment in cash was impossible as societies during this period did not have regular monetary income. Thus, in such societies, debtors accrue their needs through credit and they were not obliged to make immediate cash payments from their own resources whenever they obtained goods or services. This chapter examines credit supply during this period with emphasis on the willingness of the creditors to lend or sell goods and services on credit. It examines the effects of dearth and high prices, coin shortage or money supply, and crisis mortality on the credit supply of medieval Europe.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0027
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting ...
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Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting public pressure angrily demanding that something be done. Punitive demand management measures sends the wrong messages by focusing attention on property prices rather than supply shortages. The public becomes frustrated when property prices are not successfully curbed, except in the short run.Less
Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting public pressure angrily demanding that something be done. Punitive demand management measures sends the wrong messages by focusing attention on property prices rather than supply shortages. The public becomes frustrated when property prices are not successfully curbed, except in the short run.
Ana Aizcorbe, Kenneth Flamm, and Anjum Khurshid
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226044491
- eISBN:
- 9780226044507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226044507.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter calculates industry-specific semiconductor input price indexes and then assesses the relative impact of changes in this high technology input price on the prices and quality improvement ...
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This chapter calculates industry-specific semiconductor input price indexes and then assesses the relative impact of changes in this high technology input price on the prices and quality improvement in two high-tech downstream industries—PCs and communications equipment. It shows that between 1997 and 1998, changes in semiconductor input prices appear to account for 20–30 percent of price declines in both consumer electronics and local area network equipment, and for 40–60 percent of price declines in computers. Differences in the composition of semiconductor input bundles, coupled with significant differences in the relative importance of semiconductor inputs in cost, potentially account for the entire difference between output price declines in the computer and communications equipment producing industries.Less
This chapter calculates industry-specific semiconductor input price indexes and then assesses the relative impact of changes in this high technology input price on the prices and quality improvement in two high-tech downstream industries—PCs and communications equipment. It shows that between 1997 and 1998, changes in semiconductor input prices appear to account for 20–30 percent of price declines in both consumer electronics and local area network equipment, and for 40–60 percent of price declines in computers. Differences in the composition of semiconductor input bundles, coupled with significant differences in the relative importance of semiconductor inputs in cost, potentially account for the entire difference between output price declines in the computer and communications equipment producing industries.
Allen Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228764
- eISBN:
- 9780520926943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228764.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the economic problems that plagued France during the 1920s and the economic discourse present is several articles published by the Canard. It shows that the Canard economics ...
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This chapter discusses the economic problems that plagued France during the 1920s and the economic discourse present is several articles published by the Canard. It shows that the Canard economics was also part of the construction of the memory of the Great War. The first section examines the economic scapegoats or stereotypes of the war, which were the profiteers or mercanti. This is followed by a section on the alliance of millers, grain dealers, bakers, and farmers with the government authorities who were regulating them. The discussion also shows that the Canard was unafraid to pinpoint those they held responsible for high prices, and even recommended violent direct action, such as hanging and pillaging, against the profiteers. The chapter also covers the Canard's views on the monetary difficulties experienced in France, and introduces the concept of the economics of criminality.Less
This chapter discusses the economic problems that plagued France during the 1920s and the economic discourse present is several articles published by the Canard. It shows that the Canard economics was also part of the construction of the memory of the Great War. The first section examines the economic scapegoats or stereotypes of the war, which were the profiteers or mercanti. This is followed by a section on the alliance of millers, grain dealers, bakers, and farmers with the government authorities who were regulating them. The discussion also shows that the Canard was unafraid to pinpoint those they held responsible for high prices, and even recommended violent direct action, such as hanging and pillaging, against the profiteers. The chapter also covers the Canard's views on the monetary difficulties experienced in France, and introduces the concept of the economics of criminality.
Evan Hillebrand and Stacy Closson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028899
- eISBN:
- 9780262328722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028899.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This third scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global harmony. In this scenario the world economy recovers from the stagnation in 2008-2012, pushing up energy prices sharply. ...
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This third scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global harmony. In this scenario the world economy recovers from the stagnation in 2008-2012, pushing up energy prices sharply. Countries are assumed to follow policies that increase property rights, improve the rule of law, and increase trade openness. China continues to have very high growth, but finds that accommodating to the existing global regime makes more sense for it economically and politically than challenging the existing order. The United States and the European Union remain strong and prosperous and find a way to get along peacefully with a rising China. Buoyed by peace and prosperity among the big three economies of the United States, European Union, and China, many countries across several regions continue on a gradual path toward convergence with the OECD. The BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are joined by second echelon of states – the STICKs – comprised of South Africa, Turkey, Indonesia, Colombia, and Kazakhstan. Energy prices remain high due to growing demand from strengthening economies. Competition for water sources from a growing agricultural sector also keep energy prices high.Less
This third scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global harmony. In this scenario the world economy recovers from the stagnation in 2008-2012, pushing up energy prices sharply. Countries are assumed to follow policies that increase property rights, improve the rule of law, and increase trade openness. China continues to have very high growth, but finds that accommodating to the existing global regime makes more sense for it economically and politically than challenging the existing order. The United States and the European Union remain strong and prosperous and find a way to get along peacefully with a rising China. Buoyed by peace and prosperity among the big three economies of the United States, European Union, and China, many countries across several regions continue on a gradual path toward convergence with the OECD. The BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are joined by second echelon of states – the STICKs – comprised of South Africa, Turkey, Indonesia, Colombia, and Kazakhstan. Energy prices remain high due to growing demand from strengthening economies. Competition for water sources from a growing agricultural sector also keep energy prices high.
Evan Hillebrand and Stacy Closson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028899
- eISBN:
- 9780262328722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028899.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This sixth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global harmony. The United States and the European Union have only weak recoveries from the travails of 2008-2013, and China is ...
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This sixth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global harmony. The United States and the European Union have only weak recoveries from the travails of 2008-2013, and China is unable to transition to a sustainable high growth path. Energy production of fossil fuels runs into geological and political barriers, and energy prices rise despite weak economic growth. There is a consensus, at least among OECD countries, that the fossil-fuel driven global economy is environmentally unsustainable. Stringent new environmental regulations and huge new taxpayer-supplied funds spur new research, innovation, and a large-scale switch away from coal and oil. There is a significant decrease in carbon emissions helped along by new international agreements on efficiency standards and technology adaptation, as well as prolonged slow growth. Countries that wish to catch up to the OECD have no choice but to adapt to this new eco world given high energy prices and weak overall growth. In the case of China, civic activism and a stolid leadership result in the demise of the Communist Party rule. Aside from environmental cooperation, states are focused inward, dealing with disruptive citizens unhappy with slow growth. America remains the sole superpower.Less
This sixth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global harmony. The United States and the European Union have only weak recoveries from the travails of 2008-2013, and China is unable to transition to a sustainable high growth path. Energy production of fossil fuels runs into geological and political barriers, and energy prices rise despite weak economic growth. There is a consensus, at least among OECD countries, that the fossil-fuel driven global economy is environmentally unsustainable. Stringent new environmental regulations and huge new taxpayer-supplied funds spur new research, innovation, and a large-scale switch away from coal and oil. There is a significant decrease in carbon emissions helped along by new international agreements on efficiency standards and technology adaptation, as well as prolonged slow growth. Countries that wish to catch up to the OECD have no choice but to adapt to this new eco world given high energy prices and weak overall growth. In the case of China, civic activism and a stolid leadership result in the demise of the Communist Party rule. Aside from environmental cooperation, states are focused inward, dealing with disruptive citizens unhappy with slow growth. America remains the sole superpower.
Boris Samuel
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198794974
- eISBN:
- 9780191836442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, International Business
Between 2005 and 2010, Mauritania and Guadeloupe faced massive social mobilizations against the high cost of living. The widespread use of illegal practices was blamed for the unjust pricing of some ...
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Between 2005 and 2010, Mauritania and Guadeloupe faced massive social mobilizations against the high cost of living. The widespread use of illegal practices was blamed for the unjust pricing of some of the most important consumer goods. While state responses to illegality had limited success, the interfaces between legality and illegality in markets appeared to shape social and political relations. In Guadeloupe, a wave of audits responded to the social demands for transparency and the unveiling of illegal practices. But illegalities remained largely unsanctioned, enabling the continued coexistence of legality and illegality in price formation. In Mauritania, public interventions were necessary to contain the social and political consequences of price hikes. But circumvention of the rules was so common in the public administration that fraudulent practices characterized the implementation of such social programs too. Illegal market transactions became one of the means by which the government organized redistribution.Less
Between 2005 and 2010, Mauritania and Guadeloupe faced massive social mobilizations against the high cost of living. The widespread use of illegal practices was blamed for the unjust pricing of some of the most important consumer goods. While state responses to illegality had limited success, the interfaces between legality and illegality in markets appeared to shape social and political relations. In Guadeloupe, a wave of audits responded to the social demands for transparency and the unveiling of illegal practices. But illegalities remained largely unsanctioned, enabling the continued coexistence of legality and illegality in price formation. In Mauritania, public interventions were necessary to contain the social and political consequences of price hikes. But circumvention of the rules was so common in the public administration that fraudulent practices characterized the implementation of such social programs too. Illegal market transactions became one of the means by which the government organized redistribution.
Evan Hillebrand and Stacy Closson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028899
- eISBN:
- 9780262328722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028899.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This fifth scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global disharmony. The world economy recovers from the quagmire of 2008, pushing up energy prices sharply. China continues to ...
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This fifth scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global disharmony. The world economy recovers from the quagmire of 2008, pushing up energy prices sharply. China continues to have very high growth, tempting it to assert its new-found power against its neighbors and its great-power rival, the United States. However, the United States employs trade measures that contain China’s power. Thus, a new bipolarity is one in which there is no superpower, and both the United States and China struggle for influence over states. The disharmony occurs mostly within developing countries who continue to supply the richer countries but whose citizens do not reap the rewards. It gradually becomes apparent that oil reserves in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were vastly overstated and production slides, putting further pressure on prices. Reduced world oil supply has minimal effects on world economic growth; however, as OECD countries and emerging economies have adjusted over several decades to phase in more natural gas supplies, build more nuclear plants, and make renewable sources more cost effective. The United States becomes significantly more energy secure in this scenario as it moves away from oil supplies and into new energy technology markets that it dominates.Less
This fifth scenario is marked by high energy prices, strong growth, and global disharmony. The world economy recovers from the quagmire of 2008, pushing up energy prices sharply. China continues to have very high growth, tempting it to assert its new-found power against its neighbors and its great-power rival, the United States. However, the United States employs trade measures that contain China’s power. Thus, a new bipolarity is one in which there is no superpower, and both the United States and China struggle for influence over states. The disharmony occurs mostly within developing countries who continue to supply the richer countries but whose citizens do not reap the rewards. It gradually becomes apparent that oil reserves in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were vastly overstated and production slides, putting further pressure on prices. Reduced world oil supply has minimal effects on world economic growth; however, as OECD countries and emerging economies have adjusted over several decades to phase in more natural gas supplies, build more nuclear plants, and make renewable sources more cost effective. The United States becomes significantly more energy secure in this scenario as it moves away from oil supplies and into new energy technology markets that it dominates.
Judith Daar
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300137156
- eISBN:
- 9780300229035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300137156.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter explores how cost as a barrier to ART access is more complex than just the high price of medical goods and services transacted in the pursuit of parenthood. Reportedly, assisted ...
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This chapter explores how cost as a barrier to ART access is more complex than just the high price of medical goods and services transacted in the pursuit of parenthood. Reportedly, assisted reproduction generates annual revenues of over $4 billion in the United States, much of it paid out-of-pocket by patients who are underinsured for this aspect of health care. At first blush, it is clear that the synergy between high-priced treatments and low levels of reimbursement produces a world of stratified reproduction in which wealth status determines entry into the procreative marketplace. A deeper analysis does not refute this impression, but also reveals that socioeconomics alone do not fully explain how ART funding works to suppress reproduction by certain “lower resource” individuals.Less
This chapter explores how cost as a barrier to ART access is more complex than just the high price of medical goods and services transacted in the pursuit of parenthood. Reportedly, assisted reproduction generates annual revenues of over $4 billion in the United States, much of it paid out-of-pocket by patients who are underinsured for this aspect of health care. At first blush, it is clear that the synergy between high-priced treatments and low levels of reimbursement produces a world of stratified reproduction in which wealth status determines entry into the procreative marketplace. A deeper analysis does not refute this impression, but also reveals that socioeconomics alone do not fully explain how ART funding works to suppress reproduction by certain “lower resource” individuals.
Evan Hillebrand and Stacy Closson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028899
- eISBN:
- 9780262328722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028899.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This fourth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global disharmony. Economic weakness in the United States and Washington’s failure to come to grips with its long-term problems ...
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This fourth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global disharmony. Economic weakness in the United States and Washington’s failure to come to grips with its long-term problems results in gradually diminishing respect for its model of democratic capitalism. The leading alternative, Beijing-style state capitalism, has its own set of problems but at least it offers populist leaders a politically attractive rallying point. The scenario sees a long period of growing protectionism, slowing trade growth, and more regional trade arrangements. Even as world economic growth slows, energy prices rise perilously due to faltering supplies. The shale revolution fizzles because of technological and environmental problems, Middle East production peaks, new oil production areas in Africa are hampered by political instability, and renewable energy is available only at very high prices. Some of the regional powers, in particular Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, and Iran do relatively well, but they are not able to exert much influence beyond their immediate neighborhoods. All powers turn inward to confront heightened domestic conflict brought on by low economic growth and rising income inequality. The result is a multi-polar world defined by regional groupings in competition, none of which are very attractive to the other as examples for escaping weak growth.Less
This fourth scenario is marked by high energy prices, weak growth, and global disharmony. Economic weakness in the United States and Washington’s failure to come to grips with its long-term problems results in gradually diminishing respect for its model of democratic capitalism. The leading alternative, Beijing-style state capitalism, has its own set of problems but at least it offers populist leaders a politically attractive rallying point. The scenario sees a long period of growing protectionism, slowing trade growth, and more regional trade arrangements. Even as world economic growth slows, energy prices rise perilously due to faltering supplies. The shale revolution fizzles because of technological and environmental problems, Middle East production peaks, new oil production areas in Africa are hampered by political instability, and renewable energy is available only at very high prices. Some of the regional powers, in particular Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, and Iran do relatively well, but they are not able to exert much influence beyond their immediate neighborhoods. All powers turn inward to confront heightened domestic conflict brought on by low economic growth and rising income inequality. The result is a multi-polar world defined by regional groupings in competition, none of which are very attractive to the other as examples for escaping weak growth.
Anne Meis Knupfer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451140
- eISBN:
- 9780801467714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451140.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the New Pioneer Co-operative Society (NPCS) located in a neighborhood within walking distance of the University of Iowa. Some of the most controversial issues New Pioneer faced ...
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This chapter examines the New Pioneer Co-operative Society (NPCS) located in a neighborhood within walking distance of the University of Iowa. Some of the most controversial issues New Pioneer faced were regarding workers' unionization and high price rates. In response, its board stated two priorities in its strategic plan: buy the Coralville store, and to relocate the Iowa City store. As of 2012, decisions about relocation of the Iowa City co-op had not been made. The chapter suggests that it would be wise to revisit the history of New Pioneer and some of its failed ventures to learn a few lessons. Such as, that a co-op board must be responsive to its members, that smaller co-ops can still be “profitable” while efficiently practicing participatory democracy, and that managers and board members do not need to interfere with the process of unionization.Less
This chapter examines the New Pioneer Co-operative Society (NPCS) located in a neighborhood within walking distance of the University of Iowa. Some of the most controversial issues New Pioneer faced were regarding workers' unionization and high price rates. In response, its board stated two priorities in its strategic plan: buy the Coralville store, and to relocate the Iowa City store. As of 2012, decisions about relocation of the Iowa City co-op had not been made. The chapter suggests that it would be wise to revisit the history of New Pioneer and some of its failed ventures to learn a few lessons. Such as, that a co-op board must be responsive to its members, that smaller co-ops can still be “profitable” while efficiently practicing participatory democracy, and that managers and board members do not need to interfere with the process of unionization.
