Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” ...
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The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.Less
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and ...
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This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and supply-control programs and provides both a static portrait of the market and insight into its dynamics. Despite the apparent asymmetry of supply and demand there is little evidence of market control or power except possibly in the past actions of the Taliban and, to a much lesser extent, among some present-day traffickers. The evidence is more supportive of market segmentation, which has important implications for market adjustments and outcomes.Less
This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and supply-control programs and provides both a static portrait of the market and insight into its dynamics. Despite the apparent asymmetry of supply and demand there is little evidence of market control or power except possibly in the past actions of the Taliban and, to a much lesser extent, among some present-day traffickers. The evidence is more supportive of market segmentation, which has important implications for market adjustments and outcomes.
Gary L. Wenk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388541
- eISBN:
- 9780199863587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388541.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
A neuropeptide is similar to a string of beads with each bead being an amino acid. Your brain uses many neuropeptides for quite different purposes. One of the best studied groups of these controls ...
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A neuropeptide is similar to a string of beads with each bead being an amino acid. Your brain uses many neuropeptides for quite different purposes. One of the best studied groups of these controls the experience of pain and pleasure; these are called endogenous opiates because they act like opium and morphine in the brain. Similar pain-relieving neuropeptides are also found in common foods, including milk, eggs, grains such as rice and wheat, mushrooms, pumpkin, herring, and salmon. Pain relief can also be achieved by a completely different method, the inhibition of the production of a group of neurotransmitters called prostaglandins. Aspirin and ibuprofen relieve your pain and reduce your fever by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins; they effectively reduce the transmission of pain signals. Frankincense can also reduce inflammation with an action similar to aspirin while myrrh may act more similar to morphine in the brain to reduce post-partum pain.Less
A neuropeptide is similar to a string of beads with each bead being an amino acid. Your brain uses many neuropeptides for quite different purposes. One of the best studied groups of these controls the experience of pain and pleasure; these are called endogenous opiates because they act like opium and morphine in the brain. Similar pain-relieving neuropeptides are also found in common foods, including milk, eggs, grains such as rice and wheat, mushrooms, pumpkin, herring, and salmon. Pain relief can also be achieved by a completely different method, the inhibition of the production of a group of neurotransmitters called prostaglandins. Aspirin and ibuprofen relieve your pain and reduce your fever by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins; they effectively reduce the transmission of pain signals. Frankincense can also reduce inflammation with an action similar to aspirin while myrrh may act more similar to morphine in the brain to reduce post-partum pain.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning ...
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Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning illegal mass consumption in the 1960s and 1970s has given rise to a global market for heroin and other opiates of nearly 16 million users. The production and trafficking of opiates have caused crime, disease, and social distress throughout the world, leading many nations to invest billions of dollars trying to suppress the industry. The failure of their efforts has become a central policy concern. Can the world heroin supply actually be cut, and with what consequences? The result of a five-year-long research project involving extensive fieldwork in six Asian countries, Colombia, and Turkey, this book presents a systematic analysis of the contemporary world heroin market, delving into its development and structure, its participants, and its socio-economic impact. It provides a sound and comprehensive empirical base for concluding that there is little opportunity to shrink the global supply of heroin in the long term, and explains why production is concentrated in a handful of countries—and is likely to remain that way. On the basis of these findings, the chapters identify a key set of policy opportunities, largely local, and make suggestions for leveraging them. This book also offers new insights into market conditions in India, Tajikistan, and other countries that have been greatly harmed by the production and trafficking of illegal opiates.Less
Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning illegal mass consumption in the 1960s and 1970s has given rise to a global market for heroin and other opiates of nearly 16 million users. The production and trafficking of opiates have caused crime, disease, and social distress throughout the world, leading many nations to invest billions of dollars trying to suppress the industry. The failure of their efforts has become a central policy concern. Can the world heroin supply actually be cut, and with what consequences? The result of a five-year-long research project involving extensive fieldwork in six Asian countries, Colombia, and Turkey, this book presents a systematic analysis of the contemporary world heroin market, delving into its development and structure, its participants, and its socio-economic impact. It provides a sound and comprehensive empirical base for concluding that there is little opportunity to shrink the global supply of heroin in the long term, and explains why production is concentrated in a handful of countries—and is likely to remain that way. On the basis of these findings, the chapters identify a key set of policy opportunities, largely local, and make suggestions for leveraging them. This book also offers new insights into market conditions in India, Tajikistan, and other countries that have been greatly harmed by the production and trafficking of illegal opiates.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about opiate production and heroin trafficking around the word. This book provides a comparative analysis of national ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about opiate production and heroin trafficking around the word. This book provides a comparative analysis of national experiences in trying to control international trafficking and analyzes systematically the effects of differences in the stringency of the enforcement of global production and trafficking prohibitions on the organization of the market, the behavior of its participants and society at large. The first part of this book reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, the second part explores market conditions in Afghanistan, Burma, India, Colombia, and Tajikistan and the final part proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that may helps to explains a country's participation in the heroin trafficking.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about opiate production and heroin trafficking around the word. This book provides a comparative analysis of national experiences in trying to control international trafficking and analyzes systematically the effects of differences in the stringency of the enforcement of global production and trafficking prohibitions on the organization of the market, the behavior of its participants and society at large. The first part of this book reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, the second part explores market conditions in Afghanistan, Burma, India, Colombia, and Tajikistan and the final part proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that may helps to explains a country's participation in the heroin trafficking.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the ...
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This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the market as outcomes of interactions between supply and demand. It analyses the issues of market power and segmentation, specifically in relation to the apparent effect of the Taliban ban. It provides evidence for short-run supply rigidity and consequent price increases, the potential for expansion in other regions and the cushioning effects of inventory.Less
This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the market as outcomes of interactions between supply and demand. It analyses the issues of market power and segmentation, specifically in relation to the apparent effect of the Taliban ban. It provides evidence for short-run supply rigidity and consequent price increases, the potential for expansion in other regions and the cushioning effects of inventory.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines heroin production in Afghanistan and Burma. It explains that these two countries jointly have been responsible for 70% to 95% of the world's opium supply. It investigates why ...
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This chapter examines heroin production in Afghanistan and Burma. It explains that these two countries jointly have been responsible for 70% to 95% of the world's opium supply. It investigates why and how Afghanistan and Burma have become the two dominant producers, singling out the lack of government control and the parallel rise of quasi-state authorities as key promoting factors of the opiate industry in both countries. It discusses the definition of a narco-state and suggests that both Afghanistan and Burma can be considered as narco-states.Less
This chapter examines heroin production in Afghanistan and Burma. It explains that these two countries jointly have been responsible for 70% to 95% of the world's opium supply. It investigates why and how Afghanistan and Burma have become the two dominant producers, singling out the lack of government control and the parallel rise of quasi-state authorities as key promoting factors of the opiate industry in both countries. It discusses the definition of a narco-state and suggests that both Afghanistan and Burma can be considered as narco-states.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter focuses on the heroin market in India. Despite the limited involvement of organized crime, the analysis suggests that India is not only the world's largest consumer of illicit opiates ...
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This chapter focuses on the heroin market in India. Despite the limited involvement of organized crime, the analysis suggests that India is not only the world's largest consumer of illicit opiates but, de facto, also one of the largest illicit opium producers. This chapter explains that in contrast to all other illicit producers, India owes its high opium production not to blatantly illicit cultivation but to diversion from licit cultivation. It discusses the four potential sources of agriculturally-derived illicit opiates in India and evaluates their relevance for opium and for heroin.Less
This chapter focuses on the heroin market in India. Despite the limited involvement of organized crime, the analysis suggests that India is not only the world's largest consumer of illicit opiates but, de facto, also one of the largest illicit opium producers. This chapter explains that in contrast to all other illicit producers, India owes its high opium production not to blatantly illicit cultivation but to diversion from licit cultivation. It discusses the four potential sources of agriculturally-derived illicit opiates in India and evaluates their relevance for opium and for heroin.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are ...
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This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are natural and socioeconomic. These include the pre-existing cocaine industry, the existence of established drug-smuggling networks for the U.S. and the weakness of the Colombian government. This chapter contends that the emergence of Colombian heroin production is informative about what risk factors might lead to new countries entering the opiate trade.Less
This chapter explores the emergence of Colombia as an opiate producer during the 1970s. It suggests that some of the factors that contributed to the development of the opiate industry in Colombia are natural and socioeconomic. These include the pre-existing cocaine industry, the existence of established drug-smuggling networks for the U.S. and the weakness of the Colombian government. This chapter contends that the emergence of Colombian heroin production is informative about what risk factors might lead to new countries entering the opiate trade.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; ...
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This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; however, in less than a decade, Tajikistan has become a key transit country for Afghan opiates bound northward and westward, and a major heroin consumer. Tajikistan has become so dependent on the heroin industry that even leaders of some of the most powerful trafficking groups occupy high-ranking government positions and misuse state structures for their own illicit businesses.Less
This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; however, in less than a decade, Tajikistan has become a key transit country for Afghan opiates bound northward and westward, and a major heroin consumer. Tajikistan has become so dependent on the heroin industry that even leaders of some of the most powerful trafficking groups occupy high-ranking government positions and misuse state structures for their own illicit businesses.
Allen Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231027
- eISBN:
- 9780823240821
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231027.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This is the story of Allen Jones and his odyssey from the streets of the Bronx to a life as a professional athlete and banker in Europe, but it is also provides a unique vantage point on the history ...
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This is the story of Allen Jones and his odyssey from the streets of the Bronx to a life as a professional athlete and banker in Europe, but it is also provides a unique vantage point on the history of the Bronx and sheds new light on a neglected period in American urban history. The author grew up in a public housing project in the South Bronx at a time — the 1950s — when that neighborhood was a place of optimism and hope for upwardly mobile Black and Latino families. Brought up in a two-parent household, with many neighborhood mentors, he led an almost charmed life as a budding basketball star until his teen years, when his once peaceful neighborhood was torn by job losses, white flight, and a crippling drug epidemic. Drawn into the heroin trade, first as a user, then as a dealer, he spent four months on Rikers Island, where he experienced a crisis of conscience and a determination to turn his life around. Sent to a New England prep school upon his release, he used his basketball skills and street smarts to forge a life outside the Bronx, first as a college athlete in the South, then as a professional basketball player, radio personality, and banker in Europe. This book brings Bronx streets and housing projects to life as places of possibility as well as tragedy, where racism and economic hardship never completely suppressed the resilient spirit of its residents.Less
This is the story of Allen Jones and his odyssey from the streets of the Bronx to a life as a professional athlete and banker in Europe, but it is also provides a unique vantage point on the history of the Bronx and sheds new light on a neglected period in American urban history. The author grew up in a public housing project in the South Bronx at a time — the 1950s — when that neighborhood was a place of optimism and hope for upwardly mobile Black and Latino families. Brought up in a two-parent household, with many neighborhood mentors, he led an almost charmed life as a budding basketball star until his teen years, when his once peaceful neighborhood was torn by job losses, white flight, and a crippling drug epidemic. Drawn into the heroin trade, first as a user, then as a dealer, he spent four months on Rikers Island, where he experienced a crisis of conscience and a determination to turn his life around. Sent to a New England prep school upon his release, he used his basketball skills and street smarts to forge a life outside the Bronx, first as a college athlete in the South, then as a professional basketball player, radio personality, and banker in Europe. This book brings Bronx streets and housing projects to life as places of possibility as well as tragedy, where racism and economic hardship never completely suppressed the resilient spirit of its residents.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in ...
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This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in determining each country's mode of participation in heroin trade. This model integrates economic, political, and sociological concerns and it identifies three stylized cases of enforcement and categorizes countries according to their implementation of international prohibitions on opiate production and trafficking. The model shows that aside from opium poppy cultivation, not all forms of non-enforcement offer the best conditions for illegal drug businesses.Less
This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in determining each country's mode of participation in heroin trade. This model integrates economic, political, and sociological concerns and it identifies three stylized cases of enforcement and categorizes countries according to their implementation of international prohibitions on opiate production and trafficking. The model shows that aside from opium poppy cultivation, not all forms of non-enforcement offer the best conditions for illegal drug businesses.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of ...
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This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of prohibitions on production and trade, and properties of addiction can help explain important differences in the reduction of opiate and heroin production, largely through their divergent effects on production, trafficking, and consumption. This chapter identifies the determinants of opiate and heroin production, trafficking, and consumption. It contends that the main rationale for long-term policy should be to minimize the adverse consequences associated with opiate production, trafficking, and consumption in terms of human health, welfare, violence, corruption, and conflict.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of prohibitions on production and trade, and properties of addiction can help explain important differences in the reduction of opiate and heroin production, largely through their divergent effects on production, trafficking, and consumption. This chapter identifies the determinants of opiate and heroin production, trafficking, and consumption. It contends that the main rationale for long-term policy should be to minimize the adverse consequences associated with opiate production, trafficking, and consumption in terms of human health, welfare, violence, corruption, and conflict.
Coleman Julie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567256
- eISBN:
- 9780191595073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567256.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics, Lexicography
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing ...
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In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.Less
In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.
ALLEN JONES and Mark Naison
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231027
- eISBN:
- 9780823240821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231027.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his ...
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Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his sights low and focusing on what was happening right next to him, the average black man and woman were becoming politically aware and active in unprecedented ways. They were calling for civil rights, embracing black power, and beginning to protest the Vietnam War, an issue of particular concern to Jones and to every young black man in the city and in America at the time. Some brothers were joining the Black Panther Party and began wearing the signature leather jackets and black berets. Brothers and sisters all around the block could be seen reading Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and talking about communism. Gradually, his neighborhood was becoming a very different place from the one he grew up in.Less
Heroin was slowly taking over Allen Jones's life. Meanwhile, Bitch Queen Heroin was beginning to have a visible effect on his neighborhood as she asserted her dominion. While he was setting his sights low and focusing on what was happening right next to him, the average black man and woman were becoming politically aware and active in unprecedented ways. They were calling for civil rights, embracing black power, and beginning to protest the Vietnam War, an issue of particular concern to Jones and to every young black man in the city and in America at the time. Some brothers were joining the Black Panther Party and began wearing the signature leather jackets and black berets. Brothers and sisters all around the block could be seen reading Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and talking about communism. Gradually, his neighborhood was becoming a very different place from the one he grew up in.
Dave Boothroyd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719055980
- eISBN:
- 9781781700921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719055980.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter focuses on narcotic modernity and the entry of heroin into motion pictures. It explains that the advent of the cinematic technology provided a new means for the distribution of ...
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This chapter focuses on narcotic modernity and the entry of heroin into motion pictures. It explains that the advent of the cinematic technology provided a new means for the distribution of narco-mythology, and that cinema extended the cultural scope of heroin. The entry of heroin into the world of the moving image began with the 1984 film The Opium Joint. The chapter also analyses generic forms of cinematic heroin, including French Connection, Pulp Fiction and Pandaemonium.Less
This chapter focuses on narcotic modernity and the entry of heroin into motion pictures. It explains that the advent of the cinematic technology provided a new means for the distribution of narco-mythology, and that cinema extended the cultural scope of heroin. The entry of heroin into the world of the moving image began with the 1984 film The Opium Joint. The chapter also analyses generic forms of cinematic heroin, including French Connection, Pulp Fiction and Pandaemonium.
Richard Cockett
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300204513
- eISBN:
- 9780300215984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300204513.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter illustrates the conflict between the Karen—the largest ethnic group in Burma—and the Burmans themselves in what would become the longest running civil war in history. It shows how the ...
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This chapter illustrates the conflict between the Karen—the largest ethnic group in Burma—and the Burmans themselves in what would become the longest running civil war in history. It shows how the Karen civil war did far more damage to the Karen themselves rather than the early post-independence Burmese state. The war ravaged the once-thriving Karen hill economy, as the Burmese army intended, most evidently in the city of Hpa-An. The main social problem here and throughout the hill areas, as it turns out, is drugs. Furthermore, the chapter explores the Karen's relationship with the Shan—a people who have seen their old kingdom culturally and politically obliterated, only to be divided up into so many narco-statelets pushed up against the Chinese border. The eastern Shan region is now the epicentre of the booming regional production of heroin and methamphetamine, colloquially known as “yaba.”Less
This chapter illustrates the conflict between the Karen—the largest ethnic group in Burma—and the Burmans themselves in what would become the longest running civil war in history. It shows how the Karen civil war did far more damage to the Karen themselves rather than the early post-independence Burmese state. The war ravaged the once-thriving Karen hill economy, as the Burmese army intended, most evidently in the city of Hpa-An. The main social problem here and throughout the hill areas, as it turns out, is drugs. Furthermore, the chapter explores the Karen's relationship with the Shan—a people who have seen their old kingdom culturally and politically obliterated, only to be divided up into so many narco-statelets pushed up against the Chinese border. The eastern Shan region is now the epicentre of the booming regional production of heroin and methamphetamine, colloquially known as “yaba.”
Ko-lin Chin and Sheldon X. Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479895403
- eISBN:
- 9781479832514
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479895403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
In a country long associated with the trade in opiates, the Chinese government has for decades applied extreme measures to curtail the spread of illicit drugs, only to find that the problem has ...
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In a country long associated with the trade in opiates, the Chinese government has for decades applied extreme measures to curtail the spread of illicit drugs, only to find that the problem has worsened. Burma is blamed as the major producer of illicit drugs and conduit for the entry of drugs into China. Which organizations are behind the heroin trade? What problems and prospects of drug control in the so-called “Golden Triangle” drug-trafficking region are faced by Chinese and Southeast Asian authorities? This book examines the social organization of the trafficking of heroin from the Golden Triangle to China and the wholesale and retail distribution of the drug in China. Based on face-to-face interviews with hundreds of incarcerated drug traffickers, street-level drug dealers, users, and authorities, paired with extensive fieldwork in the border areas of Burma and China and several major urban centers in China and Southeast Asia, the book reveals how the drug trade has evolved in the Golden Triangle since the late 1980s. It also explores the marked characteristics of heroin traffickers; the relationship between drug use and sales in China; and how China compares to other international drug markets.Less
In a country long associated with the trade in opiates, the Chinese government has for decades applied extreme measures to curtail the spread of illicit drugs, only to find that the problem has worsened. Burma is blamed as the major producer of illicit drugs and conduit for the entry of drugs into China. Which organizations are behind the heroin trade? What problems and prospects of drug control in the so-called “Golden Triangle” drug-trafficking region are faced by Chinese and Southeast Asian authorities? This book examines the social organization of the trafficking of heroin from the Golden Triangle to China and the wholesale and retail distribution of the drug in China. Based on face-to-face interviews with hundreds of incarcerated drug traffickers, street-level drug dealers, users, and authorities, paired with extensive fieldwork in the border areas of Burma and China and several major urban centers in China and Southeast Asia, the book reveals how the drug trade has evolved in the Golden Triangle since the late 1980s. It also explores the marked characteristics of heroin traffickers; the relationship between drug use and sales in China; and how China compares to other international drug markets.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter examines the heroin economy that developed during the late-1940s and 1950s. Americans and Canadians bought and sold narcotics, and mingled with other users in the border cities' bars, ...
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This chapter examines the heroin economy that developed during the late-1940s and 1950s. Americans and Canadians bought and sold narcotics, and mingled with other users in the border cities' bars, clubs, and rooming houses. Those engaged in these illicit transactions built an alternative urban subculture based on the consumption of illicit substances. Taking drugs could provide access to an emerging hipster culture, one that ran counter to images of 'clean' suburban living. The drug market also provided an important source of income in neighborhoods increasingly facing economic decline. Yet, divides within the illicit economy itself—which usually left poor, working-class, and black residents working at the least-profitable levels—show how drug use became embedded in the larger structural forces shaping the region. If participating in the illegal drug economy provided moments of social mobility and a sense of community belonging, it often did so unevenly and at very high costs.Less
This chapter examines the heroin economy that developed during the late-1940s and 1950s. Americans and Canadians bought and sold narcotics, and mingled with other users in the border cities' bars, clubs, and rooming houses. Those engaged in these illicit transactions built an alternative urban subculture based on the consumption of illicit substances. Taking drugs could provide access to an emerging hipster culture, one that ran counter to images of 'clean' suburban living. The drug market also provided an important source of income in neighborhoods increasingly facing economic decline. Yet, divides within the illicit economy itself—which usually left poor, working-class, and black residents working at the least-profitable levels—show how drug use became embedded in the larger structural forces shaping the region. If participating in the illegal drug economy provided moments of social mobility and a sense of community belonging, it often did so unevenly and at very high costs.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Local anti-vice efforts were also shaped in important ways by broader national debates. This chapter examines how the problem of cross-border vice along the nations’ borders was framed by the media, ...
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Local anti-vice efforts were also shaped in important ways by broader national debates. This chapter examines how the problem of cross-border vice along the nations’ borders was framed by the media, lawmakers, and government officials working at the federal level. By examining senate committee investigations that took place in Canada and the US in 1955, this chapter argues that federal officials were united by a similar belief in a prohibitionist ideology, one that emphasized the need to enforce a clear line between acceptable and unacceptable drug use through legal means. Within this prohibitionist framework, federal officials perpetuated racial stereotypes that linked cross-border smuggling with Chinese Communists, Mexican migrants, and European traffickers. While officials along the US-Canada border attempted to portray a united front in their efforts to eliminate trafficking, blaming the drug problem on outsiders often undermined their ability to maintain congenial diplomatic relations. The focus on drug prohibition along the border, then, also came to embody some of the diplomatic tensions that were developing between the US and Canada in the postwar year, tensions that would ultimately affect anti-vice efforts in cities closest to the nations’ borders.Less
Local anti-vice efforts were also shaped in important ways by broader national debates. This chapter examines how the problem of cross-border vice along the nations’ borders was framed by the media, lawmakers, and government officials working at the federal level. By examining senate committee investigations that took place in Canada and the US in 1955, this chapter argues that federal officials were united by a similar belief in a prohibitionist ideology, one that emphasized the need to enforce a clear line between acceptable and unacceptable drug use through legal means. Within this prohibitionist framework, federal officials perpetuated racial stereotypes that linked cross-border smuggling with Chinese Communists, Mexican migrants, and European traffickers. While officials along the US-Canada border attempted to portray a united front in their efforts to eliminate trafficking, blaming the drug problem on outsiders often undermined their ability to maintain congenial diplomatic relations. The focus on drug prohibition along the border, then, also came to embody some of the diplomatic tensions that were developing between the US and Canada in the postwar year, tensions that would ultimately affect anti-vice efforts in cities closest to the nations’ borders.
