Marcia C. Inhorn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148885
- eISBN:
- 9781400842629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148885.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter argues that any ethnographic study of masculinity must begin with R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. It has been incredibly influential in masculinity research since the ...
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This chapter argues that any ethnographic study of masculinity must begin with R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. It has been incredibly influential in masculinity research since the 1980s, and has greatly influenced some early work of Egyptian masculinity and sexuality. As the only social constructionist analytic developed specifically for studying masculinity, hegemonic masculinity has been widely used since its 1985 introduction. Drawing explicitly from feminist theory and Marxist sociology, Connell sought to reconcile the lived reality of inequality among men with the fact of men's group dominance over women. This new theory sought to examine hierarchical inequality among men, relate analysis of masculinity to feminist insights on the social construction of gender, and resist the dichotomy of structure versus the individual plaguing contemporary studies of gender and class.Less
This chapter argues that any ethnographic study of masculinity must begin with R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. It has been incredibly influential in masculinity research since the 1980s, and has greatly influenced some early work of Egyptian masculinity and sexuality. As the only social constructionist analytic developed specifically for studying masculinity, hegemonic masculinity has been widely used since its 1985 introduction. Drawing explicitly from feminist theory and Marxist sociology, Connell sought to reconcile the lived reality of inequality among men with the fact of men's group dominance over women. This new theory sought to examine hierarchical inequality among men, relate analysis of masculinity to feminist insights on the social construction of gender, and resist the dichotomy of structure versus the individual plaguing contemporary studies of gender and class.
Annica Kronsell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199846061
- eISBN:
- 9780199933099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199846061.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores gender and sexuality in the context of the Swedish military, conceptualized as an institution of hegemonic masculinity. It begins from the perspective of the woman soldier ...
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This chapter explores gender and sexuality in the context of the Swedish military, conceptualized as an institution of hegemonic masculinity. It begins from the perspective of the woman soldier involved with military practices. This makes masculine norms apparent while showing the dilemmas around the formation of a woman-in-arms femininity. It shows how sexuality is used for unit cohesion. Unit cohesion is constructed on both masculine heterosexuality and homosociality, and is believed to be threatened by the inclusion of women and homosexuals. This explains military policies that exclude women from combat and homosexuals from serving. Finally, the “new values for the defense” attempts to deal with sexuality and gender are explored. While less challenging to the military it essentialized women, limited their contribution and trivialized the role of sexuality.Less
This chapter explores gender and sexuality in the context of the Swedish military, conceptualized as an institution of hegemonic masculinity. It begins from the perspective of the woman soldier involved with military practices. This makes masculine norms apparent while showing the dilemmas around the formation of a woman-in-arms femininity. It shows how sexuality is used for unit cohesion. Unit cohesion is constructed on both masculine heterosexuality and homosociality, and is believed to be threatened by the inclusion of women and homosexuals. This explains military policies that exclude women from combat and homosexuals from serving. Finally, the “new values for the defense” attempts to deal with sexuality and gender are explored. While less challenging to the military it essentialized women, limited their contribution and trivialized the role of sexuality.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic ...
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Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic masculinity in particular. It explores the relationship between masculinity and military service, recognizing that military masculinity changes over time and can take a variety of forms at once, rather than being a fixed type. The chapter maps the connections among gender, military service, and citizenship in the United States, and it describes the so-called masculinity crisis that coincided with the abolition of the military draft. The chapter ends with a brief history of the all-volunteer force that introduces some of the issues raised by the end of conscription.Less
Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic masculinity in particular. It explores the relationship between masculinity and military service, recognizing that military masculinity changes over time and can take a variety of forms at once, rather than being a fixed type. The chapter maps the connections among gender, military service, and citizenship in the United States, and it describes the so-called masculinity crisis that coincided with the abolition of the military draft. The chapter ends with a brief history of the all-volunteer force that introduces some of the issues raised by the end of conscription.
Jamie Coates
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455850
- eISBN:
- 9789888455478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455850.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Through an exploration of one Chinese man’s efforts to navigate masculinities in Japan, this chapter conceptualises how masculine persona change. Li Xiaomu first gained notoriety as a guide to, and ...
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Through an exploration of one Chinese man’s efforts to navigate masculinities in Japan, this chapter conceptualises how masculine persona change. Li Xiaomu first gained notoriety as a guide to, and commentator on, Japan’s red light district, Kabukicho. Often exacerbating negative perceptions of Chinese-ness in Japan, Li’s masculine performances coopted hegemonic associations between Chinese men and underworld crime in the late 1990s and early 2000s. More recently however, Li has moved to perform other hegemonic masculinities through his new persona as a respectful politician and advocate for diversity in Japan. Based on ethnographic and media-text analyses of Li’s complex public persona, this chapter interrogates what it means for Chinese men to strive towards a cosmopolitanism ethos in transnational contexts.Less
Through an exploration of one Chinese man’s efforts to navigate masculinities in Japan, this chapter conceptualises how masculine persona change. Li Xiaomu first gained notoriety as a guide to, and commentator on, Japan’s red light district, Kabukicho. Often exacerbating negative perceptions of Chinese-ness in Japan, Li’s masculine performances coopted hegemonic associations between Chinese men and underworld crime in the late 1990s and early 2000s. More recently however, Li has moved to perform other hegemonic masculinities through his new persona as a respectful politician and advocate for diversity in Japan. Based on ethnographic and media-text analyses of Li’s complex public persona, this chapter interrogates what it means for Chinese men to strive towards a cosmopolitanism ethos in transnational contexts.
Neil Websdale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195315417
- eISBN:
- 9780199777464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315417.003.006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Chapter 6 explores the interrelationships between modern figurations of feeling, familial atmospheres of feeling, and the emotional styles of perpetrators as means of making sense of familicide. One ...
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Chapter 6 explores the interrelationships between modern figurations of feeling, familial atmospheres of feeling, and the emotional styles of perpetrators as means of making sense of familicide. One of the hallmarks of modern life is the increasing value attached to controlling one's emotions and one's interactions with others. Such self-control was particularly emphasized among the ranks of bourgeois men. The chapter commences with a discussion of these cultural imperatives toward self-control and emotional restraint. The author underscores the prominent place of anxiety, shame and anger among familicidal hearts, using this analysis as segue into a discussion of the relationship between modernity, emotional styles, hegemonic masculinity, and familicide. Of particular importance is the fact that familicide is gendered, reflecting the greater social disconnection and isolation of men in modern times.Less
Chapter 6 explores the interrelationships between modern figurations of feeling, familial atmospheres of feeling, and the emotional styles of perpetrators as means of making sense of familicide. One of the hallmarks of modern life is the increasing value attached to controlling one's emotions and one's interactions with others. Such self-control was particularly emphasized among the ranks of bourgeois men. The chapter commences with a discussion of these cultural imperatives toward self-control and emotional restraint. The author underscores the prominent place of anxiety, shame and anger among familicidal hearts, using this analysis as segue into a discussion of the relationship between modernity, emotional styles, hegemonic masculinity, and familicide. Of particular importance is the fact that familicide is gendered, reflecting the greater social disconnection and isolation of men in modern times.
Nancy E. Dowd
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814720059
- eISBN:
- 9780814785379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814720059.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter provides an overview of masculinities scholarship and its importance in understanding not only masculinities, manhood, and men but also feminist theory. It considers the theoretical ...
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This chapter provides an overview of masculinities scholarship and its importance in understanding not only masculinities, manhood, and men but also feminist theory. It considers the theoretical perspectives and questions ranging from masculinity as social construction to whether men can be feminists, the masculinities of racial minority men, resisting male privilege, the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the influence of queer theory on masculinities theory, and the impact of masculinity on boys and young men. It also examines how culture, and especially media, produces and reproduces gender before turning to an analysis of the complex threads of rebellion and ongoing reproduction of power. Finally, it offers suggestions for reorienting masculinity in a pro-woman direction.Less
This chapter provides an overview of masculinities scholarship and its importance in understanding not only masculinities, manhood, and men but also feminist theory. It considers the theoretical perspectives and questions ranging from masculinity as social construction to whether men can be feminists, the masculinities of racial minority men, resisting male privilege, the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the influence of queer theory on masculinities theory, and the impact of masculinity on boys and young men. It also examines how culture, and especially media, produces and reproduces gender before turning to an analysis of the complex threads of rebellion and ongoing reproduction of power. Finally, it offers suggestions for reorienting masculinity in a pro-woman direction.
Kendall Lori
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230361
- eISBN:
- 9780520935983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230361.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses gender, focusing on the particular masculinities performed on BlueSky and their relationship to hegemonic masculinity. The dominant masculine identity on BlueSky is connected ...
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This chapter discusses gender, focusing on the particular masculinities performed on BlueSky and their relationship to hegemonic masculinity. The dominant masculine identity on BlueSky is connected to computer-related work, and BlueSky participants enact masculinity in and through discussions related to work. It is pointed out, masculinity does not constitute a single uniform standard of behavior but rather comprises a range of gender identities clustered around expectations concerning masculinity, hegemonic masculinity is defined as the configuration of gender practice which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of the legitimacy of patriarchy, which guarantees (or is taken to guarantee) the dominant position of men and the subordination of women, often significant in muddling. The article also discusses BlueSky participants' understanding of what it means to be a nerd and the advantages and disadvantages that BlueSky's maledominated space provides for female participants.Less
This chapter discusses gender, focusing on the particular masculinities performed on BlueSky and their relationship to hegemonic masculinity. The dominant masculine identity on BlueSky is connected to computer-related work, and BlueSky participants enact masculinity in and through discussions related to work. It is pointed out, masculinity does not constitute a single uniform standard of behavior but rather comprises a range of gender identities clustered around expectations concerning masculinity, hegemonic masculinity is defined as the configuration of gender practice which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of the legitimacy of patriarchy, which guarantees (or is taken to guarantee) the dominant position of men and the subordination of women, often significant in muddling. The article also discusses BlueSky participants' understanding of what it means to be a nerd and the advantages and disadvantages that BlueSky's maledominated space provides for female participants.
Frank Rudy Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814764039
- eISBN:
- 9780814764046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814764039.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter looks at the metaphor of the drug game as a chess game in the critically acclaimed HBO police drama The Wire. This analogy is also a metaphor for the way the hierarchy of identities ...
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This chapter looks at the metaphor of the drug game as a chess game in the critically acclaimed HBO police drama The Wire. This analogy is also a metaphor for the way the hierarchy of identities reproduces itself. It argues that “the king stay the king,” in chess and in the game of real life identities, because we tend to accept the fundamental principle that there will always be some form of hierarchy. Addressing the hegemonic masculinity versus hegemony of men debate within masculinities studies, it argues that multidimensionality theory helps provide an answer by showing that there is simultaneously a general but diffuse hegemonic masculinity and a variety of alternative masculinities that are sometimes hegemonic in particular contexts. In the context of The Wire, that simultaneity is reflected in the fact that the drug dealers who are so well-depicted in the show aspire to succeed under both the general society's definition of success and their own inner-city codes. Highlighting the class dynamics that travel along with racial and gender dynamics in the show, the chapter calls for a multidimensional masculinities theory that incorporates a critique of capitalism.Less
This chapter looks at the metaphor of the drug game as a chess game in the critically acclaimed HBO police drama The Wire. This analogy is also a metaphor for the way the hierarchy of identities reproduces itself. It argues that “the king stay the king,” in chess and in the game of real life identities, because we tend to accept the fundamental principle that there will always be some form of hierarchy. Addressing the hegemonic masculinity versus hegemony of men debate within masculinities studies, it argues that multidimensionality theory helps provide an answer by showing that there is simultaneously a general but diffuse hegemonic masculinity and a variety of alternative masculinities that are sometimes hegemonic in particular contexts. In the context of The Wire, that simultaneity is reflected in the fact that the drug dealers who are so well-depicted in the show aspire to succeed under both the general society's definition of success and their own inner-city codes. Highlighting the class dynamics that travel along with racial and gender dynamics in the show, the chapter calls for a multidimensional masculinities theory that incorporates a critique of capitalism.
Gareth Lloyd Evans
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198831242
- eISBN:
- 9780191869082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198831242.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter briefly considers past scholarship on gender and masculinity in Old Norse literature, before producing a critique of the currently dominant model of gender in medieval Icelandic ...
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This chapter briefly considers past scholarship on gender and masculinity in Old Norse literature, before producing a critique of the currently dominant model of gender in medieval Icelandic literature (Carol Clover’s one-sex, one-gender model). A number of examples from a range of sagas are used to demonstrate the limitations of this present model. The chapter then proposes a new way of conceptualizing masculinities in Old Norse literature, based on theories of hegemonic masculinity. By drawing on evidence from a range of sagas, hegemonic masculinity is shown to be a more suitable framework for the study of saga masculinities than the one-sex, one-gender model. The chapter concludes by elucidating the features of the specific modality of hegemonic masculinity that operates in the sagasLess
This chapter briefly considers past scholarship on gender and masculinity in Old Norse literature, before producing a critique of the currently dominant model of gender in medieval Icelandic literature (Carol Clover’s one-sex, one-gender model). A number of examples from a range of sagas are used to demonstrate the limitations of this present model. The chapter then proposes a new way of conceptualizing masculinities in Old Norse literature, based on theories of hegemonic masculinity. By drawing on evidence from a range of sagas, hegemonic masculinity is shown to be a more suitable framework for the study of saga masculinities than the one-sex, one-gender model. The chapter concludes by elucidating the features of the specific modality of hegemonic masculinity that operates in the sagas
David S. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814764039
- eISBN:
- 9780814764046
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814764039.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter examines sex segregation, masculinities, and gender variance by focusing on two separate theoretical concepts: hegemonic masculinity and the hegemony of men. It argues that the different ...
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This chapter examines sex segregation, masculinities, and gender variance by focusing on two separate theoretical concepts: hegemonic masculinity and the hegemony of men. It argues that the different forms of sex segregation that exist in the United States help create and perpetuate a particular form of idealized masculinity—what theorists call hegemonic masculinity—that exerts normative power over men to conform. Sex segregation also contributes to the dominance of men over women and nonhegemonically masculine men, a phenomenon that other theorists call the hegemony of men. In both ways, sex segregation contributes to an essentialized view of what it means to be a man—both in the attributes associated with an idealized manhood and in the power ascribed and available to some men over women and other men. This essentialized view of men and masculinity takes its harshest and most discriminatory toll on gender-variant individuals.Less
This chapter examines sex segregation, masculinities, and gender variance by focusing on two separate theoretical concepts: hegemonic masculinity and the hegemony of men. It argues that the different forms of sex segregation that exist in the United States help create and perpetuate a particular form of idealized masculinity—what theorists call hegemonic masculinity—that exerts normative power over men to conform. Sex segregation also contributes to the dominance of men over women and nonhegemonically masculine men, a phenomenon that other theorists call the hegemony of men. In both ways, sex segregation contributes to an essentialized view of what it means to be a man—both in the attributes associated with an idealized manhood and in the power ascribed and available to some men over women and other men. This essentialized view of men and masculinity takes its harshest and most discriminatory toll on gender-variant individuals.
Emma Young
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474427739
- eISBN:
- 9781474444965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427739.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Since the 1980s masculinity, more specifically ‘hegemonic masculinity’ has been a focal point of gender and sexuality discourses. The short story writings of Mantel, Hislop, and most particularly, ...
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Since the 1980s masculinity, more specifically ‘hegemonic masculinity’ has been a focal point of gender and sexuality discourses. The short story writings of Mantel, Hislop, and most particularly, Tremain, reflect, critique and problematize such understandings of masculinity. This chapter is shaped around three key areas that are often seen as defining masculinity: work, sexuality and the differences between male and female bodies. As with the historical strand of chapter three, in this chapter there will be a focus on history and one particularly significant historical moment for men and masculinity: the 1980s. It is through this analysis that questions will be addressed about how and why masculinity is a part of contemporary feminist discourses and, through the work of Judith Halberstam, will consider the ways in which queer theory and postmodern feminism have informed such debates. The momentary nature of the short story will be explored in greater depth too, in order to understand how the contemporary and historical moments interact in this narrative space.Less
Since the 1980s masculinity, more specifically ‘hegemonic masculinity’ has been a focal point of gender and sexuality discourses. The short story writings of Mantel, Hislop, and most particularly, Tremain, reflect, critique and problematize such understandings of masculinity. This chapter is shaped around three key areas that are often seen as defining masculinity: work, sexuality and the differences between male and female bodies. As with the historical strand of chapter three, in this chapter there will be a focus on history and one particularly significant historical moment for men and masculinity: the 1980s. It is through this analysis that questions will be addressed about how and why masculinity is a part of contemporary feminist discourses and, through the work of Judith Halberstam, will consider the ways in which queer theory and postmodern feminism have informed such debates. The momentary nature of the short story will be explored in greater depth too, in order to understand how the contemporary and historical moments interact in this narrative space.
Stephen M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190222826
- eISBN:
- 9780190222840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222826.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter presents a critical summary of recent research into biblical masculinity. It specifies the particular qualities associated with hegemonic masculinity in the Hebrew Bible. These include ...
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This chapter presents a critical summary of recent research into biblical masculinity. It specifies the particular qualities associated with hegemonic masculinity in the Hebrew Bible. These include strength, wisdom, the avoidance of excessive association with women, self-control, fertility, honor, and kinship solidarity. This chapter also challenges the predominant opinion among scholars that biblical masculinity is constructed primarily in opposition to femininity. Informed by the work of anthropologist Gilbert Herdt and developmental psychologist Nancy Chodorow, this chapter shows rather that manhood is constructed primarily in opposition to boyhood. This demonstrates how a study of male maturation is essential to research into biblical manhood, since it is in the proof of maturation that masculinity is truly displayed.Less
This chapter presents a critical summary of recent research into biblical masculinity. It specifies the particular qualities associated with hegemonic masculinity in the Hebrew Bible. These include strength, wisdom, the avoidance of excessive association with women, self-control, fertility, honor, and kinship solidarity. This chapter also challenges the predominant opinion among scholars that biblical masculinity is constructed primarily in opposition to femininity. Informed by the work of anthropologist Gilbert Herdt and developmental psychologist Nancy Chodorow, this chapter shows rather that manhood is constructed primarily in opposition to boyhood. This demonstrates how a study of male maturation is essential to research into biblical manhood, since it is in the proof of maturation that masculinity is truly displayed.
Rebecca Feasey
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627974
- eISBN:
- 9780748651184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627974.003.0009
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Sports television is a generic label that covers a wide range of different production practices such as live sports coverage, magazine programmes, quiz shows, chat shows and fictional dramas ...
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Sports television is a generic label that covers a wide range of different production practices such as live sports coverage, magazine programmes, quiz shows, chat shows and fictional dramas dedicated to the world of sport. Although they have distinctions in style, presentation and format, all are committed to the masculine discourses in general and to the hierarchy of hegemonic masculinity in particular. This chapter offers a brief history of organised sports, and draws attention to the ways in which television actually controls and creates rather than simply covers particular sporting events. It also illustrates the ways in which women are routinely trivialised, infantilised and sexualised in sports in general and television sports coverage in particular. The chapter furthermore examines the ways in which male-appropriate sports tend to situate the hegemonic male as the site of heroic masculinity, and the ways in which they marginalise alternative representations and images of the male. However, even though the world of sport seems to reinforce the traditional masculine values such as aggressiveness, strength, success and stoicism, sports stars such as David Beckham, Andre Agassi and Gavin Henson have challenged the very foundations of the hegemonic hierarchy, reminding us that the image of the dominant, aggressive and competitive male is merely a historical and cultural construct which can be exploited or negated.Less
Sports television is a generic label that covers a wide range of different production practices such as live sports coverage, magazine programmes, quiz shows, chat shows and fictional dramas dedicated to the world of sport. Although they have distinctions in style, presentation and format, all are committed to the masculine discourses in general and to the hierarchy of hegemonic masculinity in particular. This chapter offers a brief history of organised sports, and draws attention to the ways in which television actually controls and creates rather than simply covers particular sporting events. It also illustrates the ways in which women are routinely trivialised, infantilised and sexualised in sports in general and television sports coverage in particular. The chapter furthermore examines the ways in which male-appropriate sports tend to situate the hegemonic male as the site of heroic masculinity, and the ways in which they marginalise alternative representations and images of the male. However, even though the world of sport seems to reinforce the traditional masculine values such as aggressiveness, strength, success and stoicism, sports stars such as David Beckham, Andre Agassi and Gavin Henson have challenged the very foundations of the hegemonic hierarchy, reminding us that the image of the dominant, aggressive and competitive male is merely a historical and cultural construct which can be exploited or negated.
Jutta Joachim and Andrea Schneiker
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199364374
- eISBN:
- 9780199364404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199364374.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Like other transnational business corporations, PMSCs exhibit a gendered division of labor that contributes to the reconfiguration of the global gender order. Drawing on the literature on ...
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Like other transnational business corporations, PMSCs exhibit a gendered division of labor that contributes to the reconfiguration of the global gender order. Drawing on the literature on masculinities and on feminist international political economy, this chapter explores how the construction of hegemonic masculinity in the private military and security industry intersects with culture, race, and class, reproduces social inequalities, and hides the subordinate masculinities it entails. Many PMSCs recruit personnel from third world countries because they are cheap labor, but even former soldiers of Western elite military forces are subject to subordination when working for PMSCs. Different mechanisms are responsible for the exploitation and marginalization of men in the context of private security. Even though these mechanisms reproduce inequalities between the global South and the North as well as within Western societies, they are silenced and have not received much attention because they take place in private.Less
Like other transnational business corporations, PMSCs exhibit a gendered division of labor that contributes to the reconfiguration of the global gender order. Drawing on the literature on masculinities and on feminist international political economy, this chapter explores how the construction of hegemonic masculinity in the private military and security industry intersects with culture, race, and class, reproduces social inequalities, and hides the subordinate masculinities it entails. Many PMSCs recruit personnel from third world countries because they are cheap labor, but even former soldiers of Western elite military forces are subject to subordination when working for PMSCs. Different mechanisms are responsible for the exploitation and marginalization of men in the context of private security. Even though these mechanisms reproduce inequalities between the global South and the North as well as within Western societies, they are silenced and have not received much attention because they take place in private.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This concluding chapter surveys the various ways in which Richard II's manhood and youth came to be such important issues in the politics of his reign, both through the king's own attempts to be ...
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This concluding chapter surveys the various ways in which Richard II's manhood and youth came to be such important issues in the politics of his reign, both through the king's own attempts to be recognized in the status of a man, and his opponents' efforts to resist them. Richard emerges not as a champion of an alternative masculinity but as the vehement adept of certain conventional qualities associated with being a ‘man’: the deeds in war and the household establishment associated with manhood. What is perhaps most telling about the case of Richard II is the effectiveness with which it demonstrates that behaving in accordance with culturally normative ideas of manhood does not guarantee success in achieving the status these values promise. Yet despite their practical inefficiency, these ideas were still of considerable psychological and emotional power, and might in this sense be regarded as a kind of ‘hegemonic masculinity’.Less
This concluding chapter surveys the various ways in which Richard II's manhood and youth came to be such important issues in the politics of his reign, both through the king's own attempts to be recognized in the status of a man, and his opponents' efforts to resist them. Richard emerges not as a champion of an alternative masculinity but as the vehement adept of certain conventional qualities associated with being a ‘man’: the deeds in war and the household establishment associated with manhood. What is perhaps most telling about the case of Richard II is the effectiveness with which it demonstrates that behaving in accordance with culturally normative ideas of manhood does not guarantee success in achieving the status these values promise. Yet despite their practical inefficiency, these ideas were still of considerable psychological and emotional power, and might in this sense be regarded as a kind of ‘hegemonic masculinity’.
Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Ewan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474403894
- eISBN:
- 9781474430951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403894.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This chapter introduces the study of masculinities in Scotland and Scottish history. It discusses the importance of considering gender when examining the lives and actions of men, before providing a ...
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This chapter introduces the study of masculinities in Scotland and Scottish history. It discusses the importance of considering gender when examining the lives and actions of men, before providing a brief historiography of the study of masculinity in recent decades, including such concepts as hegemonic masculinity and patriarchy. The chapter provides a summary of the themes discussed in the three parts of the book – Models, Representations, and Lived Experiences. It briefly describes individual chapters as well as the types of sources contributors have used. Among the important issues raised by the contributors are male subjectivity, masculinities and power, violence, images of masculinity, the relationship between prescription and practice, and the intersection of age, social status, and economic and social factors with gender. The extent to which the Scottish experience is distinctive is discussed.Less
This chapter introduces the study of masculinities in Scotland and Scottish history. It discusses the importance of considering gender when examining the lives and actions of men, before providing a brief historiography of the study of masculinity in recent decades, including such concepts as hegemonic masculinity and patriarchy. The chapter provides a summary of the themes discussed in the three parts of the book – Models, Representations, and Lived Experiences. It briefly describes individual chapters as well as the types of sources contributors have used. Among the important issues raised by the contributors are male subjectivity, masculinities and power, violence, images of masculinity, the relationship between prescription and practice, and the intersection of age, social status, and economic and social factors with gender. The extent to which the Scottish experience is distinctive is discussed.
Perry N. Halkitis
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190686604
- eISBN:
- 9780190942151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190686604.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The identity development of gay men, their coming out, and their well-being is influenced by hypermasculinity, which permeates American society. Such conceptions of masculinity foster aggressiveness ...
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The identity development of gay men, their coming out, and their well-being is influenced by hypermasculinity, which permeates American society. Such conceptions of masculinity foster aggressiveness of men toward women and sexual minority men in the form of homophobia and homonegativity. Many gay men also adopt hypermasculine conceptions defining their manliness by social behavior, sexual prowess, and muscularity, a condition fueled by the heterosexism of American society. Gay men who espouse hegemonic masculinity often do so as a means of passing and covering—they stereotype sexual roles and diminish those within the population who do not adhere to these rigid gender norms. While this is evident across generations, the Queer Generation has been most vociferous in challenging the rigidity of hypermasculinity and expressing greater ease and comfort in adapting traditionally feminine attributes, representations, and behaviors. As a result a more inclusive and advanced conception of what it means to be a man is evidenced in younger gay men.Less
The identity development of gay men, their coming out, and their well-being is influenced by hypermasculinity, which permeates American society. Such conceptions of masculinity foster aggressiveness of men toward women and sexual minority men in the form of homophobia and homonegativity. Many gay men also adopt hypermasculine conceptions defining their manliness by social behavior, sexual prowess, and muscularity, a condition fueled by the heterosexism of American society. Gay men who espouse hegemonic masculinity often do so as a means of passing and covering—they stereotype sexual roles and diminish those within the population who do not adhere to these rigid gender norms. While this is evident across generations, the Queer Generation has been most vociferous in challenging the rigidity of hypermasculinity and expressing greater ease and comfort in adapting traditionally feminine attributes, representations, and behaviors. As a result a more inclusive and advanced conception of what it means to be a man is evidenced in younger gay men.
Juliette Pattinson, Arthur Mcivor, and Linsey Robb
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526100696
- eISBN:
- 9781526120830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526100696.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The chapter examines the consensus among historians that civilian men were compared unfavourably to the disciplined soldier, were emasculated by women’s new wartime roles and were rendered invisible ...
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The chapter examines the consensus among historians that civilian men were compared unfavourably to the disciplined soldier, were emasculated by women’s new wartime roles and were rendered invisible in wartime representations. Having established the high status enjoyed by the ‘soldier hero’ in wartime discourse and by contrast, the fragile position of the male civilian, with reference to Connell’s concept of ‘hegemonic masculinity’, the chapter asserts that the construction of masculinity in fact remained open to contestation. Sources where the reserved man are depicted in a positive way are analysed. The chapter examines the rich array of source material that historians can, but have so far failed to, draw upon, including archival documents, visual sources and our newly conducted oral history interviews.Less
The chapter examines the consensus among historians that civilian men were compared unfavourably to the disciplined soldier, were emasculated by women’s new wartime roles and were rendered invisible in wartime representations. Having established the high status enjoyed by the ‘soldier hero’ in wartime discourse and by contrast, the fragile position of the male civilian, with reference to Connell’s concept of ‘hegemonic masculinity’, the chapter asserts that the construction of masculinity in fact remained open to contestation. Sources where the reserved man are depicted in a positive way are analysed. The chapter examines the rich array of source material that historians can, but have so far failed to, draw upon, including archival documents, visual sources and our newly conducted oral history interviews.
Angela Stroud
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469627892
- eISBN:
- 9781469627915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627892.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
This chapter is an in-depth analysis of how men and masculinity shape gun carry discourses, and it utilizes masculinity theories, including the importance of manhood acts and the cultural production ...
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This chapter is an in-depth analysis of how men and masculinity shape gun carry discourses, and it utilizes masculinity theories, including the importance of manhood acts and the cultural production of hegemonic masculinity via media. The construction of guns as men’s things is analysed, including the ways that men talk about guns in their childhoods and their socialization into shooting through participation in masculine institutions. Their explanations for wanting CHLs are analysed, and becoming fathers and husbands and aging are identified as important life experiences that compel some men to want to carry a gun in public. Bodies signify toughness and vulnerability, and as men age, some feel that their abilities to fight and convey invulnerability are diminished. The chapter ends with an analysis of victim discourse.Less
This chapter is an in-depth analysis of how men and masculinity shape gun carry discourses, and it utilizes masculinity theories, including the importance of manhood acts and the cultural production of hegemonic masculinity via media. The construction of guns as men’s things is analysed, including the ways that men talk about guns in their childhoods and their socialization into shooting through participation in masculine institutions. Their explanations for wanting CHLs are analysed, and becoming fathers and husbands and aging are identified as important life experiences that compel some men to want to carry a gun in public. Bodies signify toughness and vulnerability, and as men age, some feel that their abilities to fight and convey invulnerability are diminished. The chapter ends with an analysis of victim discourse.
Viola Shafik
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780823242245
- eISBN:
- 9780823242283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823242245.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter relates mass-mediated abuses against Arabs and Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Guantánamo to relevant U.S.-American films since the 1980s and to Middle Eastern films in order to show ...
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This chapter relates mass-mediated abuses against Arabs and Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Guantánamo to relevant U.S.-American films since the 1980s and to Middle Eastern films in order to show how such cultural representations are tied to the international power structure and what ideological premises underpin them. It argues that while depictions of physical abuse in U.S. and Middle Eastern films are interdependent and cross-referential, the two sets of film differ substantially in their choice of genres and modes of representation. Moreover, while characterizations of ethnic difference vary according to the particular political and racialized agenda being espoused, those relating to sexual difference follow a more uniform set of codifications. Emphasis on physical traits, such as weakness, passivity, and penetrability, are crucial to delivering a gendered political message that links recourse to torture to a drive for absolute power and gender domination.Less
This chapter relates mass-mediated abuses against Arabs and Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Guantánamo to relevant U.S.-American films since the 1980s and to Middle Eastern films in order to show how such cultural representations are tied to the international power structure and what ideological premises underpin them. It argues that while depictions of physical abuse in U.S. and Middle Eastern films are interdependent and cross-referential, the two sets of film differ substantially in their choice of genres and modes of representation. Moreover, while characterizations of ethnic difference vary according to the particular political and racialized agenda being espoused, those relating to sexual difference follow a more uniform set of codifications. Emphasis on physical traits, such as weakness, passivity, and penetrability, are crucial to delivering a gendered political message that links recourse to torture to a drive for absolute power and gender domination.
