Chrisanthi Avgerou
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263424
- eISBN:
- 9780191714252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263424.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in ...
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This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in the US and Europe that monitor drug utilization and influence doctors’ prescribing behaviour acquired great significance, due to the increased costs of drug treatments and the problem of cost containment faced by healthcare organizations. By outlining what drug utilization systems have been implemented in the US and the UK — two countries with very different healthcare systems and both experiencing reform pressures — this case study shows two things. First, how different information systems emerge in healthcare systems organized according to different principles of rationality. Second, how, even in the same country and organizational setting, information systems are confronted with different and competing substantive rationalities. In this case, economic management, equitable high-quality public service, and science-based professional conduct.Less
This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in the US and Europe that monitor drug utilization and influence doctors’ prescribing behaviour acquired great significance, due to the increased costs of drug treatments and the problem of cost containment faced by healthcare organizations. By outlining what drug utilization systems have been implemented in the US and the UK — two countries with very different healthcare systems and both experiencing reform pressures — this case study shows two things. First, how different information systems emerge in healthcare systems organized according to different principles of rationality. Second, how, even in the same country and organizational setting, information systems are confronted with different and competing substantive rationalities. In this case, economic management, equitable high-quality public service, and science-based professional conduct.
Richard D. Smith and Kara Hanson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book outlines the key aspects and issues concerning health systems of low- and middle-income countries, recognizing the current global context within which these systems operate and the dynamics ...
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This book outlines the key aspects and issues concerning health systems of low- and middle-income countries, recognizing the current global context within which these systems operate and the dynamics of this context. Chapters tackle the issues that face population health and health care in the 21st century. The focus is predominantly low- and middle-income countries, with a distinct meeting of economic and policy perspectives, and grounding analysis of key issues within the broader international context. The book therefore provides a unique and comprehensive analysis of health systems, with a very different and unique ‘flavour’ in the field.Less
This book outlines the key aspects and issues concerning health systems of low- and middle-income countries, recognizing the current global context within which these systems operate and the dynamics of this context. Chapters tackle the issues that face population health and health care in the 21st century. The focus is predominantly low- and middle-income countries, with a distinct meeting of economic and policy perspectives, and grounding analysis of key issues within the broader international context. The book therefore provides a unique and comprehensive analysis of health systems, with a very different and unique ‘flavour’ in the field.
Alexandra Kaasch
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199591145
- eISBN:
- 9780191594601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591145.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter 9 focuses on ideas about the organization of health systems as developed in and disseminated by the OECD Secretariat. Global health governance is characterized by an increasing number ...
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Chapter 9 focuses on ideas about the organization of health systems as developed in and disseminated by the OECD Secretariat. Global health governance is characterized by an increasing number of different global health actors including an increasingly active OECD. After defining the OECD's role in transnational health policy, its potential power to influence national policy‐making by disseminating particular ideas, and a broader overview of the OECD's health activities, this chapter presents and discusses the general OECD approach regarding health systems and analyzes the specific issue of private health insurance (PHI). In order to explore the potential impact of these ideas, some of the OECD Reviews of Health Care Systems and Economic Surveys are examined with regard to their specific recommendations concerning PHI. The chapter also discusses the content and coherence of the OECD ideas regarding PHI and the potential power of the OECD Secretariat to guide national health policy in this dimension.Less
Chapter 9 focuses on ideas about the organization of health systems as developed in and disseminated by the OECD Secretariat. Global health governance is characterized by an increasing number of different global health actors including an increasingly active OECD. After defining the OECD's role in transnational health policy, its potential power to influence national policy‐making by disseminating particular ideas, and a broader overview of the OECD's health activities, this chapter presents and discusses the general OECD approach regarding health systems and analyzes the specific issue of private health insurance (PHI). In order to explore the potential impact of these ideas, some of the OECD Reviews of Health Care Systems and Economic Surveys are examined with regard to their specific recommendations concerning PHI. The chapter also discusses the content and coherence of the OECD ideas regarding PHI and the potential power of the OECD Secretariat to guide national health policy in this dimension.
Alain Enthoven
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390131
- eISBN:
- 9780199775934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390131.003.004
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter begins with a discussion of the fragmentation of health care delivery and its occurrence at two levels: with the individual patient, and at the community level. It then discusses ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the fragmentation of health care delivery and its occurrence at two levels: with the individual patient, and at the community level. It then discusses integrated and coordinated health care delivery systems. It is argued that America could move rapidly to integrated systems if it “opens the markets and levels the playing field” by adopting a reform model like the Wyden–Bennett Healthy Americans Act, the Dutch model, or the one proposed by the Committee for Economic Development (CED), in which everyone would have wide, responsible, individual, and informed choice, and multiple choices among alternative health care financing and delivery systems. Experience shows that when offered such a choice, great majorities of people choose integrated systems. The principles of such reforms are comparatively easy to state. The implementation is, unfortunately, extremely complex.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the fragmentation of health care delivery and its occurrence at two levels: with the individual patient, and at the community level. It then discusses integrated and coordinated health care delivery systems. It is argued that America could move rapidly to integrated systems if it “opens the markets and levels the playing field” by adopting a reform model like the Wyden–Bennett Healthy Americans Act, the Dutch model, or the one proposed by the Committee for Economic Development (CED), in which everyone would have wide, responsible, individual, and informed choice, and multiple choices among alternative health care financing and delivery systems. Experience shows that when offered such a choice, great majorities of people choose integrated systems. The principles of such reforms are comparatively easy to state. The implementation is, unfortunately, extremely complex.
John Walley and Sarah Escott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.003.010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers the benefits of a well-functioning district health system. It argues for a general approach to health needs assessment, selecting the best interventions, and planning and ...
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This chapter considers the benefits of a well-functioning district health system. It argues for a general approach to health needs assessment, selecting the best interventions, and planning and implementing better services as covered in the earlier chapters. The specific strategies and management systems for a better district health system are discussed.Less
This chapter considers the benefits of a well-functioning district health system. It argues for a general approach to health needs assessment, selecting the best interventions, and planning and implementing better services as covered in the earlier chapters. The specific strategies and management systems for a better district health system are discussed.
Frank Pasquale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390131
- eISBN:
- 9780199775934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390131.003.011
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter focuses on the need for more targeted assessment of the impact of market forces on communities. Pilot programs encourage experimentation in the delivery system without risking widespread ...
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This chapter focuses on the need for more targeted assessment of the impact of market forces on communities. Pilot programs encourage experimentation in the delivery system without risking widespread disruption of care for the uninsured and emergency services. The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has already embraced the idea of pilot programs in other contexts, and they could be especially appropriate if specialty hospitals were permitted in markets where general hospitals had a demonstrably poor record of community service. In such markets, cross-subsidization is probably already low, and specialty hospital threats to it are not as much of a concern as they are in areas where general hospitals consistently serve a substantial base of indigent and uninsured patients. Part II of the chapter makes the case for pilot programs by laying out basic facts about the current performance of specialty hospitals. Part III describes the increasingly complex legal landscape surrounding them—including directly applicable provisions of state and federal laws, and incumbent hospitals' strategies to deploy other regulations, statutes, and common law to gain competitive advantage. After briefly describing the drawbacks of all these strategies, Part IV advances the positive contribution of the chapter: a turn to pilot programs that would promote an evidence-based response to the rise of specialty hospitals.Less
This chapter focuses on the need for more targeted assessment of the impact of market forces on communities. Pilot programs encourage experimentation in the delivery system without risking widespread disruption of care for the uninsured and emergency services. The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has already embraced the idea of pilot programs in other contexts, and they could be especially appropriate if specialty hospitals were permitted in markets where general hospitals had a demonstrably poor record of community service. In such markets, cross-subsidization is probably already low, and specialty hospital threats to it are not as much of a concern as they are in areas where general hospitals consistently serve a substantial base of indigent and uninsured patients. Part II of the chapter makes the case for pilot programs by laying out basic facts about the current performance of specialty hospitals. Part III describes the increasingly complex legal landscape surrounding them—including directly applicable provisions of state and federal laws, and incumbent hospitals' strategies to deploy other regulations, statutes, and common law to gain competitive advantage. After briefly describing the drawbacks of all these strategies, Part IV advances the positive contribution of the chapter: a turn to pilot programs that would promote an evidence-based response to the rise of specialty hospitals.
Andrew Green
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.003.09
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses some of the key policy issues related to health systems that public health managers face. This is important both in terms of understanding the ‘bigger picture’ and in seeing ...
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This chapter discusses some of the key policy issues related to health systems that public health managers face. This is important both in terms of understanding the ‘bigger picture’ and in seeing how they can get involved in influencing them. Having given this broad overview of global policies, the chapter then looks at what is meant by a health system and what are its key elements.Less
This chapter discusses some of the key policy issues related to health systems that public health managers face. This is important both in terms of understanding the ‘bigger picture’ and in seeing how they can get involved in influencing them. Having given this broad overview of global policies, the chapter then looks at what is meant by a health system and what are its key elements.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Mental models are the largely unconscious ideas and beliefs that structure what we think about–and what we do not consider. Mental models represent mental short-cuts and limitations. This chapter ...
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Mental models are the largely unconscious ideas and beliefs that structure what we think about–and what we do not consider. Mental models represent mental short-cuts and limitations. This chapter looks at the mental models that shape our organizations, especially healthcare and human service delivery environments. Looking through the lens of mental models enables us to see the ethical conflicts that lie at the heart of so many caring environments today. The chapter then focuses the lens on the mental health system and discusses the ways in which the chronic and disabling conditions that affect the mental health system represent a “system under siege”.Less
Mental models are the largely unconscious ideas and beliefs that structure what we think about–and what we do not consider. Mental models represent mental short-cuts and limitations. This chapter looks at the mental models that shape our organizations, especially healthcare and human service delivery environments. Looking through the lens of mental models enables us to see the ethical conflicts that lie at the heart of so many caring environments today. The chapter then focuses the lens on the mental health system and discusses the ways in which the chronic and disabling conditions that affect the mental health system represent a “system under siege”.
Richard D. Smith and Kara Hanson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This volume considers the health sector to be made up of the set of actors and activities that are primarily aimed at improving/preserving health status, at an individual or a population level. In ...
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This volume considers the health sector to be made up of the set of actors and activities that are primarily aimed at improving/preserving health status, at an individual or a population level. In contrast, the health system encompasses a broader range of activities that influence health. The central message is that a clearer understanding of these broader influences, together with the complex set of interactions and linkages among them, are critical for improving population health in a world in which both sectoral and international boundaries have become increasingly permeable. This chapter elaborates upon, and justifies, the deliberately broader approach that is taken in this volume. It begins by providing a brief history of the development of ‘health system’ thinking to provide the context.Less
This volume considers the health sector to be made up of the set of actors and activities that are primarily aimed at improving/preserving health status, at an individual or a population level. In contrast, the health system encompasses a broader range of activities that influence health. The central message is that a clearer understanding of these broader influences, together with the complex set of interactions and linkages among them, are critical for improving population health in a world in which both sectoral and international boundaries have become increasingly permeable. This chapter elaborates upon, and justifies, the deliberately broader approach that is taken in this volume. It begins by providing a brief history of the development of ‘health system’ thinking to provide the context.
Mark Schlesinger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.003.0024
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.
João Biehl and Adriana Petryna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0016
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In ...
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In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In the wake of the country's highly publicized antiretroviral drug rollout, public health and care have become increasingly pharmaceuticalized and privatized, and the rights-based demand for drug access has migrated from AIDS to other diseases and patient groups. A growing number of citizens are acting within the state to guarantee their right to health, understood as access to medicines of all kinds, whether or not they are available in official drug formularies. This chapter examines the political subjects that emerge from this complex law–state–market ecology and shows how in this new chapter in the history of the right to health, the judiciary has become a crucial arbiter and purveyor of care and technology access.Less
In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In the wake of the country's highly publicized antiretroviral drug rollout, public health and care have become increasingly pharmaceuticalized and privatized, and the rights-based demand for drug access has migrated from AIDS to other diseases and patient groups. A growing number of citizens are acting within the state to guarantee their right to health, understood as access to medicines of all kinds, whether or not they are available in official drug formularies. This chapter examines the political subjects that emerge from this complex law–state–market ecology and shows how in this new chapter in the history of the right to health, the judiciary has become a crucial arbiter and purveyor of care and technology access.
Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241323
- eISBN:
- 9780191696909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241323.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter defines a health care system as the mechanism in any society that transforms or metabolizes inputs of knowledge, and human and financial resources into outputs of services relevant to ...
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This chapter defines a health care system as the mechanism in any society that transforms or metabolizes inputs of knowledge, and human and financial resources into outputs of services relevant to the health concerns in that society. It emphasizes that the promotion of health is not the domain of the health care system alone, since other social systems bear upon the effective, humane, and equitable operation of the health system in each society.Less
This chapter defines a health care system as the mechanism in any society that transforms or metabolizes inputs of knowledge, and human and financial resources into outputs of services relevant to the health concerns in that society. It emphasizes that the promotion of health is not the domain of the health care system alone, since other social systems bear upon the effective, humane, and equitable operation of the health system in each society.
Lucy Gilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, ...
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This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, highlighting the different types of agents, organizations, and organizational arrangements that are embedded within each framework, and identifying the nature of relationships among actors, and the institutions each identifies or implies as underpinning these relationships. Second, it presents recent thinking on health system governance — a central, but less considered, function of every health system. Third, three complementary bodies of theory (organizational and policy implementation theory, and systems thinking) that draw on institutional perspectives in considering organizational functioning and change, are briefly discussed and applied in critique of the health system frameworks. The critique highlights the dominance of a mechanical perspective of organizational functioning within existing frameworks, and a primarily command and control approach to health system strengthening. Finally, two alternative approaches to supporting change within health systems, both of which acknowledge complexity and seek institutional change, are introduced: soft systems methodology and strengthening trust-based relationships.Less
This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, highlighting the different types of agents, organizations, and organizational arrangements that are embedded within each framework, and identifying the nature of relationships among actors, and the institutions each identifies or implies as underpinning these relationships. Second, it presents recent thinking on health system governance — a central, but less considered, function of every health system. Third, three complementary bodies of theory (organizational and policy implementation theory, and systems thinking) that draw on institutional perspectives in considering organizational functioning and change, are briefly discussed and applied in critique of the health system frameworks. The critique highlights the dominance of a mechanical perspective of organizational functioning within existing frameworks, and a primarily command and control approach to health system strengthening. Finally, two alternative approaches to supporting change within health systems, both of which acknowledge complexity and seek institutional change, are introduced: soft systems methodology and strengthening trust-based relationships.
David J. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424631
- eISBN:
- 9781447303978
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424631.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but ...
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Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but health inequalities continue to widen. Such developments have profound implications for the future direction of public health policy and practice. This book offers a wide-ranging, provocative assessment of challenges confronting a public health system, exploring how its parameters have shifted and what the origins of dilemmas in public health practice are.Less
Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but health inequalities continue to widen. Such developments have profound implications for the future direction of public health policy and practice. This book offers a wide-ranging, provocative assessment of challenges confronting a public health system, exploring how its parameters have shifted and what the origins of dilemmas in public health practice are.
Stephen Bach
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This chapter considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health ...
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The consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This chapter considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems. Policy responses are shifting from a reactive agenda that focuses on stemming migration towards a more active agenda of managed migration that benefits source and destination countries. Improved working conditions and effective human resource practice are required to encourage retention of health professionals in both source and destination countries.Less
The consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This chapter considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems. Policy responses are shifting from a reactive agenda that focuses on stemming migration towards a more active agenda of managed migration that benefits source and destination countries. Improved working conditions and effective human resource practice are required to encourage retention of health professionals in both source and destination countries.
Jill Quadagno
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160390
- eISBN:
- 9780199944026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160390.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter presents an evaluation of the alternative explanations of the American case based on the historical evidence given, and analyzes the prospects of health care reform in the twentieth ...
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This chapter presents an evaluation of the alternative explanations of the American case based on the historical evidence given, and analyzes the prospects of health care reform in the twentieth century. It also argues that the United States does not have the health care system it needs due to the failure of its citizens to realize how much they have ceded their health care to private interests, and also reviews the theories of the welfare state.Less
This chapter presents an evaluation of the alternative explanations of the American case based on the historical evidence given, and analyzes the prospects of health care reform in the twentieth century. It also argues that the United States does not have the health care system it needs due to the failure of its citizens to realize how much they have ceded their health care to private interests, and also reviews the theories of the welfare state.
Andrew Green
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198571346
- eISBN:
- 9780191724138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198571346.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter traces some of the key policy themes that have been central to the health sector over the last twenty years. It begins by examining the policy of primary health care (PHC), which for ...
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This chapter traces some of the key policy themes that have been central to the health sector over the last twenty years. It begins by examining the policy of primary health care (PHC), which for many countries was the foundation of their health policies in the 1980s. In the 1990s, emphasis shifted away from PHC towards issues related to the structure of the health sector. Health sector reform (HSR) or health system development (HSD) policies (as they are now more commonly known) have become a major concern of many external partners and health ministries; the chapter examines the key elements of these that were promoted in the 1990s and subsequently. The post-millennium period and a number of more recent policy issues and developments are considered, including increased globalization and the focus on human resources. The chapter concludes by looking at the implications of these policies for effective health planning.Less
This chapter traces some of the key policy themes that have been central to the health sector over the last twenty years. It begins by examining the policy of primary health care (PHC), which for many countries was the foundation of their health policies in the 1980s. In the 1990s, emphasis shifted away from PHC towards issues related to the structure of the health sector. Health sector reform (HSR) or health system development (HSD) policies (as they are now more commonly known) have become a major concern of many external partners and health ministries; the chapter examines the key elements of these that were promoted in the 1990s and subsequently. The post-millennium period and a number of more recent policy issues and developments are considered, including increased globalization and the focus on human resources. The chapter concludes by looking at the implications of these policies for effective health planning.
Anna Vassall and Melisa Martínez-Álvarez
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0077
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development ...
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Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development assistance to health in recent years, fundamental challenges remain; both to raise the finance required and to ensure funds are spent effectively. This chapter examines the experiences, emerging evidence, and lessons learned that are influencing the way in which the international community funds health-related development in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the pattern of aid flows to low- and middle-income countries in recent years. It then presents and discusses concerns and evidence relating to aid effectiveness in the health sector, focusing on health sector development. Finally, it discusses the policy response and examines the way ahead.Less
Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development assistance to health in recent years, fundamental challenges remain; both to raise the finance required and to ensure funds are spent effectively. This chapter examines the experiences, emerging evidence, and lessons learned that are influencing the way in which the international community funds health-related development in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the pattern of aid flows to low- and middle-income countries in recent years. It then presents and discusses concerns and evidence relating to aid effectiveness in the health sector, focusing on health sector development. Finally, it discusses the policy response and examines the way ahead.
GERMANO MWABU
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242191
- eISBN:
- 9780191697050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242191.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Efficiency and equity have been the most controversial concerns in the health care financial system for a very long time, specifically in most low-income countries. Since there are informational and ...
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Efficiency and equity have been the most controversial concerns in the health care financial system for a very long time, specifically in most low-income countries. Since there are informational and organisational conflicts, markets that provide health services might not be possible and may not be able to address the precautionary measures and the necessary short- and long-term support. It can be inferred that health care design should consider several areas such as the assertion that the price system offers theoretical explanations for user fees in the market's health industry, the efficient use of market mechanisms, the importance of medical assistance's price elasticity of demand in the execution of user fees in developing nations, and the correlation between the funding of medical support and the economic indicators.Less
Efficiency and equity have been the most controversial concerns in the health care financial system for a very long time, specifically in most low-income countries. Since there are informational and organisational conflicts, markets that provide health services might not be possible and may not be able to address the precautionary measures and the necessary short- and long-term support. It can be inferred that health care design should consider several areas such as the assertion that the price system offers theoretical explanations for user fees in the market's health industry, the efficient use of market mechanisms, the importance of medical assistance's price elasticity of demand in the execution of user fees in developing nations, and the correlation between the funding of medical support and the economic indicators.
Matthew Rizzo, Sean McEvoy, and John Lee
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0023
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter considers how neuroergonomics—the study of the brain and behavior at work in healthy and impaired states—is relevant to assessments and interventions in patient safety at the levels of ...
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This chapter considers how neuroergonomics—the study of the brain and behavior at work in healthy and impaired states—is relevant to assessments and interventions in patient safety at the levels of individuals and health care systems. It reviews potential areas for neuroergonomic interventions at the level of individuals and systems, and cultural and legal issues that affect the ability to intervene.Less
This chapter considers how neuroergonomics—the study of the brain and behavior at work in healthy and impaired states—is relevant to assessments and interventions in patient safety at the levels of individuals and health care systems. It reviews potential areas for neuroergonomic interventions at the level of individuals and systems, and cultural and legal issues that affect the ability to intervene.
