Ian McDowell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195165678
- eISBN:
- 9780199864034
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165678.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
One effect of rising health care costs has been to raise the profile of studies that evaluate care and create a systematic evidence base for therapies and, by extension, for health policies. All ...
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One effect of rising health care costs has been to raise the profile of studies that evaluate care and create a systematic evidence base for therapies and, by extension, for health policies. All clinical trials and evaluative studies require instruments to monitor the outcomes of care in terms of quality of life, disability, pain, mental health, or general well-being. Many measurement tools have been developed, and choosing among them is difficult. This book provides comparative reviews of the quality of leading health measurement instruments and a technical and historical introduction to the field of health measurement, and discusses future directions in the field. This edition reviews over 100 scales, presented in chapters covering physical disability, psychological well-being, anxiety, depression, mental status testing, social health, pain measurement, and quality of life. An introductory chapter describes the theoretical and methodological development of health measures, while a final chapter reviews the current status of the field, indicating areas in which further development is required. Each chapter includes a tabular comparison of the quality of the instruments reviewed, followed by a detailed description of each instrument, covering its purpose and conceptual basis, its reliability and validity, alternative versions and, where possible, a copy of the scale itself. To ensure accuracy, each review has been approved by the original author of each instrument or by an acknowledged expert.Less
One effect of rising health care costs has been to raise the profile of studies that evaluate care and create a systematic evidence base for therapies and, by extension, for health policies. All clinical trials and evaluative studies require instruments to monitor the outcomes of care in terms of quality of life, disability, pain, mental health, or general well-being. Many measurement tools have been developed, and choosing among them is difficult. This book provides comparative reviews of the quality of leading health measurement instruments and a technical and historical introduction to the field of health measurement, and discusses future directions in the field. This edition reviews over 100 scales, presented in chapters covering physical disability, psychological well-being, anxiety, depression, mental status testing, social health, pain measurement, and quality of life. An introductory chapter describes the theoretical and methodological development of health measures, while a final chapter reviews the current status of the field, indicating areas in which further development is required. Each chapter includes a tabular comparison of the quality of the instruments reviewed, followed by a detailed description of each instrument, covering its purpose and conceptual basis, its reliability and validity, alternative versions and, where possible, a copy of the scale itself. To ensure accuracy, each review has been approved by the original author of each instrument or by an acknowledged expert.
Diana B. Petitti
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133646
- eISBN:
- 9780199863761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133646.003.11
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the concept of utility as it is applied in decision analysis and cost analysis. It introduces quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as an outcome metric that is commonly used in ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of utility as it is applied in decision analysis and cost analysis. It introduces quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as an outcome metric that is commonly used in decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. The standard gamble, time-trade-off, and rating scale methods are described as methods for measuring preferences for health states. The chapter also describes the use of generic measures of health-related quality of life as they are used in utility and cost-utility analysis.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of utility as it is applied in decision analysis and cost analysis. It introduces quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as an outcome metric that is commonly used in decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. The standard gamble, time-trade-off, and rating scale methods are described as methods for measuring preferences for health states. The chapter also describes the use of generic measures of health-related quality of life as they are used in utility and cost-utility analysis.
David Lain
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428080
- eISBN:
- 9781447305637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428080.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores how health influences employment past age 65 in the United States and England. This is of policy interest, because England followed the United States by extending ...
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This chapter explores how health influences employment past age 65 in the United States and England. This is of policy interest, because England followed the United States by extending age-discrimination legislation above 65 in 2011. Drawing conclusions about the health-related capacity of this age group to work is, however, a challenge. Common health measures are often problematic for use with older workers, particularly when they are used to make comparisons between countries. Nevertheless, the most appropriate health measures are identified from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the US Health and Retirement Study. The survey analysis presented shows that, in both countries, health limitations had the strongest negative impact on employment for the poorest over-65s. This suggests that the ‘financial benefits’ of working are likely to be limited for the over-65s most in need of additional income.Less
This chapter explores how health influences employment past age 65 in the United States and England. This is of policy interest, because England followed the United States by extending age-discrimination legislation above 65 in 2011. Drawing conclusions about the health-related capacity of this age group to work is, however, a challenge. Common health measures are often problematic for use with older workers, particularly when they are used to make comparisons between countries. Nevertheless, the most appropriate health measures are identified from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the US Health and Retirement Study. The survey analysis presented shows that, in both countries, health limitations had the strongest negative impact on employment for the poorest over-65s. This suggests that the ‘financial benefits’ of working are likely to be limited for the over-65s most in need of additional income.
Ian McDowell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195165678
- eISBN:
- 9780199864034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165678.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This introductory chapter explains the structure of the book, and describes how the instruments were selected for review and how the reviews were prepared.
This introductory chapter explains the structure of the book, and describes how the instruments were selected for review and how the reviews were prepared.
David A. Wise (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226903095
- eISBN:
- 9780226921952
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226921952.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been ...
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In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been compounded by a trend toward retirement at an earlier age. With a larger fraction of the population receiving benefits, in the coming decades social security in many countries may have to be reformed in order to remain financially viable. This book offers a cross-country analysis of the effects of disability insurance programs on labor force participation by older workers. Drawing on measures of health that are comparable across countries, the authors explore the extent to which differences in the labor force are determined by disability insurance programs and the extent to which disability insurance reforms are prompted by the circumstances of a country’s elderly population.Less
In nearly every industrialized country, large aging populations and increased life expectancy have placed enormous pressure on social security programs—and, until recently, the pressure has been compounded by a trend toward retirement at an earlier age. With a larger fraction of the population receiving benefits, in the coming decades social security in many countries may have to be reformed in order to remain financially viable. This book offers a cross-country analysis of the effects of disability insurance programs on labor force participation by older workers. Drawing on measures of health that are comparable across countries, the authors explore the extent to which differences in the labor force are determined by disability insurance programs and the extent to which disability insurance reforms are prompted by the circumstances of a country’s elderly population.
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter continues the discussion of the efforts of the Nixon administration to curb the drug use issue, but this time with a focus on treatment and rehabilitation. From the initial efforts to ...
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This chapter continues the discussion of the efforts of the Nixon administration to curb the drug use issue, but this time with a focus on treatment and rehabilitation. From the initial efforts to act against drug use as a crime, these new efforts were more concerned with public health measures. It notes that there were a number of strengths to the approach of the Nixon administration: funding levels for treatment and rehabilitation were high and problems of drug use within the military were addressed. In addition, the chapter takes a look at Nixon's antipathy towards the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD).Less
This chapter continues the discussion of the efforts of the Nixon administration to curb the drug use issue, but this time with a focus on treatment and rehabilitation. From the initial efforts to act against drug use as a crime, these new efforts were more concerned with public health measures. It notes that there were a number of strengths to the approach of the Nixon administration: funding levels for treatment and rehabilitation were high and problems of drug use within the military were addressed. In addition, the chapter takes a look at Nixon's antipathy towards the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD).
Adriaan Kalwij, Arie Kapteyn, and Klaas de Vos
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226619293
- eISBN:
- 9780226619323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226619323.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Labor force participation at older ages has been rising in the Netherlands since the mid-1990s. Reforms of the social security and pension systems have often been put forward as main explanations for ...
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Labor force participation at older ages has been rising in the Netherlands since the mid-1990s. Reforms of the social security and pension systems have often been put forward as main explanations for this rise. However, participation rates above the normal retirement age of 65 have almost tripled for men and quadrupled for women despite the fact that at those ages reforms are unlikely to have had much impact. This suggests other factors may have played an important role in this rise as well. In addition to the effects of reforms in social security and pension systems, this chapter examines the importance for men’s labor force participation at older ages of improved health, increased levels of education, and differences in skills across cohorts, as the older cohorts moved into retirement, such that workers’ characteristics better matched labor demand. These changes on the labor supply side are likely to have contributed to the success of the reforms since the mid-1990s and to have had a large independent impact on men’s labor force participation at older ages.Less
Labor force participation at older ages has been rising in the Netherlands since the mid-1990s. Reforms of the social security and pension systems have often been put forward as main explanations for this rise. However, participation rates above the normal retirement age of 65 have almost tripled for men and quadrupled for women despite the fact that at those ages reforms are unlikely to have had much impact. This suggests other factors may have played an important role in this rise as well. In addition to the effects of reforms in social security and pension systems, this chapter examines the importance for men’s labor force participation at older ages of improved health, increased levels of education, and differences in skills across cohorts, as the older cohorts moved into retirement, such that workers’ characteristics better matched labor demand. These changes on the labor supply side are likely to have contributed to the success of the reforms since the mid-1990s and to have had a large independent impact on men’s labor force participation at older ages.
Jonathan Skinner, Elliott S. Fisher, and John E. Wennberg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226902869
- eISBN:
- 9780226903217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226903217.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter evaluates the efficiency of Medicare using the idea of natural randomization. It examines whether the Medicare program is consistent with the efficiency criterion commonly used in public ...
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This chapter evaluates the efficiency of Medicare using the idea of natural randomization. It examines whether the Medicare program is consistent with the efficiency criterion commonly used in public economics using data on survival rates, Medicare expenditures and health status measures across 306 hospital referral regions in the U.S. The findings indicate that the inefficiency inherent in the Medicare program is as much as 20 percent of total Medicare expenditures.Less
This chapter evaluates the efficiency of Medicare using the idea of natural randomization. It examines whether the Medicare program is consistent with the efficiency criterion commonly used in public economics using data on survival rates, Medicare expenditures and health status measures across 306 hospital referral regions in the U.S. The findings indicate that the inefficiency inherent in the Medicare program is as much as 20 percent of total Medicare expenditures.
Ole Frithjof Norheim
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190921415
- eISBN:
- 9780190921446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190921415.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In this chapter, I discuss the Time-Relative Interest Account (TRIA) and the Life Comparative Account (LCA) and their implications for summary measures of population health and fair priority setting ...
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In this chapter, I discuss the Time-Relative Interest Account (TRIA) and the Life Comparative Account (LCA) and their implications for summary measures of population health and fair priority setting in health care. First, I argue that an extreme interpretation of TRIA is incompatible with the standard practice of measuring population health by life expectancy at birth as an indicator. Implementing a policy of always saving adults before children would decrease life expectancy in a population. This implication is untenable. Second, I argue that a moderate interpretation of TRIA is compatible with earlier attempts to measure the burden of disease in populations by using marginal age weights in the valuation of Disability-Adjusted Life Years lost. The authors of the Global Burden of Disease study subsequently abandoned age weights. Third, I argue that marginal age weights used for determining social priority for health improvements may be appropriate.Less
In this chapter, I discuss the Time-Relative Interest Account (TRIA) and the Life Comparative Account (LCA) and their implications for summary measures of population health and fair priority setting in health care. First, I argue that an extreme interpretation of TRIA is incompatible with the standard practice of measuring population health by life expectancy at birth as an indicator. Implementing a policy of always saving adults before children would decrease life expectancy in a population. This implication is untenable. Second, I argue that a moderate interpretation of TRIA is compatible with earlier attempts to measure the burden of disease in populations by using marginal age weights in the valuation of Disability-Adjusted Life Years lost. The authors of the Global Burden of Disease study subsequently abandoned age weights. Third, I argue that marginal age weights used for determining social priority for health improvements may be appropriate.
Daniel M. Hausman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190233181
- eISBN:
- 9780190233204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190233181.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter considers generic health measures that permit consideration of sums and averages of the health of members of a population and of the distribution of health within a population. It begins ...
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This chapter considers generic health measures that permit consideration of sums and averages of the health of members of a population and of the distribution of health within a population. It begins by asking why different professionals have wanted such measures and describes three broad uses. For clinical and research purposes, generic measures help to distinguish which treatments are best. For epidemiological purposes, they enable comparisons of population health and the burden of diseases, risk factors, and injuries. For allocational purposes, they permit health economists to measure the cost-effectiveness of alternative clinical strategies. Setting aside the subject of clinical use, the chapter thus sets the stage for the chapters that follow, which consider the conceptualization and measurement of health. Whether any single measure can be suitable both for measuring the burden of disease and for the purposes of allocation remains to be seen.Less
This chapter considers generic health measures that permit consideration of sums and averages of the health of members of a population and of the distribution of health within a population. It begins by asking why different professionals have wanted such measures and describes three broad uses. For clinical and research purposes, generic measures help to distinguish which treatments are best. For epidemiological purposes, they enable comparisons of population health and the burden of diseases, risk factors, and injuries. For allocational purposes, they permit health economists to measure the cost-effectiveness of alternative clinical strategies. Setting aside the subject of clinical use, the chapter thus sets the stage for the chapters that follow, which consider the conceptualization and measurement of health. Whether any single measure can be suitable both for measuring the burden of disease and for the purposes of allocation remains to be seen.
Nir Eyal, Samia Hurst, Sara H. Marchand, Ole F. Norheim, and Daniel Wikler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199931392
- eISBN:
- 9780199345731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199931392.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Essays in this book address a wide range of ethical issues that bear on health inequalities. This introduction identifies these issues and discusses them in relation to broader notions of ...
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Essays in this book address a wide range of ethical issues that bear on health inequalities. This introduction identifies these issues and discusses them in relation to broader notions of distributive justice, fairness, choice, and welfare. Since health has many determinants, these essays focus on inequalities in health rather than only on disparities in access to health services. The aim of this chapter is not to summarize or repeat the arguments examined in this book, but rather to ask the right questions and stimulate interest in these crucial issues about how we organize our societies, how we live and die, and how health is distributed by nature and by us. The introduction is organized around five key topics, including: concepts and measures of health inequality; what inequalities in health that matter, as seen from different normative perspectives; how to understand inequalities between individuals and between groups; inequality and discrimination; and how egalitarian theories deal with uncertainty.Less
Essays in this book address a wide range of ethical issues that bear on health inequalities. This introduction identifies these issues and discusses them in relation to broader notions of distributive justice, fairness, choice, and welfare. Since health has many determinants, these essays focus on inequalities in health rather than only on disparities in access to health services. The aim of this chapter is not to summarize or repeat the arguments examined in this book, but rather to ask the right questions and stimulate interest in these crucial issues about how we organize our societies, how we live and die, and how health is distributed by nature and by us. The introduction is organized around five key topics, including: concepts and measures of health inequality; what inequalities in health that matter, as seen from different normative perspectives; how to understand inequalities between individuals and between groups; inequality and discrimination; and how egalitarian theories deal with uncertainty.
Leah Li
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199657018
- eISBN:
- 9780191748097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657018.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Using a life course approach to study mental health presents methodological challenges due to the complexity of life course hypotheses and longitudinal data. Measures of mental well-being are age ...
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Using a life course approach to study mental health presents methodological challenges due to the complexity of life course hypotheses and longitudinal data. Measures of mental well-being are age appropriate, and thus differ in childhood and adulthood. They often have a skewed distribution and many cluster at specific values. A number of analytic issues in life course study of mental health are discussed and an overview provided of some recently developed statistical methods which may be useful for these types of data in life course study.Less
Using a life course approach to study mental health presents methodological challenges due to the complexity of life course hypotheses and longitudinal data. Measures of mental well-being are age appropriate, and thus differ in childhood and adulthood. They often have a skewed distribution and many cluster at specific values. A number of analytic issues in life course study of mental health are discussed and an overview provided of some recently developed statistical methods which may be useful for these types of data in life course study.
Michael Baker and Kevin Milligan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226903095
- eISBN:
- 9780226921952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226921952.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines disability insurance programs in Canada, and analyzes the long-run trends in Canada’s Pension Plan Disability Insurance participation. It relates these trends to changes in ...
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This chapter examines disability insurance programs in Canada, and analyzes the long-run trends in Canada’s Pension Plan Disability Insurance participation. It relates these trends to changes in different measures of health and provides an institutional analysis of policy changes in order to explain the drivers of changes in disability insurance utilization through time. The results show that changes in program rules have a large impact on receipt of disability insurance. In contrast, the long-run trends in the measures of health do not appear to have a strong relationship with the trends in disability insurance participation.Less
This chapter examines disability insurance programs in Canada, and analyzes the long-run trends in Canada’s Pension Plan Disability Insurance participation. It relates these trends to changes in different measures of health and provides an institutional analysis of policy changes in order to explain the drivers of changes in disability insurance utilization through time. The results show that changes in program rules have a large impact on receipt of disability insurance. In contrast, the long-run trends in the measures of health do not appear to have a strong relationship with the trends in disability insurance participation.
Daniel M. Hausman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190233181
- eISBN:
- 9780190233204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190233181.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Those who are responsible for health policy want to know how seriously diseases, injuries, and risk factors diminish health and how significantly different policies improve health. To provide this ...
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Those who are responsible for health policy want to know how seriously diseases, injuries, and risk factors diminish health and how significantly different policies improve health. To provide this information, health economists have attempted to measure generic—that is “overall”—health, whose value they take to be its contribution to well-being, which they measure by eliciting preferences. This book provides a philosophically sophisticated overview of generic health measurement that suggests improvements in standard methods and proposes a radical alternative. It shows how to avoid relying on surveys and offers an account of fundamental evaluation that does not presuppose the assignment of values to the properties and consequences of alternatives. The book defends a naturalistic concept of health and its relations to measures such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In examining current health-measurement systems, the book clarifies their value commitments and the objections to relying on preference surveys to assign values to health states. Relying on an interpretation of liberal political philosophy, it argues that the public value of health states should be understood in terms of the activity limits and suffering that health states impose. The book also addresses the moral conundrums that arise when policymakers attempt to employ the values of health states to estimate the health benefits of alternative policies and to adopt the most cost-effective. It concludes with a general discussion of the difficulties of combining consequentialist and nonconsequentialist moral considerations in policymaking.Less
Those who are responsible for health policy want to know how seriously diseases, injuries, and risk factors diminish health and how significantly different policies improve health. To provide this information, health economists have attempted to measure generic—that is “overall”—health, whose value they take to be its contribution to well-being, which they measure by eliciting preferences. This book provides a philosophically sophisticated overview of generic health measurement that suggests improvements in standard methods and proposes a radical alternative. It shows how to avoid relying on surveys and offers an account of fundamental evaluation that does not presuppose the assignment of values to the properties and consequences of alternatives. The book defends a naturalistic concept of health and its relations to measures such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In examining current health-measurement systems, the book clarifies their value commitments and the objections to relying on preference surveys to assign values to health states. Relying on an interpretation of liberal political philosophy, it argues that the public value of health states should be understood in terms of the activity limits and suffering that health states impose. The book also addresses the moral conundrums that arise when policymakers attempt to employ the values of health states to estimate the health benefits of alternative policies and to adopt the most cost-effective. It concludes with a general discussion of the difficulties of combining consequentialist and nonconsequentialist moral considerations in policymaking.
Julie Sin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198840732
- eISBN:
- 9780191876400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198840732.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter looks at the topic of health services quality from a commissioning and whole population perspective. Quality is noted to be a multidimensional concept and dimensions of quality are ...
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This chapter looks at the topic of health services quality from a commissioning and whole population perspective. Quality is noted to be a multidimensional concept and dimensions of quality are considered. The role of the commissioner in maintaining and improving quality of services is explored, and this is seen within a wider backdrop of a health system with commissioner and provider functions (if there are such distinctions in the system). Commissioners need to know whether they are securing quality care for their population for the money spent. They also need an understanding of how this dovetails with the provider perspective on this topic. Commissioners also need to be able to articulate what they wish to assess in practice under the guise of quality. Finally, at a system level there are also bearings on how to compile and interpret a picture of a population’s health if needed.Less
This chapter looks at the topic of health services quality from a commissioning and whole population perspective. Quality is noted to be a multidimensional concept and dimensions of quality are considered. The role of the commissioner in maintaining and improving quality of services is explored, and this is seen within a wider backdrop of a health system with commissioner and provider functions (if there are such distinctions in the system). Commissioners need to know whether they are securing quality care for their population for the money spent. They also need an understanding of how this dovetails with the provider perspective on this topic. Commissioners also need to be able to articulate what they wish to assess in practice under the guise of quality. Finally, at a system level there are also bearings on how to compile and interpret a picture of a population’s health if needed.
Charles Krusekopf and Mendee Jargalsaikhan
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197553831
- eISBN:
- 9780197553862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197553831.003.0028
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter focuses on Mongolia’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Mongolia was highly successful in containing Covid-19 and preventing community outbreaks. It worked closely and successfully with ...
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This chapter focuses on Mongolia’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Mongolia was highly successful in containing Covid-19 and preventing community outbreaks. It worked closely and successfully with neighbouring countries and international organizations such as the World Health Organization to develop and implement public health measures and testing. Moreover, Mongolia was one of the first countries to close its borders; quick and successful actions by the government to shut schools and businesses, restrict social gatherings, and ban international arrivals allowed the country to self-isolate and avoid a larger outbreak. This self-isolation, however, presents challenges in maintaining economic functioning as the country is highly dependent on imports of many consumer products and exports of natural resources. In May of 2020, the country started to move ahead with plans to reopen some businesses; trade with China started to resume to allow the export of key commodities such as coal and copper, but longer-term challenges remained due to high internal and external debt levels, continued international travel and trade restrictions, and the global economic slowdown.Less
This chapter focuses on Mongolia’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Mongolia was highly successful in containing Covid-19 and preventing community outbreaks. It worked closely and successfully with neighbouring countries and international organizations such as the World Health Organization to develop and implement public health measures and testing. Moreover, Mongolia was one of the first countries to close its borders; quick and successful actions by the government to shut schools and businesses, restrict social gatherings, and ban international arrivals allowed the country to self-isolate and avoid a larger outbreak. This self-isolation, however, presents challenges in maintaining economic functioning as the country is highly dependent on imports of many consumer products and exports of natural resources. In May of 2020, the country started to move ahead with plans to reopen some businesses; trade with China started to resume to allow the export of key commodities such as coal and copper, but longer-term challenges remained due to high internal and external debt levels, continued international travel and trade restrictions, and the global economic slowdown.
