Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates ...
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How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates and policymakers have recently had remarkable success at expanding preschool in many parts of the country, and are gaining support for federal action as well. Yet questions still remain about the best ways to shape policy that will fulfill the promise of preschool. The Promise of Preschool investigates how policy choices in the past forty‐five years—such as the creation of Head Start in the 1960s, efforts to craft a child care system in the 1970s, and the campaign to reform K‐12 schooling in the 1980s—helped shape the decisions that policymakers are now making about early education. In addition to exploring the sources of today's preschool movement, the book also examines policy questions such as, should preschool be provided to all children, or just to the neediest? Should it be run by public schools, or incorporate private child care providers? What are the most important ways to ensure educational quality? By looking at these policy issues through the lens of history, the book offers a unique perspective on this important area of education reform, and explores how an understanding of the past can help spur debate about today's decisions.Less
How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates and policymakers have recently had remarkable success at expanding preschool in many parts of the country, and are gaining support for federal action as well. Yet questions still remain about the best ways to shape policy that will fulfill the promise of preschool. The Promise of Preschool investigates how policy choices in the past forty‐five years—such as the creation of Head Start in the 1960s, efforts to craft a child care system in the 1970s, and the campaign to reform K‐12 schooling in the 1980s—helped shape the decisions that policymakers are now making about early education. In addition to exploring the sources of today's preschool movement, the book also examines policy questions such as, should preschool be provided to all children, or just to the neediest? Should it be run by public schools, or incorporate private child care providers? What are the most important ways to ensure educational quality? By looking at these policy issues through the lens of history, the book offers a unique perspective on this important area of education reform, and explores how an understanding of the past can help spur debate about today's decisions.
Ian G. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168211
- eISBN:
- 9780199788453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO ...
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This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.Less
This work provides an analysis of word order and clause structure in Welsh, within the context of a minimalist version of principles and parameters theory. The central issue is the analysis of VSO order, the only unmarked clausal order in Welsh. The question is: which values of which parameters of Universal Grammar determine VSO order? Behind this basic descriptive goal, there are two theoretical questions. The first has to do with the conditions of adequacy on parameters: these must be both typologizable and learnable. The second concerns the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). Developing the conception of this principle in Chomsky (2000, 2001), it is concluded that it is a parametrized property of the C-system and/or the I-system, and that it seems to be intrinsically connected to the defective nature of certain functional heads. Successive chapters deal with the analysis of VSO orders, the Welsh Case-agreement system as it applies to both subjects and objects, the ‘verbal noun’, and the nature of the C-system. The last chapter takes up the related but distinct question of the theoretical status of head-movement, arguing that this may be construed as movement to a specifier position followed by morphological reanalysis of adjacent heads. Throughout, Welsh is compared to the other Celtic languages, and to the Romance and Germanic languages. Comparison with Romance is particularly revealing in relation to the agreement system, and comparison with Germanic in relation to C-system.
Paul Dudchenko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199210862
- eISBN:
- 9780191594199
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210862.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This book reviews the psychology and neuroscience of how we find our way. It starts with a history of studies on how organisms solve mazes. This work has its origins in the efforts of behaviourists, ...
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This book reviews the psychology and neuroscience of how we find our way. It starts with a history of studies on how organisms solve mazes. This work has its origins in the efforts of behaviourists, psychologists such as John Watson, who sought a firmer scientific footing for the field by focusing on measurable phenomenon, such as how rats solve spatial mazes. The book then reviews contemporary studies of spatial cognition and the wayfinding abilities of adults and children. In children, the perception of space can be distorted but improves with development. For adults, the ability to keep track of one's orientation in the absence of landmarks is limited. Next there is a consideration of how specific parts of the brain provide a cognitive map and a neural compass. A deeply influential view is that the hippocampus — a brain structure that in humans in essential for normal memory — contains of cognitive map. Work on place cells, the element of this map, and head-direction and grid neurons is summarised. This book also considers the neurology of spatial disorientation and the tendency of patients with Alzheimer's disease to lose their way. It concludes with the proposal that we get lost because our brain's compass becomes misoriented.Less
This book reviews the psychology and neuroscience of how we find our way. It starts with a history of studies on how organisms solve mazes. This work has its origins in the efforts of behaviourists, psychologists such as John Watson, who sought a firmer scientific footing for the field by focusing on measurable phenomenon, such as how rats solve spatial mazes. The book then reviews contemporary studies of spatial cognition and the wayfinding abilities of adults and children. In children, the perception of space can be distorted but improves with development. For adults, the ability to keep track of one's orientation in the absence of landmarks is limited. Next there is a consideration of how specific parts of the brain provide a cognitive map and a neural compass. A deeply influential view is that the hippocampus — a brain structure that in humans in essential for normal memory — contains of cognitive map. Work on place cells, the element of this map, and head-direction and grid neurons is summarised. This book also considers the neurology of spatial disorientation and the tendency of patients with Alzheimer's disease to lose their way. It concludes with the proposal that we get lost because our brain's compass becomes misoriented.
Vernon Bogdanor
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293347
- eISBN:
- 9780191598821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293348.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily ...
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The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily of a residual or formal kind, such as appointing a prime minister and agreeing to dissolve the legislature. Second are the ceremonial functions that President de Gaulle once dismissed as opening exhibitions of chrysanthemums. Third, and perhaps most important, there is the symbolic or representative function, by means of which the head of state represents and symbolizes not just the state but also the nation. The head of state represents the nation to itself. These last two functions are, in Bagehot's terminology, `dignified’ rather than `efficient’ functions. They are likely to be better performed when the office of head of state is separated from that of head of government so that the head of state is not an active party politician. The fundamental principle of constitutional monarchy is that of acting on the advice of ministers. But this does not exclude a considerable amount of influence being wielded by an assiduous sovereign.Less
The office of head of state should be distinguished from that of head of government. The head of state has three main functions. First, there are constitutional functions, which today are primarily of a residual or formal kind, such as appointing a prime minister and agreeing to dissolve the legislature. Second are the ceremonial functions that President de Gaulle once dismissed as opening exhibitions of chrysanthemums. Third, and perhaps most important, there is the symbolic or representative function, by means of which the head of state represents and symbolizes not just the state but also the nation. The head of state represents the nation to itself. These last two functions are, in Bagehot's terminology, `dignified’ rather than `efficient’ functions. They are likely to be better performed when the office of head of state is separated from that of head of government so that the head of state is not an active party politician. The fundamental principle of constitutional monarchy is that of acting on the advice of ministers. But this does not exclude a considerable amount of influence being wielded by an assiduous sovereign.
Paul A. Dudchenko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199210862
- eISBN:
- 9780191594199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210862.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents the argument that humans have a sense of direction that is based on the head direction cell system. It suggests that there are two ways in which people get lost. In the first, ...
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This chapter presents the argument that humans have a sense of direction that is based on the head direction cell system. It suggests that there are two ways in which people get lost. In the first, their head direction cell system fails to update properly, and they become incorrectly oriented, or misoriented. In misorientation, the sense of direction and space is still present, but it is incorrect. The second way in which people get lost is when their spatial representations break down. This is referred to as disorientation, and reflects a breakdown in the coherent internal representation of the outside world.Less
This chapter presents the argument that humans have a sense of direction that is based on the head direction cell system. It suggests that there are two ways in which people get lost. In the first, their head direction cell system fails to update properly, and they become incorrectly oriented, or misoriented. In misorientation, the sense of direction and space is still present, but it is incorrect. The second way in which people get lost is when their spatial representations break down. This is referred to as disorientation, and reflects a breakdown in the coherent internal representation of the outside world.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income ...
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This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income distribution model and the computation of the poverty measure is illustrated.Less
This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income distribution model and the computation of the poverty measure is illustrated.
Iain McLean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
In this provocative new study, Iain McLean argues that the traditional story of the British constitution does not make sense. It purports to be both positive and normative: that is, to describe both ...
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In this provocative new study, Iain McLean argues that the traditional story of the British constitution does not make sense. It purports to be both positive and normative: that is, to describe both how people actually behave and how they ought to behave. In fact, it fails to do either; it is not a correct description and it has no persuasive force. The book goes on to offer a reasoned alternative. The position that still dominates the field of constitutional law is that of parliamentary sovereignty (or supremacy). According to this view, the supreme lawgiver in the United Kingdom is Parliament. Some writers in this tradition go on to insist that Parliament in turn derives its authority from the people, because the people elect Parliament. An obvious problem with this view is that Parliament, to a lawyer, comprises three houses: monarch, Lords, and Commons. The people elect only one of those three houses. This book aims to show, contrary to the prevailing view, that the United Kingdom exists by virtue of a constitutional contract between two previously independent states. Professor McLean argues that the work of the influential constitutional theorist A. V. Dicey has little to offer those who really want to understand the nature of the constitution. Instead, greater understanding can be gleaned from considering the ‘veto plays’ and ‘credible threats’ available to politicians since 1707. He suggests that the idea the people are sovereign dates back to the seventeenth century (may be fourteenth century in Scotland), but has gone underground in English constitutional writing. He goes on to show that devolution and the United Kingdom's relationship with the rest of Europe have taken the United Kingdom along a constitutionalist road since 1972, and perhaps since 1920. He concludes that no intellectually defensible case can be made for retaining an unelected house of Parliament, an unelected head of state, or an established church. This book will be an essential reading for political scientists, constitutional lawyers, historians, politicians, and the like.Less
In this provocative new study, Iain McLean argues that the traditional story of the British constitution does not make sense. It purports to be both positive and normative: that is, to describe both how people actually behave and how they ought to behave. In fact, it fails to do either; it is not a correct description and it has no persuasive force. The book goes on to offer a reasoned alternative. The position that still dominates the field of constitutional law is that of parliamentary sovereignty (or supremacy). According to this view, the supreme lawgiver in the United Kingdom is Parliament. Some writers in this tradition go on to insist that Parliament in turn derives its authority from the people, because the people elect Parliament. An obvious problem with this view is that Parliament, to a lawyer, comprises three houses: monarch, Lords, and Commons. The people elect only one of those three houses. This book aims to show, contrary to the prevailing view, that the United Kingdom exists by virtue of a constitutional contract between two previously independent states. Professor McLean argues that the work of the influential constitutional theorist A. V. Dicey has little to offer those who really want to understand the nature of the constitution. Instead, greater understanding can be gleaned from considering the ‘veto plays’ and ‘credible threats’ available to politicians since 1707. He suggests that the idea the people are sovereign dates back to the seventeenth century (may be fourteenth century in Scotland), but has gone underground in English constitutional writing. He goes on to show that devolution and the United Kingdom's relationship with the rest of Europe have taken the United Kingdom along a constitutionalist road since 1972, and perhaps since 1920. He concludes that no intellectually defensible case can be made for retaining an unelected house of Parliament, an unelected head of state, or an established church. This book will be an essential reading for political scientists, constitutional lawyers, historians, politicians, and the like.
Lynne Dale Halamish and Doron Hermoni
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195325379
- eISBN:
- 9780199999811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325379.003.0013
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine and Older People
This chapter examines the concept of freedom in relation to the experience of 25-year-old Judah, who took the responsibility of caring for her girlfriend Sarah after they had a car accident and she ...
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This chapter examines the concept of freedom in relation to the experience of 25-year-old Judah, who took the responsibility of caring for her girlfriend Sarah after they had a car accident and she was seriously hurt with a head injury. Judah spent most his time caring for Sarah but later realized that he needed to earn money and decided to go to the Far East to sell imitation brand-name products. He was imprisoned for three months for selling illegal products, and when he returned to Sarah he learned to strike balance between caring for her and his personal life.Less
This chapter examines the concept of freedom in relation to the experience of 25-year-old Judah, who took the responsibility of caring for her girlfriend Sarah after they had a car accident and she was seriously hurt with a head injury. Judah spent most his time caring for Sarah but later realized that he needed to earn money and decided to go to the Far East to sell imitation brand-name products. He was imprisoned for three months for selling illegal products, and when he returned to Sarah he learned to strike balance between caring for her and his personal life.
Iain Mclean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private ...
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Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private Secretary. Argument for monarchy: certainty. Arguments against: democracy; quality of head of state. The Hanoverian dynasty as UK heads of state. How to elect a head of state?. What would happen to the Royal Prerogative in a democracy. The George V—Asquith exchange of letters in autumn 1913.Less
Purpose of a head of state. Executive and non‐executive heads of state in some democratic constitutions. Australian constitutional crisis 1975. Sir David Smith fails to wake the Queen's Private Secretary. Argument for monarchy: certainty. Arguments against: democracy; quality of head of state. The Hanoverian dynasty as UK heads of state. How to elect a head of state?. What would happen to the Royal Prerogative in a democracy. The George V—Asquith exchange of letters in autumn 1913.
Margit Tavits
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553327
- eISBN:
- 9780191721007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553327.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The Introduction discusses the practical, as well as theoretical, relevance of studying selection mechanisms for heads of state in parliamentary systems. It briefly reviews the relevant ...
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The Introduction discusses the practical, as well as theoretical, relevance of studying selection mechanisms for heads of state in parliamentary systems. It briefly reviews the relevant constitutional debates in a variety of democracies. This chapter then introduces the main concerns with presidential elections: Do direct elections enhance presidents' legitimacy thereby increasing their activism and encouraging authoritarian tendencies? Are direct elections more heavily contested, partisan, polarizing, and divisive? Do direct elections help decrease voter alienation and apathy? This chapter concludes with an overview of the cases and methodologies used throughout this book.Less
The Introduction discusses the practical, as well as theoretical, relevance of studying selection mechanisms for heads of state in parliamentary systems. It briefly reviews the relevant constitutional debates in a variety of democracies. This chapter then introduces the main concerns with presidential elections: Do direct elections enhance presidents' legitimacy thereby increasing their activism and encouraging authoritarian tendencies? Are direct elections more heavily contested, partisan, polarizing, and divisive? Do direct elections help decrease voter alienation and apathy? This chapter concludes with an overview of the cases and methodologies used throughout this book.
Margit Tavits
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553327
- eISBN:
- 9780191721007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553327.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The final chapter reviews the major findings. It also discusses the practical implications of these findings reiterating that the focus of constitution designers on the election mechanism of the head ...
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The final chapter reviews the major findings. It also discusses the practical implications of these findings reiterating that the focus of constitution designers on the election mechanism of the head of state is largely misplaced because for many important aspects of the functioning of the regime, this selection mechanism has little, if any, effect. This chapter then addresses the theoretical implications of the project underlining that treating indirectly elected presidents differently from directly elected ones is not justified: semi-presidential systems and those with indirectly elected presidents are very similar in many aspects. This chapter concludes with summarizing this book's contribution to the study of political institutions and democratic theory.Less
The final chapter reviews the major findings. It also discusses the practical implications of these findings reiterating that the focus of constitution designers on the election mechanism of the head of state is largely misplaced because for many important aspects of the functioning of the regime, this selection mechanism has little, if any, effect. This chapter then addresses the theoretical implications of the project underlining that treating indirectly elected presidents differently from directly elected ones is not justified: semi-presidential systems and those with indirectly elected presidents are very similar in many aspects. This chapter concludes with summarizing this book's contribution to the study of political institutions and democratic theory.
Gregory D. S. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280315
- eISBN:
- 9780191707186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280315.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
Not all languages show obligatory verbal inflection on only the auxiliary verb, only the lexical verb, or simultaneously on both, as in the AUX-headed, LEX-headed, and Doubled (or co-headed) ...
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Not all languages show obligatory verbal inflection on only the auxiliary verb, only the lexical verb, or simultaneously on both, as in the AUX-headed, LEX-headed, and Doubled (or co-headed) inflectional patterns, respectively. There are also languages which split the obligatory inflectional categories between the auxiliary verb element and the lexical verb element. This chapter deals with this so-called ‘split’ pattern. It also addresses the striking split/doubled pattern. In this group are languages that split certain types of inflectional categories between the auxiliary verb part and/or the lexical verb of the construction, but other inflectional categories are realized on both the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb. A wide range of split and split/doubled inflectional patterns is attested in auxiliary verb constructions from around the world. These show a number of different sub-patterns, but all entail splits in which both the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb allow a different (sub)set of inflectional categories to be encoded on them, sometimes overlapping in the case of split/doubled patterns, or not in the case of true split patterns. Lexical verbs may also be marked as syntactic, phrasal, or structural dependents on the auxiliary head, despite the inflectional head properties being distributed between the lexical verb and the auxiliary. In a small number of cases, it is instead the auxiliary that is marked as dependent in a split or split/doubled AVC.Less
Not all languages show obligatory verbal inflection on only the auxiliary verb, only the lexical verb, or simultaneously on both, as in the AUX-headed, LEX-headed, and Doubled (or co-headed) inflectional patterns, respectively. There are also languages which split the obligatory inflectional categories between the auxiliary verb element and the lexical verb element. This chapter deals with this so-called ‘split’ pattern. It also addresses the striking split/doubled pattern. In this group are languages that split certain types of inflectional categories between the auxiliary verb part and/or the lexical verb of the construction, but other inflectional categories are realized on both the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb. A wide range of split and split/doubled inflectional patterns is attested in auxiliary verb constructions from around the world. These show a number of different sub-patterns, but all entail splits in which both the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb allow a different (sub)set of inflectional categories to be encoded on them, sometimes overlapping in the case of split/doubled patterns, or not in the case of true split patterns. Lexical verbs may also be marked as syntactic, phrasal, or structural dependents on the auxiliary head, despite the inflectional head properties being distributed between the lexical verb and the auxiliary. In a small number of cases, it is instead the auxiliary that is marked as dependent in a split or split/doubled AVC.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in ...
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Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in democratizing, and perhaps Christianizing, Japan (MacArthur believed that Christianity was essential to democracy and encouraged American missionaries to fill Japan's “spiritual vacuum”). The emperor's New Year's statement supported this view. When Washington signed the Moscow agreement, which gave the Allies control over political reform in Japan, and warned that Hirohito might be indicted, MacArthur defended the emperor in a long telegram to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ordered his staff to draft a “model constitution” for Japan with the emperor at the head of the state.Less
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in democratizing, and perhaps Christianizing, Japan (MacArthur believed that Christianity was essential to democracy and encouraged American missionaries to fill Japan's “spiritual vacuum”). The emperor's New Year's statement supported this view. When Washington signed the Moscow agreement, which gave the Allies control over political reform in Japan, and warned that Hirohito might be indicted, MacArthur defended the emperor in a long telegram to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ordered his staff to draft a “model constitution” for Japan with the emperor at the head of the state.
Wolfgang C. Müller
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297840
- eISBN:
- 9780191602016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829784X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Reviews the mechanisms of delegation and accountability in post-war Austria. Discusses how political parties structure these processes and analyses the institutional constraints on parliamentary ...
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Reviews the mechanisms of delegation and accountability in post-war Austria. Discusses how political parties structure these processes and analyses the institutional constraints on parliamentary democracy. While the institutional framework makes Austria an imperfect parliamentary system, it is a fully fledged party democracy.Less
Reviews the mechanisms of delegation and accountability in post-war Austria. Discusses how political parties structure these processes and analyses the institutional constraints on parliamentary democracy. While the institutional framework makes Austria an imperfect parliamentary system, it is a fully fledged party democracy.
Andreas Straube, Walter Paulus, and Thomas Brandt
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195068207
- eISBN:
- 9780199847198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.003.0087
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The differential effects of voluntary head movements (horizontal oscillations about the z axis) and varying head positions on postural sway are investigated in this chapter. The methods of the ...
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The differential effects of voluntary head movements (horizontal oscillations about the z axis) and varying head positions on postural sway are investigated in this chapter. The methods of the experiments are presented here. Ten subjects took part in the experiments, where their head movements were recorded using a head-fixed angular accelerometer. The main finding of the experiment is that the differential effects of varying head positions were surprisingly small. Moreover, the body sway does not significantly increase with head rotation and that indicated the precise reevaluation of head sway with respect to the head position relative to the trunk.Less
The differential effects of voluntary head movements (horizontal oscillations about the z axis) and varying head positions on postural sway are investigated in this chapter. The methods of the experiments are presented here. Ten subjects took part in the experiments, where their head movements were recorded using a head-fixed angular accelerometer. The main finding of the experiment is that the differential effects of varying head positions were surprisingly small. Moreover, the body sway does not significantly increase with head rotation and that indicated the precise reevaluation of head sway with respect to the head position relative to the trunk.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The idea of universal pre‐kindergarten now enjoys nearly universal support. It is important at this juncture to understand what legacies we have inherited from the past, and what lessons we might ...
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The idea of universal pre‐kindergarten now enjoys nearly universal support. It is important at this juncture to understand what legacies we have inherited from the past, and what lessons we might learn from it. We must look beyond the lessons that advocates have already learned—namely that preschool should be framed in terms of education, provided to all children, and attached to K‐12 education—to recognize the complexity of fulfilling the promise of preschool.Less
The idea of universal pre‐kindergarten now enjoys nearly universal support. It is important at this juncture to understand what legacies we have inherited from the past, and what lessons we might learn from it. We must look beyond the lessons that advocates have already learned—namely that preschool should be framed in terms of education, provided to all children, and attached to K‐12 education—to recognize the complexity of fulfilling the promise of preschool.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The United States' approach to educating and caring for young children relies on a patchwork of public and private programs serving children of different economic backgrounds, ages, and needs. ...
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The United States' approach to educating and caring for young children relies on a patchwork of public and private programs serving children of different economic backgrounds, ages, and needs. Policymakers' decisions over the past 40 years have helped create this fragmented and market‐based system. Today's advocates are pushing to define preschool as part of public education, and to offer it to all children. The book will explore how past policy decisions have brought us to the current campaign for universal pre‐kindergarten, and how history can inform the questions that need to be answered in order to move ahead.Less
The United States' approach to educating and caring for young children relies on a patchwork of public and private programs serving children of different economic backgrounds, ages, and needs. Policymakers' decisions over the past 40 years have helped create this fragmented and market‐based system. Today's advocates are pushing to define preschool as part of public education, and to offer it to all children. The book will explore how past policy decisions have brought us to the current campaign for universal pre‐kindergarten, and how history can inform the questions that need to be answered in order to move ahead.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The creation of the federal Head Start program in 1965 put the needs of young children from poor families on the national agenda. Head Start was inspired both by research suggesting the promise of ...
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The creation of the federal Head Start program in 1965 put the needs of young children from poor families on the national agenda. Head Start was inspired both by research suggesting the promise of early intervention and by the politics of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, which required that it be launched quickly and on a large scale, and that it bypass the structures of local government. Local programs varied widely in how they prioritized Head Start's different goals, making it difficult to assess the program's success. By drawing national attention to the promise of preschool for the poor, Head Start also spurred interest in preschool for other children, leading to the expansion of public kindergartens, private nursery schools, and the television show Sesame Street.Less
The creation of the federal Head Start program in 1965 put the needs of young children from poor families on the national agenda. Head Start was inspired both by research suggesting the promise of early intervention and by the politics of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, which required that it be launched quickly and on a large scale, and that it bypass the structures of local government. Local programs varied widely in how they prioritized Head Start's different goals, making it difficult to assess the program's success. By drawing national attention to the promise of preschool for the poor, Head Start also spurred interest in preschool for other children, leading to the expansion of public kindergartens, private nursery schools, and the television show Sesame Street.
Elizabeth Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395075
- eISBN:
- 9780199775767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395075.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The education reform movement of the 1980s drew preschool closer to the world of public education, leading to the spread of public pre‐kindergarten programs. Research on the long‐term benefits of ...
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The education reform movement of the 1980s drew preschool closer to the world of public education, leading to the spread of public pre‐kindergarten programs. Research on the long‐term benefits of quality preschool for disadvantaged children put preschool education on the national agenda of K‐12 education reform and bolstered the fortunes of the Head Start program. At the same time, advocates also pushed child care back onto the federal agenda, prompting unprecedented political debate over children's policy and securing a new federal commitment to supporting child care for low‐income families. Some reformers urged bringing preschool “into the education tent,” seeing the public K‐12 system as a more secure home for early childhood education. Nevertheless, the relationship between private providers and public school educators was often marked by mistrust and competition.Less
The education reform movement of the 1980s drew preschool closer to the world of public education, leading to the spread of public pre‐kindergarten programs. Research on the long‐term benefits of quality preschool for disadvantaged children put preschool education on the national agenda of K‐12 education reform and bolstered the fortunes of the Head Start program. At the same time, advocates also pushed child care back onto the federal agenda, prompting unprecedented political debate over children's policy and securing a new federal commitment to supporting child care for low‐income families. Some reformers urged bringing preschool “into the education tent,” seeing the public K‐12 system as a more secure home for early childhood education. Nevertheless, the relationship between private providers and public school educators was often marked by mistrust and competition.
Carolyn E. Tate
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380040
- eISBN:
- 9780199869077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380040.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, World Religions
Among the earliest monumental sculptures of the Americas were depictions of the human fetus. Along with representations of the human embryo, sculptures of the fetus were important subjects in the art ...
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Among the earliest monumental sculptures of the Americas were depictions of the human fetus. Along with representations of the human embryo, sculptures of the fetus were important subjects in the art of the Olmec of Mexico, 1400–400 BCE. This chapter explores the crucial roles of these images in the earliest known narrative—a visual one—of the creation of the world and the origins of human beings in Mesoamerica. The monumental fetus sculptures of La Venta, an archaeological site in the State of Tabasco, Mexico, were players in a underworld ball game. In this context, the fetuses, as metaphors for “life force,” battle the chthonic forces that would usurp that precious vitality. Images of fetuses and embryos in ancient Mexico emerge as metaphors for the ineluctable processes of metamorphosis that life entails.Less
Among the earliest monumental sculptures of the Americas were depictions of the human fetus. Along with representations of the human embryo, sculptures of the fetus were important subjects in the art of the Olmec of Mexico, 1400–400 BCE. This chapter explores the crucial roles of these images in the earliest known narrative—a visual one—of the creation of the world and the origins of human beings in Mesoamerica. The monumental fetus sculptures of La Venta, an archaeological site in the State of Tabasco, Mexico, were players in a underworld ball game. In this context, the fetuses, as metaphors for “life force,” battle the chthonic forces that would usurp that precious vitality. Images of fetuses and embryos in ancient Mexico emerge as metaphors for the ineluctable processes of metamorphosis that life entails.
