Abdulaziz Sachedina
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195378504
- eISBN:
- 9780199869688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378504.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This book undertakes to correlate practical ethical decisions in modern medical practice to principles and rules derived from Islamic juridical praxis and theological doctrines. This study links ...
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This book undertakes to correlate practical ethical decisions in modern medical practice to principles and rules derived from Islamic juridical praxis and theological doctrines. This study links these rulings to the moral principles extracted from the normative religious texts and historically documented precedents. Western scholars of Islamic law have pointed out the importance of the historical approach in determining the rules and the juristic practices that were applied to the cases under consideration before the judicial opinions were issued within a specific social, economic, and political context. These decisions reflected aspects of intellectual as well as social history of the Muslim community engaged in making everyday life conform to the religious values. Ethical decisions are an important part of interpersonal relations in Islamic law. Practical guidance affecting all facets of individual and collective human life, have been provided under the general rules of “Public good” and “No harm, no harassment.” However, no judicial decision that claims to further public good is regarded authoritative without supporting documentation from the foundational sources, like the Qur‘an and the Sunna (the exemplary tradition of the Prophet). Hence, Muslim jurists, in order to infer fresh rulings about matters that were not covered by the existing precedents in the Qur‘an and the Sunna, undertook to develop rational stratagems to enable them to solve problems faced by the community. This intellectual activity led to the systematic formulation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, which has assumed unprecedented importance in connection with the distinct field of medical ethics in the Islamic world that shares the modern medical technology with the West. The book argues that there are distinct Islamic principles that can serve as sources for Muslim biomedical ethics that can engage in dialogue with both secular and other religiously oriented bioethics in the context of universal medical practice and research.Less
This book undertakes to correlate practical ethical decisions in modern medical practice to principles and rules derived from Islamic juridical praxis and theological doctrines. This study links these rulings to the moral principles extracted from the normative religious texts and historically documented precedents. Western scholars of Islamic law have pointed out the importance of the historical approach in determining the rules and the juristic practices that were applied to the cases under consideration before the judicial opinions were issued within a specific social, economic, and political context. These decisions reflected aspects of intellectual as well as social history of the Muslim community engaged in making everyday life conform to the religious values. Ethical decisions are an important part of interpersonal relations in Islamic law. Practical guidance affecting all facets of individual and collective human life, have been provided under the general rules of “Public good” and “No harm, no harassment.” However, no judicial decision that claims to further public good is regarded authoritative without supporting documentation from the foundational sources, like the Qur‘an and the Sunna (the exemplary tradition of the Prophet). Hence, Muslim jurists, in order to infer fresh rulings about matters that were not covered by the existing precedents in the Qur‘an and the Sunna, undertook to develop rational stratagems to enable them to solve problems faced by the community. This intellectual activity led to the systematic formulation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, which has assumed unprecedented importance in connection with the distinct field of medical ethics in the Islamic world that shares the modern medical technology with the West. The book argues that there are distinct Islamic principles that can serve as sources for Muslim biomedical ethics that can engage in dialogue with both secular and other religiously oriented bioethics in the context of universal medical practice and research.
Asifa Hussain and William Miller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280711
- eISBN:
- 9780191604102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280711.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Two-thirds of Pakistanis and two-fifths of English report being subjected to ‘intentional insults’, although most claim that their abusers were not really ‘typical Scots’. Integration may reduce the ...
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Two-thirds of Pakistanis and two-fifths of English report being subjected to ‘intentional insults’, although most claim that their abusers were not really ‘typical Scots’. Integration may reduce the harassment of English immigrants, but the more Pakistanis integrate, the more they suffered. Those who were born in Scotland, spoke English at home, or worked outside the home or the family business experienced more harassment and abuse. For ethnic Pakistanis, more contact meant more harassment, and perhaps greater sensitivity to it. General perceptions of conflict between minorities and majority of Scots were strongly linked to personal experience, with frequency having more impact than severity; even irritating ethnic jokes created a perception of conflict if they were frequent. The impact of personal experience on general perceptions of conflict with majority Scots was as strong amongst English immigrants as they were amongst ethnic Pakistanis.Less
Two-thirds of Pakistanis and two-fifths of English report being subjected to ‘intentional insults’, although most claim that their abusers were not really ‘typical Scots’. Integration may reduce the harassment of English immigrants, but the more Pakistanis integrate, the more they suffered. Those who were born in Scotland, spoke English at home, or worked outside the home or the family business experienced more harassment and abuse. For ethnic Pakistanis, more contact meant more harassment, and perhaps greater sensitivity to it. General perceptions of conflict between minorities and majority of Scots were strongly linked to personal experience, with frequency having more impact than severity; even irritating ethnic jokes created a perception of conflict if they were frequent. The impact of personal experience on general perceptions of conflict with majority Scots was as strong amongst English immigrants as they were amongst ethnic Pakistanis.
Rami Benbenishty and Ron Avi Astor
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195157802
- eISBN:
- 9780199864393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157802.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
The book explores and differentiates the many manifestations of school violence, such as verbal, social, threats, bullying, physical, sexual harassment, and weapons possession, as well as ...
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The book explores and differentiates the many manifestations of school violence, such as verbal, social, threats, bullying, physical, sexual harassment, and weapons possession, as well as staff-initiated violence against students. It presents a socio-ecological model of school violence in context, and explores the role of culture, religion, neighborhood, family, school characteristics (such as size), age, and gender. The model outlines how aspects of school climate, including anti-violence policies, teacher-student relationships and student participation mediate the effects of the outside context and influence levels of victimization, feelings of safety and fear. The book presents a large scale nationally representative study of school violence conducted among Jewish and Arab students in Israel. A nested design (students within schools) was used to gather data from the multiple perspectives of students, teachers, and principals. Hierarchical regressions, multi-level analyses (HLM), and structural equation models (EQS) are used to assess the relative impact of culture, religion, poverty, school characteristics, and student gender and age. Finally, the book outlines a series of detailed recommendations to advance theory, research, monitoring of schools, and violence prevention policies and interventions.Less
The book explores and differentiates the many manifestations of school violence, such as verbal, social, threats, bullying, physical, sexual harassment, and weapons possession, as well as staff-initiated violence against students. It presents a socio-ecological model of school violence in context, and explores the role of culture, religion, neighborhood, family, school characteristics (such as size), age, and gender. The model outlines how aspects of school climate, including anti-violence policies, teacher-student relationships and student participation mediate the effects of the outside context and influence levels of victimization, feelings of safety and fear. The book presents a large scale nationally representative study of school violence conducted among Jewish and Arab students in Israel. A nested design (students within schools) was used to gather data from the multiple perspectives of students, teachers, and principals. Hierarchical regressions, multi-level analyses (HLM), and structural equation models (EQS) are used to assess the relative impact of culture, religion, poverty, school characteristics, and student gender and age. Finally, the book outlines a series of detailed recommendations to advance theory, research, monitoring of schools, and violence prevention policies and interventions.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to violence toward children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as well as gender discrimination and sexual harassment are presented, stressing the impact of these ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to violence toward children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as well as gender discrimination and sexual harassment are presented, stressing the impact of these situations on women’s health. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., women as patients. With regard to pregnant women, implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to violence toward children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as well as gender discrimination and sexual harassment are presented, stressing the impact of these situations on women’s health. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., women as patients. With regard to pregnant women, implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.
George P. Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195156287
- eISBN:
- 9780199872169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195156285.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter juxtaposes the role of government with the “paradox” of freedom. The U.S. government's varying role in regulating issues of employment (in Lochner), sexual relations (rape law, polygamy, ...
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This chapter juxtaposes the role of government with the “paradox” of freedom. The U.S. government's varying role in regulating issues of employment (in Lochner), sexual relations (rape law, polygamy, sexual harassment), and questions of income tax, assisted suicide, and abortion are discussed.Less
This chapter juxtaposes the role of government with the “paradox” of freedom. The U.S. government's varying role in regulating issues of employment (in Lochner), sexual relations (rape law, polygamy, sexual harassment), and questions of income tax, assisted suicide, and abortion are discussed.
Hans Van Gossum, Tom N. Sherratt, and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Species that exhibit genetic colour polymorphism are ideal for studying the micro-evolutionary forces that maintain genetic variation in nature. One very intriguing polymorphism is the coexistence of ...
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Species that exhibit genetic colour polymorphism are ideal for studying the micro-evolutionary forces that maintain genetic variation in nature. One very intriguing polymorphism is the coexistence of several discrete morphs within only one sex, with one morph often resembling the opposite sex in colour and sometimes behaviour. In males, this resemblance often allows access to receptive females, while in females the polymorphism appears related to avoiding excessive male sexual harassment. One might wonder why natural selection does not simply give rise to a single best male and female type for each species. The phenomenon of sex-limited polymorphisms provides an important opportunity to test contemporary ideas relating to sexual selection and sexual conflict, and the diversity of polymorphisms that have arisen in odonates clearly offers one of the best natural systems for among species and population comparative research.Less
Species that exhibit genetic colour polymorphism are ideal for studying the micro-evolutionary forces that maintain genetic variation in nature. One very intriguing polymorphism is the coexistence of several discrete morphs within only one sex, with one morph often resembling the opposite sex in colour and sometimes behaviour. In males, this resemblance often allows access to receptive females, while in females the polymorphism appears related to avoiding excessive male sexual harassment. One might wonder why natural selection does not simply give rise to a single best male and female type for each species. The phenomenon of sex-limited polymorphisms provides an important opportunity to test contemporary ideas relating to sexual selection and sexual conflict, and the diversity of polymorphisms that have arisen in odonates clearly offers one of the best natural systems for among species and population comparative research.
Heidi R. M. Pauwels
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369908
- eISBN:
- 9780199871322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369908.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at ...
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Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at the well (panaghata‐lila). Sita's abductor is a villain and she resists him valiantly, but the Gopis fall for their accoster, Krishna. Sita's abduction on television is shown to be partly due to her crossing the Lakshman‐rekha or protective circle drawn by her brother‐in‐law (not mentioned in the earlier sources). Notwithstanding her mistake, even in hardship she remains true to dharma. In the medieval versions, the Gopis are worried about transgressing against dharma, but their love for Krishna ultimately overrides these concerns. The televised version downplays this scandal and popular film shows little sympathy for women once seduced. While the perpetrator of harassment is punished, the eve‐teaser gets off mostly scot‐free, but the victim of either is always blamed. Movie songs discussed are from Mughal‐e‐Azam, Satyam Shivam Sundarama, and Devdas. Movies discussed are Lajja and Mother India. Less
Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at the well (panaghata‐lila). Sita's abductor is a villain and she resists him valiantly, but the Gopis fall for their accoster, Krishna. Sita's abduction on television is shown to be partly due to her crossing the Lakshman‐rekha or protective circle drawn by her brother‐in‐law (not mentioned in the earlier sources). Notwithstanding her mistake, even in hardship she remains true to dharma. In the medieval versions, the Gopis are worried about transgressing against dharma, but their love for Krishna ultimately overrides these concerns. The televised version downplays this scandal and popular film shows little sympathy for women once seduced. While the perpetrator of harassment is punished, the eve‐teaser gets off mostly scot‐free, but the victim of either is always blamed. Movie songs discussed are from Mughal‐e‐Azam, Satyam Shivam Sundarama, and Devdas. Movies discussed are Lajja and Mother India.
Doug Risner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195386691
- eISBN:
- 9780199863600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386691.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include ...
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From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include gender norms, heterocentric biases, isolation, peer pressure, lack of positive male role models and parental support, sexual harassment, and the lack of support systems for boys in dance education. The chapter concludes with suggestions for parents and dance educators that would increase support for boys and men in ballet.Less
From a sociological perspective, Doug Risner explores the many biases and challenges boys and men in ballet face in the classroom and beyond. Themes revealed in case studies and analysis include gender norms, heterocentric biases, isolation, peer pressure, lack of positive male role models and parental support, sexual harassment, and the lack of support systems for boys in dance education. The chapter concludes with suggestions for parents and dance educators that would increase support for boys and men in ballet.
Erik Bleich
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199739684
- eISBN:
- 9780199914579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739684.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
To understand how the United States has balanced protecting free speech and curbing harmful speech, this chapter takes the long view. In the first half of the twentieth century, states had the ...
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To understand how the United States has balanced protecting free speech and curbing harmful speech, this chapter takes the long view. In the first half of the twentieth century, states had the latitude to pass and enforce laws that restricted wide varieties of speech on almost any grounds. Starting in the 1920s and 1930s, however, the Supreme Court began to rein in these provisions. After initial steps to protect controversial speech, decisions from the 1940s and 1950s created the potential to move in a more speech-restrictive, European direction. It was only rulings handed down during the 1960s and 1970s that strictly limited states’ and municipalities’ rights to curb racist speech and that entrenched America's extensive protections for freedom of expression. This outcome amounts to the most significant exception to the overarching trend in liberal democracies toward limiting the freedom to be racist. Even so, there are still limits on racist expression in the United States, and identifying them tempers the misconception that the United States permits racist speech under any and all circumstances.Less
To understand how the United States has balanced protecting free speech and curbing harmful speech, this chapter takes the long view. In the first half of the twentieth century, states had the latitude to pass and enforce laws that restricted wide varieties of speech on almost any grounds. Starting in the 1920s and 1930s, however, the Supreme Court began to rein in these provisions. After initial steps to protect controversial speech, decisions from the 1940s and 1950s created the potential to move in a more speech-restrictive, European direction. It was only rulings handed down during the 1960s and 1970s that strictly limited states’ and municipalities’ rights to curb racist speech and that entrenched America's extensive protections for freedom of expression. This outcome amounts to the most significant exception to the overarching trend in liberal democracies toward limiting the freedom to be racist. Even so, there are still limits on racist expression in the United States, and identifying them tempers the misconception that the United States permits racist speech under any and all circumstances.
Thomas A. J. McGinn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161328
- eISBN:
- 9780199789344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161328.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the private law of the jurists with respect to prostitution and law-finding concerning prostitution. Roman private law never developed a comprehensive approach toward ...
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This chapter discusses the private law of the jurists with respect to prostitution and law-finding concerning prostitution. Roman private law never developed a comprehensive approach toward prostitution and its practitioners. The absence of such an approach is not merely a product of its casuistry but reveals its basic orientation as a law system designed by and for members of the upper classes. This fact suggests that for many purposes private law could ignore prostitution. All the same, problems related to the practice of prostitution did arise from time to time in scattered areas of the law. The classical juristic texts preserved by Justinian's compilers, supplemented in one case by a pair of texts taken from another postclassical collection, make it possible to take up the threads of policies fashioned for the procedural law and positive enactments. Two fundamental concerns emerge, which can be identified in general terms as the conservation of patrimony and the safeguarding of honor.Less
This chapter discusses the private law of the jurists with respect to prostitution and law-finding concerning prostitution. Roman private law never developed a comprehensive approach toward prostitution and its practitioners. The absence of such an approach is not merely a product of its casuistry but reveals its basic orientation as a law system designed by and for members of the upper classes. This fact suggests that for many purposes private law could ignore prostitution. All the same, problems related to the practice of prostitution did arise from time to time in scattered areas of the law. The classical juristic texts preserved by Justinian's compilers, supplemented in one case by a pair of texts taken from another postclassical collection, make it possible to take up the threads of policies fashioned for the procedural law and positive enactments. Two fundamental concerns emerge, which can be identified in general terms as the conservation of patrimony and the safeguarding of honor.
Linda Smolak
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter discusses the frequently reported finding that men self-report equal or higher levels of self-silencing as compared to women. It describes the relevant research and then presents various ...
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This chapter discusses the frequently reported finding that men self-report equal or higher levels of self-silencing as compared to women. It describes the relevant research and then presents various possible explanations for this finding. These explanations include methodological issues concerning questionnaire measures and participant samples, and theoretical issues concerning the meanings of voice for men and women. The author suggests that reported similarities on self-silencing scores between women and men may mask important gender differences regarding the development and effects of voice. To illustrate these gender differences, the chapter uses the example of sexual harassment as a phenomenon that is reported at similar levels by both men and women in survey research but that also carries different meanings and consequences for women than for men.Less
This chapter discusses the frequently reported finding that men self-report equal or higher levels of self-silencing as compared to women. It describes the relevant research and then presents various possible explanations for this finding. These explanations include methodological issues concerning questionnaire measures and participant samples, and theoretical issues concerning the meanings of voice for men and women. The author suggests that reported similarities on self-silencing scores between women and men may mask important gender differences regarding the development and effects of voice. To illustrate these gender differences, the chapter uses the example of sexual harassment as a phenomenon that is reported at similar levels by both men and women in survey research but that also carries different meanings and consequences for women than for men.
by Laura Beth Nielsen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199236282
- eISBN:
- 9780191741357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236282.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Many maintain that the proper remedy for harmful speech is ‘more speech’. This chapter argues that this prescription relies on faulty empirical assumptions. As the empirical evidence shows, targets ...
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Many maintain that the proper remedy for harmful speech is ‘more speech’. This chapter argues that this prescription relies on faulty empirical assumptions. As the empirical evidence shows, targets of problematic race- and gender-related public speech do not in fact ‘talk back’, for many reasons. The legal treatment of such speech contrasts with that of begging. Because there are already a variety of formal mechanisms in place that discourage begging, it is easier for targets to respond to begging. In this way, the law protects the powerful from harassment in public places, while placing on its less privileged members a burdensome choice between responding or accepting their own subordination.Less
Many maintain that the proper remedy for harmful speech is ‘more speech’. This chapter argues that this prescription relies on faulty empirical assumptions. As the empirical evidence shows, targets of problematic race- and gender-related public speech do not in fact ‘talk back’, for many reasons. The legal treatment of such speech contrasts with that of begging. Because there are already a variety of formal mechanisms in place that discourage begging, it is easier for targets to respond to begging. In this way, the law protects the powerful from harassment in public places, while placing on its less privileged members a burdensome choice between responding or accepting their own subordination.
Tarek El-Ariss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181936
- eISBN:
- 9780691184913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181936.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Focusing on the Internet as a space of regression and harassment following the Arab uprisings, this chapter traces the violence perpetrated against Arab authors, activists, and intellectuals online ...
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Focusing on the Internet as a space of regression and harassment following the Arab uprisings, this chapter traces the violence perpetrated against Arab authors, activists, and intellectuals online to the emergence of fiction as hyperreality principle. Investigating the relation between reading practices and knowledge production, and continuing the examination of the function of the author as leaking subject in the digital age, it focuses on the act of fragmenting the work itself through online campaigns and perverse literary performances. Specifically, it examines a hashtag campaign—in fact, a hashtag ghazwa (tribal raid)—launched on Twitter against a Saudi author, Badriah Albeshr [al-Beshr] (b. 1967), who was accused of apostasy for passages in her novel Hend and the Soldiers (2010).Less
Focusing on the Internet as a space of regression and harassment following the Arab uprisings, this chapter traces the violence perpetrated against Arab authors, activists, and intellectuals online to the emergence of fiction as hyperreality principle. Investigating the relation between reading practices and knowledge production, and continuing the examination of the function of the author as leaking subject in the digital age, it focuses on the act of fragmenting the work itself through online campaigns and perverse literary performances. Specifically, it examines a hashtag campaign—in fact, a hashtag ghazwa (tribal raid)—launched on Twitter against a Saudi author, Badriah Albeshr [al-Beshr] (b. 1967), who was accused of apostasy for passages in her novel Hend and the Soldiers (2010).
Yvonne Zylan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199735082
- eISBN:
- 9780199894802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735082.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter uses the framework developed in Chapter 3 to examine same-sex harassment laws. Topics discussed include prohibiting sexual harassment via Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, ...
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This chapter uses the framework developed in Chapter 3 to examine same-sex harassment laws. Topics discussed include prohibiting sexual harassment via Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Catharine MacKinnon and the structuring of causation inquiries in sexual harassment litigation, the case of Oncale v. Sundowner Off shore Oil Svcs, and the imperatives of identity.Less
This chapter uses the framework developed in Chapter 3 to examine same-sex harassment laws. Topics discussed include prohibiting sexual harassment via Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Catharine MacKinnon and the structuring of causation inquiries in sexual harassment litigation, the case of Oncale v. Sundowner Off shore Oil Svcs, and the imperatives of identity.
Joanne Archibald
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252493
- eISBN:
- 9780520944565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252493.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter describes life in prison. The author was sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison when she was three months pregnant. Because her court case took a long time, she was able to give ...
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This chapter describes life in prison. The author was sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison when she was three months pregnant. Because her court case took a long time, she was able to give birth to her son outside. He was seven months old when the author went in. She talks about the procedures inside the prison, a roommate from Southern California, her job as a cook inside the prison, and how she experienced sexual harassment from a guy who cooked with her.Less
This chapter describes life in prison. The author was sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison when she was three months pregnant. Because her court case took a long time, she was able to give birth to her son outside. He was seven months old when the author went in. She talks about the procedures inside the prison, a roommate from Southern California, her job as a cook inside the prison, and how she experienced sexual harassment from a guy who cooked with her.
Benjamin Ginsberg
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199782444
- eISBN:
- 9780197563151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199782444.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
It is Certainly no secret that professors tend to have liberal political orientations. Most academics, especially but not exclusively those in the humanities and ...
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It is Certainly no secret that professors tend to have liberal political orientations. Most academics, especially but not exclusively those in the humanities and social sciences, strongly support racial and gender equality, social justice, protection of the environment, constraints on the use of force in international affairs, and other elements of America’s liberal Democratic agenda. Faculty generally explain the academy’s ideological imbalance, especially marked at elite universities, as a natural consequence of the fact that liberals are smarter than conservatives. In recent years, unfortunately, on many campuses the political commitments of the faculty have been hijacked and perverted by administrators. Issues that to many professors represent moral imperatives have been transformed into powerful instruments of administrative aggrandizement. Ironically, administrators have brought about this transformation by forging what amount to tactical alliances with representatives of minority groups as well as activist groups on their campuses. Indeed, since it was not so long ago that campus administrators responded to the legitimate grievances of minority groups and liberal activists by calling the police, it is fascinating to observe the apparent sympathy shown for these same groups by university administrators today. At my university, for example, the administration strongly supported liberal activists’ protests in response to what some termed a fraternity’s racial insensitivity. The fraternity had called its 2006 All Hallow’s Eve party, “Halloween in the Hood,” invited guests to wear their “bling,” and decorated its chapter house with a plastic skeleton in pirate garb dangling from a rope noose. The precise meaning of this display was far from clear. A noose might have a racist connotation, but skeletons and pirates would seem, at first blush, to be devoid of racial antecedents. Campus and community activists, however, chose to interpret the unfortunate skeleton as a symbolic affirmation of the idea of lynching black people. This understanding was vigorously contested by the fraternity, which boasted a multiethnic membership. The university administration, nevertheless, supported the activists’ interpretation and agreed with them that investigations, punishments, and policy changes would be required to prevent such events from occurring in the future.
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It is Certainly no secret that professors tend to have liberal political orientations. Most academics, especially but not exclusively those in the humanities and social sciences, strongly support racial and gender equality, social justice, protection of the environment, constraints on the use of force in international affairs, and other elements of America’s liberal Democratic agenda. Faculty generally explain the academy’s ideological imbalance, especially marked at elite universities, as a natural consequence of the fact that liberals are smarter than conservatives. In recent years, unfortunately, on many campuses the political commitments of the faculty have been hijacked and perverted by administrators. Issues that to many professors represent moral imperatives have been transformed into powerful instruments of administrative aggrandizement. Ironically, administrators have brought about this transformation by forging what amount to tactical alliances with representatives of minority groups as well as activist groups on their campuses. Indeed, since it was not so long ago that campus administrators responded to the legitimate grievances of minority groups and liberal activists by calling the police, it is fascinating to observe the apparent sympathy shown for these same groups by university administrators today. At my university, for example, the administration strongly supported liberal activists’ protests in response to what some termed a fraternity’s racial insensitivity. The fraternity had called its 2006 All Hallow’s Eve party, “Halloween in the Hood,” invited guests to wear their “bling,” and decorated its chapter house with a plastic skeleton in pirate garb dangling from a rope noose. The precise meaning of this display was far from clear. A noose might have a racist connotation, but skeletons and pirates would seem, at first blush, to be devoid of racial antecedents. Campus and community activists, however, chose to interpret the unfortunate skeleton as a symbolic affirmation of the idea of lynching black people. This understanding was vigorously contested by the fraternity, which boasted a multiethnic membership. The university administration, nevertheless, supported the activists’ interpretation and agreed with them that investigations, punishments, and policy changes would be required to prevent such events from occurring in the future.
Steven M. Elias (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814722602
- eISBN:
- 9780814722626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814722602.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Workplace crimes are never far from the news. From major scandals like Enron to violent crimes committed by co-workers to petty theft of office supplies, deviant and criminal behavior is common in ...
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Workplace crimes are never far from the news. From major scandals like Enron to violent crimes committed by co-workers to petty theft of office supplies, deviant and criminal behavior is common in the workplace. Psychological factors are almost always involved when an employee engages in such behavior. This book offers insights at the level of the individual employee and also sheds light on the role organizations themselves may play in fostering such criminal behavior. It considers psychological factors involved in theft and fraud, workplace violence, employee discrimination, and sexual harassment. It also analyzes a number of variables which can influence such behavior; including employee personality, employee emotional processes, experience of occupational stress, organizational culture, organizational injustice, and human resource management practices. The book will be of core interest to those interested in the psychology and sociology of work, organizational behavior, and human resource management.Less
Workplace crimes are never far from the news. From major scandals like Enron to violent crimes committed by co-workers to petty theft of office supplies, deviant and criminal behavior is common in the workplace. Psychological factors are almost always involved when an employee engages in such behavior. This book offers insights at the level of the individual employee and also sheds light on the role organizations themselves may play in fostering such criminal behavior. It considers psychological factors involved in theft and fraud, workplace violence, employee discrimination, and sexual harassment. It also analyzes a number of variables which can influence such behavior; including employee personality, employee emotional processes, experience of occupational stress, organizational culture, organizational injustice, and human resource management practices. The book will be of core interest to those interested in the psychology and sociology of work, organizational behavior, and human resource management.
Bridget Hill
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206217
- eISBN:
- 9780191677021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206217.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject ...
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The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject since J. Jean Hecht's book of 1956. Its chapter question the stereotype of the domestic servant — usually male and most often in large households employing many servants where a strict hierarchy prevailed — that has dominated all discussion hitherto. Using 18th-century diaries, journals, and memoirs as well as the press and literature of the period, the book examines the lives of the majority of domestic servants, who were employed in more modest establishments, or in single or two-servant households. The book looks at the life of the pauper apprentices to service, paid little or nothing for their efforts, and at the frequency with which both near and distant kin were employed as unpaid, or badly-paid, domestic servants. It also examines the vulnerability of female domestic servants to sexual harassment and discusses the sexuality of servants.Less
The importance of domestic service in the 18th century has long been recognized by historians but apart from a number of recent controversial articles, this is the first detailed study of the subject since J. Jean Hecht's book of 1956. Its chapter question the stereotype of the domestic servant — usually male and most often in large households employing many servants where a strict hierarchy prevailed — that has dominated all discussion hitherto. Using 18th-century diaries, journals, and memoirs as well as the press and literature of the period, the book examines the lives of the majority of domestic servants, who were employed in more modest establishments, or in single or two-servant households. The book looks at the life of the pauper apprentices to service, paid little or nothing for their efforts, and at the frequency with which both near and distant kin were employed as unpaid, or badly-paid, domestic servants. It also examines the vulnerability of female domestic servants to sexual harassment and discusses the sexuality of servants.
Faye Mishna
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795406
- eISBN:
- 9780199949687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795406.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
A review of underlying factors that are encompassed within the phenomenon of bullying are described in this chapter. Children and adolescents both engage in and are victimized through a number of ...
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A review of underlying factors that are encompassed within the phenomenon of bullying are described in this chapter. Children and adolescents both engage in and are victimized through a number of aggressive/violent and offensive behaviors and attitudes that are often encompassed within the term bullying. Bullying can be influenced by individual characteristics, social interactions, and cultural sanctions and conditions. Bias-based bullying results from and reinforces discrimination towards minorities and marginalized groups, based on certain characteristics, thereby threatening appreciation of diversity. Bias-based bullying includes sexual harassment, racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of prejudice, discrimination and aggression/violence towards groups and populations. The incidence of bias-based bullying is high and children and youth who belong to marginalized groups or minorities are generally vulnerable to being victimized by peers. This chapter underscores the necessity to understand and address these problems in working with children and youth who are bullied and who bully.Less
A review of underlying factors that are encompassed within the phenomenon of bullying are described in this chapter. Children and adolescents both engage in and are victimized through a number of aggressive/violent and offensive behaviors and attitudes that are often encompassed within the term bullying. Bullying can be influenced by individual characteristics, social interactions, and cultural sanctions and conditions. Bias-based bullying results from and reinforces discrimination towards minorities and marginalized groups, based on certain characteristics, thereby threatening appreciation of diversity. Bias-based bullying includes sexual harassment, racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of prejudice, discrimination and aggression/violence towards groups and populations. The incidence of bias-based bullying is high and children and youth who belong to marginalized groups or minorities are generally vulnerable to being victimized by peers. This chapter underscores the necessity to understand and address these problems in working with children and youth who are bullied and who bully.
Faye Mishna
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795406
- eISBN:
- 9780199949687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795406.003.0015
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Communication technologies offer young people unprecedented opportunities to communicate with others both in and out of their existing face-to-face social networks. A risk of such communication is ...
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Communication technologies offer young people unprecedented opportunities to communicate with others both in and out of their existing face-to-face social networks. A risk of such communication is that cyber bullying can take place in these media to threaten, harass, humiliate, exclude, or hurt reputations and friendships. This chapter includes a review of various components of cyber bullying definitions and of legal issues related to cyber bullying in the United States and Canada. The author’s finding of research in two urban School Boards is reviewed.Less
Communication technologies offer young people unprecedented opportunities to communicate with others both in and out of their existing face-to-face social networks. A risk of such communication is that cyber bullying can take place in these media to threaten, harass, humiliate, exclude, or hurt reputations and friendships. This chapter includes a review of various components of cyber bullying definitions and of legal issues related to cyber bullying in the United States and Canada. The author’s finding of research in two urban School Boards is reviewed.
