Heinrich Schenker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151510
- eISBN:
- 9780199871582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151510.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
By means of numerous examples, this chapter shows that fingering, rather than merely facilitating the execution of a figure or passage, should be used as a tool to express the musical meaning behind ...
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By means of numerous examples, this chapter shows that fingering, rather than merely facilitating the execution of a figure or passage, should be used as a tool to express the musical meaning behind the figuration. It argues that unfettered, free fingerings are appropriate in the music of the great masters, contrary to the notion that contemporary fingerings showed greater freedom. In Chopin, meaning and fingering are uniquely fused. Different means of attaining legato in chordal or spread out writing are shown and the astonishing claim is made that “fingerings must be honest”, i.e., the fingering must correspond to the voice leading.Less
By means of numerous examples, this chapter shows that fingering, rather than merely facilitating the execution of a figure or passage, should be used as a tool to express the musical meaning behind the figuration. It argues that unfettered, free fingerings are appropriate in the music of the great masters, contrary to the notion that contemporary fingerings showed greater freedom. In Chopin, meaning and fingering are uniquely fused. Different means of attaining legato in chordal or spread out writing are shown and the astonishing claim is made that “fingerings must be honest”, i.e., the fingering must correspond to the voice leading.
Christine Franzen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117421
- eISBN:
- 9780191670954
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117421.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
The 13th-century Worcester scribe known as the ‘tremulous hand’ is well known as a glossator of Old English manuscripts. His shaky, leftward-sloping handwriting is found in at least twenty ...
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The 13th-century Worcester scribe known as the ‘tremulous hand’ is well known as a glossator of Old English manuscripts. His shaky, leftward-sloping handwriting is found in at least twenty manuscripts, most of which are known to have been in Worcester in the medieval period. His work consists mainly of interlinear and marginal glosses to Old English texts which are usually, but not exclusively, religious in nature. Some of the glosses are Middle English, but the vast majority are Latin. The amount of glossing varies a great deal from manuscript to manuscript and text to text: in some texts about one word in four may be glossed, while in others there may be only one or two glosses per page. This book provides a preliminary account of the tremulous scribe's work, in particular, it looks at what characterized his work in the early stages, how his methods changed and developed, and how he made use of sources and external aids.Less
The 13th-century Worcester scribe known as the ‘tremulous hand’ is well known as a glossator of Old English manuscripts. His shaky, leftward-sloping handwriting is found in at least twenty manuscripts, most of which are known to have been in Worcester in the medieval period. His work consists mainly of interlinear and marginal glosses to Old English texts which are usually, but not exclusively, religious in nature. Some of the glosses are Middle English, but the vast majority are Latin. The amount of glossing varies a great deal from manuscript to manuscript and text to text: in some texts about one word in four may be glossed, while in others there may be only one or two glosses per page. This book provides a preliminary account of the tremulous scribe's work, in particular, it looks at what characterized his work in the early stages, how his methods changed and developed, and how he made use of sources and external aids.
Giovanni Dosi, Mike Hobday, Luigi Marengo, and Andrea Prencipe
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. ...
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This chapter explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. It argues that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter includes a significant subset of capital goods, such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air traffic control systems, and tailored software packages.Less
This chapter explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. It argues that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter includes a significant subset of capital goods, such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air traffic control systems, and tailored software packages.
Paul L. Robertson and Gianmario Verona
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter explores the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and the boundaries of the firm, and the paths in which firm boundaries might be expected to follow under different ...
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This chapter explores the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and the boundaries of the firm, and the paths in which firm boundaries might be expected to follow under different circumstances. It argues that while one might follow Langlois (2003) in believing that there will be a tendency for large, vertically-integrated firms to become less common in the technological environment that is currently unfolding, other tendencies will also be afoot, leading to a spectrum of different types of inter- and intra-firm relationships. This includes the creation of new giant enterprises whose evolution in the early 20th century was described by Chandler (1962, 1977) as the imposition of a ‘visible hand’ to reduce uncertainties in market-based relationships.Less
This chapter explores the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and the boundaries of the firm, and the paths in which firm boundaries might be expected to follow under different circumstances. It argues that while one might follow Langlois (2003) in believing that there will be a tendency for large, vertically-integrated firms to become less common in the technological environment that is currently unfolding, other tendencies will also be afoot, leading to a spectrum of different types of inter- and intra-firm relationships. This includes the creation of new giant enterprises whose evolution in the early 20th century was described by Chandler (1962, 1977) as the imposition of a ‘visible hand’ to reduce uncertainties in market-based relationships.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter starts with Pareto’s law and the observation by other economists of the consistency of right-hand skewness in income distributions in both developing and developed countries. This leads ...
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This chapter starts with Pareto’s law and the observation by other economists of the consistency of right-hand skewness in income distributions in both developing and developed countries. This leads to the modeling of income distribution with probability density functions. This is illustrated using the lognormal model.Less
This chapter starts with Pareto’s law and the observation by other economists of the consistency of right-hand skewness in income distributions in both developing and developed countries. This leads to the modeling of income distribution with probability density functions. This is illustrated using the lognormal model.
Jonathan L. Kvanvig
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282593
- eISBN:
- 9780191603587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282595.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend ...
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This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend that the claim that all truths are knowable must be restricted in some way to express an anti-realist commitment. All examples of such an approach are rejected, and it is argued that even if there was a successful restriction strategy, the paradox would remain untouched.Less
This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend that the claim that all truths are knowable must be restricted in some way to express an anti-realist commitment. All examples of such an approach are rejected, and it is argued that even if there was a successful restriction strategy, the paradox would remain untouched.
William Kinderman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195100679
- eISBN:
- 9780199868315
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100679.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Mozart's emergence as a mature artist coincides with the rise to prominence of the piano, an instrument that came alive under his fingers and served as medium for many of his finest compositions. ...
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Mozart's emergence as a mature artist coincides with the rise to prominence of the piano, an instrument that came alive under his fingers and served as medium for many of his finest compositions. This book reconsiders common assumptions about Mozart's life and art while offering commentary on the solo music and concertos. After placing Mozart's pianistic legacy in its larger biographical and cultural context, the book addresses the lively gestural and structural aspects of Mozart's musical language and explores the nature of his creative process. Incorporating recent research the book surveys each of the major genres of the keyboard music, including the four-hand and two-piano works. Beyond examining issues such as Mozart's earliest childhood compositions, his musical rhetoric and expression, the social context of his Viennese concertos, and affinities between his piano works and operas, the book's main emphasis falls on detailed discussion of selected individual compositions. It challenges the common conception of Mozart's effortless compositional abilities, and provides illuminating examples of his painstaking revision process. As the book shows, Mozart created in the last fifteen years of his life an almost incomparably rich legacy of works for keyboard, beginning with the six solo sonatas of 1775 and extending to such pieces as the final Concerto in B flat, K. 595, from 1791.Less
Mozart's emergence as a mature artist coincides with the rise to prominence of the piano, an instrument that came alive under his fingers and served as medium for many of his finest compositions. This book reconsiders common assumptions about Mozart's life and art while offering commentary on the solo music and concertos. After placing Mozart's pianistic legacy in its larger biographical and cultural context, the book addresses the lively gestural and structural aspects of Mozart's musical language and explores the nature of his creative process. Incorporating recent research the book surveys each of the major genres of the keyboard music, including the four-hand and two-piano works. Beyond examining issues such as Mozart's earliest childhood compositions, his musical rhetoric and expression, the social context of his Viennese concertos, and affinities between his piano works and operas, the book's main emphasis falls on detailed discussion of selected individual compositions. It challenges the common conception of Mozart's effortless compositional abilities, and provides illuminating examples of his painstaking revision process. As the book shows, Mozart created in the last fifteen years of his life an almost incomparably rich legacy of works for keyboard, beginning with the six solo sonatas of 1775 and extending to such pieces as the final Concerto in B flat, K. 595, from 1791.
Doreen Kimura
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195054927
- eISBN:
- 9780199872268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195054927.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter discusses how patterns of brain organization for speech and praxic function vary with hand preference. In an unselected group of adextral patients without early CNS pathology, speech ...
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This chapter discusses how patterns of brain organization for speech and praxic function vary with hand preference. In an unselected group of adextral patients without early CNS pathology, speech representation was more dependent on the left hemisphere than on the right, consistent with the literature. However, it is argued that speech may even be more generally bilaterally organized in adextrals than the Amytal data suggest. Despite the evidence for greater dependence of speech function on the left hemisphere in the sample, manual praxic function is clearly more dependent on the right hemisphere. This appears to be true for both ambidexters and left-handers. These findings raise some difficulty for theories of left-handedness, which propose that adextrality is the random consequence of the absence of dextrality.Less
This chapter discusses how patterns of brain organization for speech and praxic function vary with hand preference. In an unselected group of adextral patients without early CNS pathology, speech representation was more dependent on the left hemisphere than on the right, consistent with the literature. However, it is argued that speech may even be more generally bilaterally organized in adextrals than the Amytal data suggest. Despite the evidence for greater dependence of speech function on the left hemisphere in the sample, manual praxic function is clearly more dependent on the right hemisphere. This appears to be true for both ambidexters and left-handers. These findings raise some difficulty for theories of left-handedness, which propose that adextrality is the random consequence of the absence of dextrality.
Lynette A. Jones and Susan J. Lederman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173154
- eISBN:
- 9780199786749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173154.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The results of fundamental research on human hand function offer valuable information about the capacities and limitations of the human user. Such information may be directed toward the solution of a ...
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The results of fundamental research on human hand function offer valuable information about the capacities and limitations of the human user. Such information may be directed toward the solution of a number of real-world problems that depend on the sense of touch and manual dexterity. This chapter addresses five application domains that have been selected because of the critical mass of scientific results that are relevant to these topics. These include the evaluation of hand function and rehabilitation, language communication with the hand, sensory communication systems for the blind, haptic interfaces, and exploring art by touch. In each case, a description of the application domain is offered, followed by consideration of design issues and possible implications of selected research findings.Less
The results of fundamental research on human hand function offer valuable information about the capacities and limitations of the human user. Such information may be directed toward the solution of a number of real-world problems that depend on the sense of touch and manual dexterity. This chapter addresses five application domains that have been selected because of the critical mass of scientific results that are relevant to these topics. These include the evaluation of hand function and rehabilitation, language communication with the hand, sensory communication systems for the blind, haptic interfaces, and exploring art by touch. In each case, a description of the application domain is offered, followed by consideration of design issues and possible implications of selected research findings.
George F. DeMartino
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199730568
- eISBN:
- 9780199896776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730568.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their ...
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Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”Less
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”
Joanna L. Grossman and Lawrence M. Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149820
- eISBN:
- 9781400839773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149820.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members ...
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This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members also inherit money from dead relatives, or get gifts from living ones. Other members give money away, during their lifetimes, or after death. Parents obviously have to pay for everything their children need, and grown children sometimes support old, sick, and destitute parents. When a family member dies, typically they leave whatever money or assets remain to members of the family. And while books, law school curricula, and legal practice treat family law and the law of succession as entirely different subjects, this chapter deals away with those distinctions in order to reveal how these subjects impact family life and family law.Less
This chapter deals with the complexities of succession, specifically in the ways money is shared with other members of the family. Family members not only earn money from work; some family members also inherit money from dead relatives, or get gifts from living ones. Other members give money away, during their lifetimes, or after death. Parents obviously have to pay for everything their children need, and grown children sometimes support old, sick, and destitute parents. When a family member dies, typically they leave whatever money or assets remain to members of the family. And while books, law school curricula, and legal practice treat family law and the law of succession as entirely different subjects, this chapter deals away with those distinctions in order to reveal how these subjects impact family life and family law.
Robert D. Cooter and Ariel Porat
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151595
- eISBN:
- 9781400850396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151595.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter considers a misalignment due to courts' ignorance of the injurer's self-risk when they set the standard of care. In setting the standards of care, courts consider the risks the injurer ...
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This chapter considers a misalignment due to courts' ignorance of the injurer's self-risk when they set the standard of care. In setting the standards of care, courts consider the risks the injurer created toward others, and systematically exclude the risks the injurer created for himself. Thus courts set the standard of care for driving in light of the danger to others, without accounting for the danger to the driver. The chapter explains why courts should determine liability by reference to the risk imposed by the injurer on others and himself. It first considers the Hand Rule or Learned Hand formula, applied by courts to determine the negligence of the injurer, before discussing the “net burden” interpretation of the Hand Rule. It then presents four paradigmatic examples, based on real cases, that illustrate the pervasiveness of joint risks in law. It concludes by analyzing several objections that could be raised against the self-risk argument.Less
This chapter considers a misalignment due to courts' ignorance of the injurer's self-risk when they set the standard of care. In setting the standards of care, courts consider the risks the injurer created toward others, and systematically exclude the risks the injurer created for himself. Thus courts set the standard of care for driving in light of the danger to others, without accounting for the danger to the driver. The chapter explains why courts should determine liability by reference to the risk imposed by the injurer on others and himself. It first considers the Hand Rule or Learned Hand formula, applied by courts to determine the negligence of the injurer, before discussing the “net burden” interpretation of the Hand Rule. It then presents four paradigmatic examples, based on real cases, that illustrate the pervasiveness of joint risks in law. It concludes by analyzing several objections that could be raised against the self-risk argument.
Justin Grimmer, Sean J. Westwood, and Solomon Messing
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162614
- eISBN:
- 9781400852666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162614.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data ...
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This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data methods, the study begins with 800 triple-hand-coded documents, providing a label for each of the press releases. The idea is to learn a relationship between the hand-coded labels and the words in the texts. This relationship will then be used to predict the label for all the remaining documents. The result of the process is that all the press releases will be labeled. The chapter then presents a series of simplifying assumptions that make statistical modeling of the texts feasible.Less
This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data methods, the study begins with 800 triple-hand-coded documents, providing a label for each of the press releases. The idea is to learn a relationship between the hand-coded labels and the words in the texts. This relationship will then be used to predict the label for all the remaining documents. The result of the process is that all the press releases will be labeled. The chapter then presents a series of simplifying assumptions that make statistical modeling of the texts feasible.
Giovanni Dosi, Mike Hobday, Luigi Marengo, and Andrea Prencipe
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263226
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263221.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. The authors ...
More
Explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. The authors argue that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter include a significant subset of capital goods such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air‐traffic control systems and tailored software packages.Less
Explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. The authors argue that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter include a significant subset of capital goods such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air‐traffic control systems and tailored software packages.
Stephen Spector
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368024
- eISBN:
- 9780199867646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368024.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Judaism
This chapter assesses the claim that evangelical pressure forced Bush to recast his position on Israel’s incursion into the West Bank in the spring of 2002. People who know and admire Bush consider ...
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This chapter assesses the claim that evangelical pressure forced Bush to recast his position on Israel’s incursion into the West Bank in the spring of 2002. People who know and admire Bush consider that ludicrous. David Frum says that Bush initially left Israel to the State Department. After 9/11, though, the Middle East was far more urgent to Bush. When he abruptly stopped demanding that Israel withdraw, says Frum, he was breaking away from traditional American policy. By the summer of 2002, Bush had charted an entirely new course. The chapter addresses various theories about why Bush allied with Israel so firmly. Some observers attribute it to his personal relationship with Sharon. Another perspective is that the Bush administration maintained a hands-off policy because of Bill Clinton’s failure to achieve a diplomatic breakthrough. Another issue was a debate in the administration about whether to act first on Iraq. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt argue that Bush’s policy was influenced by a powerful but loosely defined Jewish Lobby. In the summer of 2007, the Bush administration sought to prop up the Fatah-led government in the West Bank and to sponsor Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. Christian Zionists denounced the new peace initiative.Less
This chapter assesses the claim that evangelical pressure forced Bush to recast his position on Israel’s incursion into the West Bank in the spring of 2002. People who know and admire Bush consider that ludicrous. David Frum says that Bush initially left Israel to the State Department. After 9/11, though, the Middle East was far more urgent to Bush. When he abruptly stopped demanding that Israel withdraw, says Frum, he was breaking away from traditional American policy. By the summer of 2002, Bush had charted an entirely new course. The chapter addresses various theories about why Bush allied with Israel so firmly. Some observers attribute it to his personal relationship with Sharon. Another perspective is that the Bush administration maintained a hands-off policy because of Bill Clinton’s failure to achieve a diplomatic breakthrough. Another issue was a debate in the administration about whether to act first on Iraq. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt argue that Bush’s policy was influenced by a powerful but loosely defined Jewish Lobby. In the summer of 2007, the Bush administration sought to prop up the Fatah-led government in the West Bank and to sponsor Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. Christian Zionists denounced the new peace initiative.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0036
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents a prescriptive model for selecting an acceptable option that is currently (but only temporarily) available over more attractive prospects whose availabilities are uncertain. ...
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This chapter presents a prescriptive model for selecting an acceptable option that is currently (but only temporarily) available over more attractive prospects whose availabilities are uncertain. This is called the “bird in the hand” dilemma, and it is compared to other named phenomena in which time affects utility, including status quo bias, temporal discounting, and optimal stopping. The chapter considers both one-sided risky choices, such as buying a house; and two-sided choices, such as finding a mate. The model is adapted from a standard multiattribute utility model, with added parameters that express the time limitation on the adequate option and the probabilities of better options becoming available. According to the model, as time passes and better offers do not eventuate, the current offer becomes increasingly more attractive.Less
This chapter presents a prescriptive model for selecting an acceptable option that is currently (but only temporarily) available over more attractive prospects whose availabilities are uncertain. This is called the “bird in the hand” dilemma, and it is compared to other named phenomena in which time affects utility, including status quo bias, temporal discounting, and optimal stopping. The chapter considers both one-sided risky choices, such as buying a house; and two-sided choices, such as finding a mate. The model is adapted from a standard multiattribute utility model, with added parameters that express the time limitation on the adequate option and the probabilities of better options becoming available. According to the model, as time passes and better offers do not eventuate, the current offer becomes increasingly more attractive.
Muel Kaptein and Joha Wempe
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199255504
- eISBN:
- 9780191698248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199255504.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Organization Studies
The difficulty in assessing corporations in moral terms is that the dominant ethical theories have been developed to evaluate human action. Since it is awkward to identify corporate actions in ...
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The difficulty in assessing corporations in moral terms is that the dominant ethical theories have been developed to evaluate human action. Since it is awkward to identify corporate actions in practice, applying these theories runs into difficulties. This is why many ethicists argue that corporations cannot be subjected to moral judgement. Chapter 3 showed that the corporation can be conceived as a moral subject. This chapter tries to determine which ethical concepts can be applied to the functioning of corporations. It describes three fundamental dilemmas based on an analysis of the corporate condition (i.e., dirty hands dilemma, many hands dilemma, and entangled hands dilemma). With a view to formulating criteria for corporations to address these dilemmas, it develops a contract theory for corporations.Less
The difficulty in assessing corporations in moral terms is that the dominant ethical theories have been developed to evaluate human action. Since it is awkward to identify corporate actions in practice, applying these theories runs into difficulties. This is why many ethicists argue that corporations cannot be subjected to moral judgement. Chapter 3 showed that the corporation can be conceived as a moral subject. This chapter tries to determine which ethical concepts can be applied to the functioning of corporations. It describes three fundamental dilemmas based on an analysis of the corporate condition (i.e., dirty hands dilemma, many hands dilemma, and entangled hands dilemma). With a view to formulating criteria for corporations to address these dilemmas, it develops a contract theory for corporations.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter offers a critical review of attempts to refine the idea of a Nash equilibrium. It begins by reiterating the arguments against a naïve interpretation of subgame-perfect equilibria using ...
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This chapter offers a critical review of attempts to refine the idea of a Nash equilibrium. It begins by reiterating the arguments against a naïve interpretation of subgame-perfect equilibria using Selten's Chain-Store Game as an example. It then introduces assessment equilibria as a simplified version of Kreps and Wilson's sequential equilibrium. The idea is then used to analyze a boundedly rational version of the Centipede Game. Two signaling games — the Burning Money Game and Quiche — are used to discuss forward induction and the intuitive criterion, both of which are found wanting. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of rationalizability, which is a coarsening of the Nash equilibrium concept.Less
This chapter offers a critical review of attempts to refine the idea of a Nash equilibrium. It begins by reiterating the arguments against a naïve interpretation of subgame-perfect equilibria using Selten's Chain-Store Game as an example. It then introduces assessment equilibria as a simplified version of Kreps and Wilson's sequential equilibrium. The idea is then used to analyze a boundedly rational version of the Centipede Game. Two signaling games — the Burning Money Game and Quiche — are used to discuss forward induction and the intuitive criterion, both of which are found wanting. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of rationalizability, which is a coarsening of the Nash equilibrium concept.
Scott H. Frey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The ability to forecast the likely consequences of our actions accurately is an important component of adaptive behavior that has been approached from several distinct theoretical perspectives. ...
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The ability to forecast the likely consequences of our actions accurately is an important component of adaptive behavior that has been approached from several distinct theoretical perspectives. Relatively little, however, is known about the neural mechanisms involved in generating these predictions. This chapter focuses on recent work concerning the prospective selection of grasping actions. Even in the complete absence of movement, results suggest that determining how to engage an object with the hands or a recently mastered tool increases activity in parietal and premotor areas known to participate in the sensorimotor control of grasp. One possibility is that these brain regions, along with the cerebellum, are involved in generating long-range forecasts of the sensory consequences of movements when motor commands are inhibited. The chapter considers modifications to putative feedforward mechanisms involved in motor control that might extend their temporal range, and the potential implications of this hypothesis for our understanding the relationship between affordance perception and motor imagery.Less
The ability to forecast the likely consequences of our actions accurately is an important component of adaptive behavior that has been approached from several distinct theoretical perspectives. Relatively little, however, is known about the neural mechanisms involved in generating these predictions. This chapter focuses on recent work concerning the prospective selection of grasping actions. Even in the complete absence of movement, results suggest that determining how to engage an object with the hands or a recently mastered tool increases activity in parietal and premotor areas known to participate in the sensorimotor control of grasp. One possibility is that these brain regions, along with the cerebellum, are involved in generating long-range forecasts of the sensory consequences of movements when motor commands are inhibited. The chapter considers modifications to putative feedforward mechanisms involved in motor control that might extend their temporal range, and the potential implications of this hypothesis for our understanding the relationship between affordance perception and motor imagery.
Robert Porter and Roger Lemon
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523758
- eISBN:
- 9780191724404
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523758.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This book presents a comprehensive account of the regions of the brain that control the performance of skilled voluntary movements, especially the accurate and precise control of the use of the ...
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This book presents a comprehensive account of the regions of the brain that control the performance of skilled voluntary movements, especially the accurate and precise control of the use of the fingers and the hand by monkeys and humans. The significance of recent and clinical observations concerning the details of the cortico-cortical connections that contribute to the determination of these functions is discussed.Less
This book presents a comprehensive account of the regions of the brain that control the performance of skilled voluntary movements, especially the accurate and precise control of the use of the fingers and the hand by monkeys and humans. The significance of recent and clinical observations concerning the details of the cortico-cortical connections that contribute to the determination of these functions is discussed.
