Kim L. Huhman and Aaron M. Jasnow
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter reviews some of the literature pertaining to stress/fear and defense to illustrate how both perspectives are useful in understanding the neurobiological correlates of social defeat or ...
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This chapter reviews some of the literature pertaining to stress/fear and defense to illustrate how both perspectives are useful in understanding the neurobiological correlates of social defeat or subordination. It shows that that conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters is elicited in most males following a single or multiple exposures to social defeat. Conditioned defeat is an ecologically relevant example of fear conditioning. Many brain areas (e.g., the amygdale and the BNST) and neurochemical signals (e.g., glutamate, GABA, CRF, and CREB) that have been shown to be important in fear conditioning in artificial, but highly controllable, situations are also involved in a similar fashion in the mediation or modulation of conditioned defeat.Less
This chapter reviews some of the literature pertaining to stress/fear and defense to illustrate how both perspectives are useful in understanding the neurobiological correlates of social defeat or subordination. It shows that that conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters is elicited in most males following a single or multiple exposures to social defeat. Conditioned defeat is an ecologically relevant example of fear conditioning. Many brain areas (e.g., the amygdale and the BNST) and neurochemical signals (e.g., glutamate, GABA, CRF, and CREB) that have been shown to be important in fear conditioning in artificial, but highly controllable, situations are also involved in a similar fashion in the mediation or modulation of conditioned defeat.
Jeremy R. Garrett (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017060
- eISBN:
- 9780262301602
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017060.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
An estimated 100 million nonhuman vertebrates worldwide—including primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, rats, and mice—are bred, captured, or otherwise acquired every year for research ...
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An estimated 100 million nonhuman vertebrates worldwide—including primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, rats, and mice—are bred, captured, or otherwise acquired every year for research purposes. Much of this research is seriously detrimental to the welfare of these animals, causing pain, distress, injury, or death. This book explores the ethical controversies that have arisen over animal research, examining closely the complex scientific, philosophical, moral, and legal issues involved. Defenders of animal research face a twofold challenge: they must make a compelling case for the unique benefits offered by animal research; and they must provide a rationale for why these benefits justify treating animal subjects in ways that would be unacceptable for human subjects. This challenge is at the heart of the book. Some chapters argue that it can be met fairly easily; others argue that it can never be met; still others argue that it can sometimes be met, although not necessarily easily. The book considers how moral theory can be brought to bear on the practical ethical questions raised by animal research, examines the new challenges raised by the emerging possibilities of biotechnology, and considers how to achieve a more productive dialogue on this polarizing subject.Less
An estimated 100 million nonhuman vertebrates worldwide—including primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, rats, and mice—are bred, captured, or otherwise acquired every year for research purposes. Much of this research is seriously detrimental to the welfare of these animals, causing pain, distress, injury, or death. This book explores the ethical controversies that have arisen over animal research, examining closely the complex scientific, philosophical, moral, and legal issues involved. Defenders of animal research face a twofold challenge: they must make a compelling case for the unique benefits offered by animal research; and they must provide a rationale for why these benefits justify treating animal subjects in ways that would be unacceptable for human subjects. This challenge is at the heart of the book. Some chapters argue that it can be met fairly easily; others argue that it can never be met; still others argue that it can sometimes be met, although not necessarily easily. The book considers how moral theory can be brought to bear on the practical ethical questions raised by animal research, examines the new challenges raised by the emerging possibilities of biotechnology, and considers how to achieve a more productive dialogue on this polarizing subject.
Richard J. Beninger
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198824091
- eISBN:
- 9780191862755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Dopamine and social cooperation describes how, in humans, dopamine-innervated brain areas or cell body regions are activated during cooperative social interactions, suggesting that social stimuli may ...
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Dopamine and social cooperation describes how, in humans, dopamine-innervated brain areas or cell body regions are activated during cooperative social interactions, suggesting that social stimuli may be primary incentive stimuli. Lactating female rats lever press for access to their pups, nucleus accumbens dopamine is released during maternal behavior, and accumbens dopamine lesions decrease maternal behavior, implicating incentive learning in maternal care. Adult male Syrian hamsters learn a preference for a place associated with a female scent that increases nucleus accumbens dopamine and a dopamine receptor antagonist blocks the learning implicating dopamine in incentive learning in sexually mature males. In songbirds, striatal dopamine release is associated with directed song used to attract a mate; dopamine may influence the incentive value of the mate. Dopamine is linked to social behavior in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. Dopamine-mediated incentive learning may contribute to the organization of socially cooperative behavior in many species.Less
Dopamine and social cooperation describes how, in humans, dopamine-innervated brain areas or cell body regions are activated during cooperative social interactions, suggesting that social stimuli may be primary incentive stimuli. Lactating female rats lever press for access to their pups, nucleus accumbens dopamine is released during maternal behavior, and accumbens dopamine lesions decrease maternal behavior, implicating incentive learning in maternal care. Adult male Syrian hamsters learn a preference for a place associated with a female scent that increases nucleus accumbens dopamine and a dopamine receptor antagonist blocks the learning implicating dopamine in incentive learning in sexually mature males. In songbirds, striatal dopamine release is associated with directed song used to attract a mate; dopamine may influence the incentive value of the mate. Dopamine is linked to social behavior in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. Dopamine-mediated incentive learning may contribute to the organization of socially cooperative behavior in many species.
Michael Numan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190848675
- eISBN:
- 9780190848705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190848675.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 7 examines alloparental and paternal behavior. Although these behaviors are rare in mammals, their occurrence indicates that parental behavior can occur in the absence of pregnancy and ...
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Chapter 7 examines alloparental and paternal behavior. Although these behaviors are rare in mammals, their occurrence indicates that parental behavior can occur in the absence of pregnancy and parturition. For mammals of both sexes, dual brain circuits affect whether parental behavior occurs: An inhibitory defensive circuit (anterior hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus projections to periaqueductal gray), and an excitatory parental circuit (medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine system, and the oxytocin system). When alloparental behavior occurs, either through experimental genetic selection (virgin female laboratory house mice) or through natural selection (prairie voles, marmosets), the defensive circuit has been downregulated and the parental circuit has been upregulated by such selection. When paternal behavior occurs, either naturally (California mice, dwarf hamsters) or experimentally (laboratory rats and house mice), copulation with a female and remaining with her through parturition depresses the male’s defensive circuitry while activating his parental circuitry.Less
Chapter 7 examines alloparental and paternal behavior. Although these behaviors are rare in mammals, their occurrence indicates that parental behavior can occur in the absence of pregnancy and parturition. For mammals of both sexes, dual brain circuits affect whether parental behavior occurs: An inhibitory defensive circuit (anterior hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus projections to periaqueductal gray), and an excitatory parental circuit (medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine system, and the oxytocin system). When alloparental behavior occurs, either through experimental genetic selection (virgin female laboratory house mice) or through natural selection (prairie voles, marmosets), the defensive circuit has been downregulated and the parental circuit has been upregulated by such selection. When paternal behavior occurs, either naturally (California mice, dwarf hamsters) or experimentally (laboratory rats and house mice), copulation with a female and remaining with her through parturition depresses the male’s defensive circuitry while activating his parental circuitry.
