Christopher Hood and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199269679
- eISBN:
- 9780191604096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926967X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic ...
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This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic behaviour. Varieties of cheating behaviour across different trustee and agency bargains are considered, while highlighting the various forces and strategies that can keep cheating in check. It is argued that making any PSB cheat-proof requires particular and demanding social conditions.Less
This chapter explores how public service bargains can weaken or collapse, focusing on the ways in which different types of bargain provide incentives for different ways of cheating and strategic behaviour. Varieties of cheating behaviour across different trustee and agency bargains are considered, while highlighting the various forces and strategies that can keep cheating in check. It is argued that making any PSB cheat-proof requires particular and demanding social conditions.
D.N. Thomas, G.E. Fogg, P. Convey, C.H. Fritsen, J.-M. Gili, R. Gradinger, J. Laybourn-Parry, K. Reid, and D.W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. ...
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There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. This text is the latest edition of this book and offers an introduction to polar ecology. It has been revised and updated, providing expanded coverage of marine ecosystems and the impact of humans. It incorporates a comparison of the Arctic and Antarctic systems, with a particular emphasis on the effects of climate change, and describes marine, freshwater, glacial, and terrestrial habitats. Much emphasis is placed on the organisms that dominate these extreme environments although pollution, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered.Less
There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. This text is the latest edition of this book and offers an introduction to polar ecology. It has been revised and updated, providing expanded coverage of marine ecosystems and the impact of humans. It incorporates a comparison of the Arctic and Antarctic systems, with a particular emphasis on the effects of climate change, and describes marine, freshwater, glacial, and terrestrial habitats. Much emphasis is placed on the organisms that dominate these extreme environments although pollution, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered.
Mike Hansell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507529
- eISBN:
- 9780191709838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507529.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter deals with the subject of builders at the community level. It assesses whether animal builders are important ecosystem engineers, and whether they support the concept of keystone ...
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This chapter deals with the subject of builders at the community level. It assesses whether animal builders are important ecosystem engineers, and whether they support the concept of keystone species. It also examines whether animal builders, are net creators or destroyers of niches for other species, and whether they stabilise or destabilise ecosystems. Two further questions are raised for which there is very little evidence: do animal builders protect themselves against extinction, and how enduring is the legacy of their activity in an ecosystem?Less
This chapter deals with the subject of builders at the community level. It assesses whether animal builders are important ecosystem engineers, and whether they support the concept of keystone species. It also examines whether animal builders, are net creators or destroyers of niches for other species, and whether they stabilise or destabilise ecosystems. Two further questions are raised for which there is very little evidence: do animal builders protect themselves against extinction, and how enduring is the legacy of their activity in an ecosystem?
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Habitat management is commonly used to maintain and enhance the biological interest of many areas of semi-natural habitat, where natural processes no longer create suitable conditions for desired ...
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Habitat management is commonly used to maintain and enhance the biological interest of many areas of semi-natural habitat, where natural processes no longer create suitable conditions for desired species. Habitat restoration and creation is increasingly being used to increase the extent of ecologically important habitats in order to mitigate the impacts of human development. The modification of past management techniques and the introduction of new ones can provide additional benefits. This book describes the range of techniques used to manage land for biodiversity conservation. The opening sections discuss the general principles of habitat management, including decision-making, mitigating damaging effects of climate change, and monitoring the success of management. These are followed by a series of chapters which describe how to manage specific habitats: grasslands, dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands, forests, woodlands and scrub, freshwater wetlands, coastal habitats, arable land, and gardens, backyards, and urban areas. For each of these habitats the book discusses the main factors influencing their value for wildlife, highlights the key decisions that need to be made, and describes and compares the effects of individual management techniques.Less
Habitat management is commonly used to maintain and enhance the biological interest of many areas of semi-natural habitat, where natural processes no longer create suitable conditions for desired species. Habitat restoration and creation is increasingly being used to increase the extent of ecologically important habitats in order to mitigate the impacts of human development. The modification of past management techniques and the introduction of new ones can provide additional benefits. This book describes the range of techniques used to manage land for biodiversity conservation. The opening sections discuss the general principles of habitat management, including decision-making, mitigating damaging effects of climate change, and monitoring the success of management. These are followed by a series of chapters which describe how to manage specific habitats: grasslands, dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands, forests, woodlands and scrub, freshwater wetlands, coastal habitats, arable land, and gardens, backyards, and urban areas. For each of these habitats the book discusses the main factors influencing their value for wildlife, highlights the key decisions that need to be made, and describes and compares the effects of individual management techniques.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses the various philosophical approaches to habitat management. The fundamental differences between approaches concerns how management aims to create and maintain cultural habitats ...
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This chapter discusses the various philosophical approaches to habitat management. The fundamental differences between approaches concerns how management aims to create and maintain cultural habitats that existed under more natural conditions, and the level of human intervention and control. Habitat management may involve very specific actions aimed primarily at benefiting just one or a small suite of species, or it may involve introducing key natural processes with little further intervention and expectation of the outcome. Approaches to habitat management also depend on the extent to which conservation is integrated with other interests, such as recreation, wider resource use, and provision of other ecological services.Less
This chapter discusses the various philosophical approaches to habitat management. The fundamental differences between approaches concerns how management aims to create and maintain cultural habitats that existed under more natural conditions, and the level of human intervention and control. Habitat management may involve very specific actions aimed primarily at benefiting just one or a small suite of species, or it may involve introducing key natural processes with little further intervention and expectation of the outcome. Approaches to habitat management also depend on the extent to which conservation is integrated with other interests, such as recreation, wider resource use, and provision of other ecological services.
Richard Bardgett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525035
- eISBN:
- 9780191728181
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525035.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of ...
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This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of below-ground biodiversity for ecosystem form and function. It describes the vast diversity of biota that live in the soil environment — the most complex habitat on Earth — and discusses the factors that act as determinants of this diversity across different spatial and temporal scales. This book also considers how biotic interactions in soil influence the important soil processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling. It demonstrates how interactions and feedbacks between diverse plant and soil communities act as important drivers of ecosystem form and function. The importance of these relationships for understanding how ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, is discussed in depth. Much is still to be learned about the soil biota and their roles in ecosystems, and the author highlights some of the many challenges that face ecologists in the exploration of soil. This book provides an introduction to the biology of soil, and also discusses the most recent developments in this progressive field of ecology. The importance of soil biotic interactions for community and ecosystem ecology is illustrated through the use of numerous examples and case studies.Less
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of below-ground biodiversity for ecosystem form and function. It describes the vast diversity of biota that live in the soil environment — the most complex habitat on Earth — and discusses the factors that act as determinants of this diversity across different spatial and temporal scales. This book also considers how biotic interactions in soil influence the important soil processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling. It demonstrates how interactions and feedbacks between diverse plant and soil communities act as important drivers of ecosystem form and function. The importance of these relationships for understanding how ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, is discussed in depth. Much is still to be learned about the soil biota and their roles in ecosystems, and the author highlights some of the many challenges that face ecologists in the exploration of soil. This book provides an introduction to the biology of soil, and also discusses the most recent developments in this progressive field of ecology. The importance of soil biotic interactions for community and ecosystem ecology is illustrated through the use of numerous examples and case studies.
Lorraine Code
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159431
- eISBN:
- 9780199786411
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159438.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter shows how ecology, literally and metaphorically, affords a model for rethinking the established theories of knowledge, and relations between humanity and the other-than-human, that ...
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This chapter shows how ecology, literally and metaphorically, affords a model for rethinking the established theories of knowledge, and relations between humanity and the other-than-human, that characterize the social imaginary of the post-Enlightenment western world. Ecology figures as a study of habitats where people can live well together; of the ethos and habitus enacted in the customs, social organizations, and creative-regulative principles by which they strive or fail to achieve this end. Focusing on a shift in Rachel Carson’s thinking from geographical to ecological, and drawing on Kristin Shrader-Frechette’s analysis of ecological science, the chapter draws a parallel between Carson’s tacit epistemology and that of biologist Karen Messing to develop the working conception of ecology that informs the argument of the book. A reclamation of testimony as a source of evidence is central to the argument.Less
This chapter shows how ecology, literally and metaphorically, affords a model for rethinking the established theories of knowledge, and relations between humanity and the other-than-human, that characterize the social imaginary of the post-Enlightenment western world. Ecology figures as a study of habitats where people can live well together; of the ethos and habitus enacted in the customs, social organizations, and creative-regulative principles by which they strive or fail to achieve this end. Focusing on a shift in Rachel Carson’s thinking from geographical to ecological, and drawing on Kristin Shrader-Frechette’s analysis of ecological science, the chapter draws a parallel between Carson’s tacit epistemology and that of biologist Karen Messing to develop the working conception of ecology that informs the argument of the book. A reclamation of testimony as a source of evidence is central to the argument.
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Scientists and governments recognize the importance of biodiversity and its value to society. However, the unprecedented loss of biodiversity in this century signals a serious failure of policy to ...
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Scientists and governments recognize the importance of biodiversity and its value to society. However, the unprecedented loss of biodiversity in this century signals a serious failure of policy to protect the plethora of species in the environment. As biodiversity loss is fundamentally an economic problem, economic theory and empirical analyses can play an important role in helping to protect biological diversity in developing nations. This chapter focuses on the use of economic analysis to develop better policy portfolios for biodiversity conservation, discusses biodiversity as a whole rather than a species in particular, and emphasizes land management and habitat protection to achieve conservation.Less
Scientists and governments recognize the importance of biodiversity and its value to society. However, the unprecedented loss of biodiversity in this century signals a serious failure of policy to protect the plethora of species in the environment. As biodiversity loss is fundamentally an economic problem, economic theory and empirical analyses can play an important role in helping to protect biological diversity in developing nations. This chapter focuses on the use of economic analysis to develop better policy portfolios for biodiversity conservation, discusses biodiversity as a whole rather than a species in particular, and emphasizes land management and habitat protection to achieve conservation.
Beat Oertli
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Odonata constitute a valuable tool for various types of bioassessment and biomonitoring of aquatic habitats, such as the measure of biodiversity, the appraisal of waterbody health or integrity ...
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Odonata constitute a valuable tool for various types of bioassessment and biomonitoring of aquatic habitats, such as the measure of biodiversity, the appraisal of waterbody health or integrity (including water quality and ecosystem function), the monitoring of management or restoration practices, and the detection and prediction of biological impacts of climate warming. Furthermore, they have already provided excellent data sets for hypothesis testing in ecology or evolution. An efficient sampling method for Odonata should account for the three live stages, i.e., larvae, exuviae, and adults. However, as this approach may be too expensive, most existing methods only focus on one stage. In applied issues, the adult stage is surveyed at a low cost, and is therefore useful for rapid assessments; it can serve for preliminary screening, for example when identifying local hotspots of diversity or, on the contrary, to mark degraded sites.Less
Odonata constitute a valuable tool for various types of bioassessment and biomonitoring of aquatic habitats, such as the measure of biodiversity, the appraisal of waterbody health or integrity (including water quality and ecosystem function), the monitoring of management or restoration practices, and the detection and prediction of biological impacts of climate warming. Furthermore, they have already provided excellent data sets for hypothesis testing in ecology or evolution. An efficient sampling method for Odonata should account for the three live stages, i.e., larvae, exuviae, and adults. However, as this approach may be too expensive, most existing methods only focus on one stage. In applied issues, the adult stage is surveyed at a low cost, and is therefore useful for rapid assessments; it can serve for preliminary screening, for example when identifying local hotspots of diversity or, on the contrary, to mark degraded sites.
A. Townsend Peterson, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel B. Araújo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136868
- eISBN:
- 9781400840670
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography, linking individual- and population-level processes to geographic distributions and biodiversity patterns. ...
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This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography, linking individual- and population-level processes to geographic distributions and biodiversity patterns. Problems in evolutionary ecology, macroecology, and biogeography are illuminated by this integrative view. The book focuses on correlative approaches known as ecological niche modeling, species distribution modeling, or habitat suitability modeling, which use associations between known occurrences of species and environmental variables to identify environmental conditions under which populations can be maintained. The spatial distribution of environments suitable for the species can then be estimated: a potential distribution for the species. This approach has broad applicability to ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology, as well as to understanding the geographic potential of invasive species and infectious diseases, and the biological implications of climate change. The book lays out conceptual foundations and general principles for understanding and interpreting species distributions with respect to geography and environment. Focus is on development of niche models. While serving as a guide for students and researchers, the book also provides a theoretical framework to support future progress in the field.Less
This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography, linking individual- and population-level processes to geographic distributions and biodiversity patterns. Problems in evolutionary ecology, macroecology, and biogeography are illuminated by this integrative view. The book focuses on correlative approaches known as ecological niche modeling, species distribution modeling, or habitat suitability modeling, which use associations between known occurrences of species and environmental variables to identify environmental conditions under which populations can be maintained. The spatial distribution of environments suitable for the species can then be estimated: a potential distribution for the species. This approach has broad applicability to ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology, as well as to understanding the geographic potential of invasive species and infectious diseases, and the biological implications of climate change. The book lays out conceptual foundations and general principles for understanding and interpreting species distributions with respect to geography and environment. Focus is on development of niche models. While serving as a guide for students and researchers, the book also provides a theoretical framework to support future progress in the field.
Ken A. Otter, Harry van Oort, and Kevin T. Fort
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569992
- eISBN:
- 9780191717802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0020
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Habitat destruction and fragmentation poses one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in conservation biology. What distinguishes habitat fragments is that the intervening gaps are often ...
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Habitat destruction and fragmentation poses one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in conservation biology. What distinguishes habitat fragments is that the intervening gaps are often vegetated, rather than open expanses of ocean. This intervening habitat, referred to as ‘the matrix’, differs in species composition or age and/or structure of the vegetation so as to be sufficiently distinct from the remnant habitat islands they surround. Matrix habitat is considered less hospitable for remnant-dwelling species, yet terrestrial matrices may not be quite as impermeable as open oceans. This chapter addresses the potential for breeding in altered habitats, such as those found in managed habitat matrices that separate remnant, native forest. Using studies on both Eurasian tits and North American chickadees, analyses investigating breeding in forests of divergent habitat quality are paralleled with proposed management of matrix vegetation as alternative breeding habitat for matrix-tolerating species.Less
Habitat destruction and fragmentation poses one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in conservation biology. What distinguishes habitat fragments is that the intervening gaps are often vegetated, rather than open expanses of ocean. This intervening habitat, referred to as ‘the matrix’, differs in species composition or age and/or structure of the vegetation so as to be sufficiently distinct from the remnant habitat islands they surround. Matrix habitat is considered less hospitable for remnant-dwelling species, yet terrestrial matrices may not be quite as impermeable as open oceans. This chapter addresses the potential for breeding in altered habitats, such as those found in managed habitat matrices that separate remnant, native forest. Using studies on both Eurasian tits and North American chickadees, analyses investigating breeding in forests of divergent habitat quality are paralleled with proposed management of matrix vegetation as alternative breeding habitat for matrix-tolerating species.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0029
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter focuses on the global pollination crisis. For nearly three decades now there has been evidence of declines in pollinators worldwide, and the problems were explicitly recognized in the ...
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This chapter focuses on the global pollination crisis. For nearly three decades now there has been evidence of declines in pollinators worldwide, and the problems were explicitly recognized in the United Nations Sao Paulo declaration (1998–1999). However, the ecosystem-level effects of this pollinator decline remain unclear. Therefore long-term data collections are needed to track the changes and to understand their underlying causes with a view to finding sustainable solutions. This chapter examines the needs for assessment of pollinator declines, along with some of the key threats to pollinators and to pollination services including: habitat degradation and destruction; habitat fragmentation; intensive agriculture; increasing prevalence of fires in areas where human impacts are substantial; introduced animal species and pollinators; invasive plant species and changing floras; diseases and other natural threats to key pollinators; and climate change.Less
This chapter focuses on the global pollination crisis. For nearly three decades now there has been evidence of declines in pollinators worldwide, and the problems were explicitly recognized in the United Nations Sao Paulo declaration (1998–1999). However, the ecosystem-level effects of this pollinator decline remain unclear. Therefore long-term data collections are needed to track the changes and to understand their underlying causes with a view to finding sustainable solutions. This chapter examines the needs for assessment of pollinator declines, along with some of the key threats to pollinators and to pollination services including: habitat degradation and destruction; habitat fragmentation; intensive agriculture; increasing prevalence of fires in areas where human impacts are substantial; introduced animal species and pollinators; invasive plant species and changing floras; diseases and other natural threats to key pollinators; and climate change.
William F. Laurance
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
William F. Laurance provides an overview of contemporary habitat loss in this chapter. Vast amounts of habitat destruction have already occurred. for instance, about half of all global forest cover ...
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William F. Laurance provides an overview of contemporary habitat loss in this chapter. Vast amounts of habitat destruction have already occurred. for instance, about half of all global forest cover has been lost, and forests have virtually vanished in over 50 nations worldwide. Habitat destruction has been highly uneven among different ecosystems. From a geographic perspective, islands, coastal areas, wetlands, regions with large or growing human populations, and emerging agricultural frontiers are all sustaining rapid habitat loss. From a biome perspective, habitat loss has been very high in Mediterranean forests, temperate forest‐steppe and woodland, temperate broadleaf forests, and tropical coniferous forests. Other ecosystems, particularly tropical rainforests, are now disappearing rapidly. Habitat destruction in the temperate zone peaked in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Although considerable habitat loss is occurring in some temperate ecosystems, overall forest cover is now increasing from forest regeneration and plantation establishment in some temperate regions. Primary (old‐growth) habitats are rapidly diminishing across much of the earth. In their place, a variety of semi‐natural or intensively managed ecosystems are being established. For example, although just two‐tenths of the temperate coniferous forests have disappeared, vast areas are being converted from old‐growth to timber‐production forests, with a greatly simplified stand structure and species composition. Boreal ecosystems have suffered relatively limited reductions to date but are especially vulnerable to global warming. Boreal forests could become increasingly vulnerable to destructive fires if future conditions become warmer or drier.Less
William F. Laurance provides an overview of contemporary habitat loss in this chapter. Vast amounts of habitat destruction have already occurred. for instance, about half of all global forest cover has been lost, and forests have virtually vanished in over 50 nations worldwide. Habitat destruction has been highly uneven among different ecosystems. From a geographic perspective, islands, coastal areas, wetlands, regions with large or growing human populations, and emerging agricultural frontiers are all sustaining rapid habitat loss. From a biome perspective, habitat loss has been very high in Mediterranean forests, temperate forest‐steppe and woodland, temperate broadleaf forests, and tropical coniferous forests. Other ecosystems, particularly tropical rainforests, are now disappearing rapidly. Habitat destruction in the temperate zone peaked in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Although considerable habitat loss is occurring in some temperate ecosystems, overall forest cover is now increasing from forest regeneration and plantation establishment in some temperate regions. Primary (old‐growth) habitats are rapidly diminishing across much of the earth. In their place, a variety of semi‐natural or intensively managed ecosystems are being established. For example, although just two‐tenths of the temperate coniferous forests have disappeared, vast areas are being converted from old‐growth to timber‐production forests, with a greatly simplified stand structure and species composition. Boreal ecosystems have suffered relatively limited reductions to date but are especially vulnerable to global warming. Boreal forests could become increasingly vulnerable to destructive fires if future conditions become warmer or drier.
Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Conceptual approaches used to understand conservation in fragmented landscapes are summarized in this chapter by Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders. Destruction and fragmentation of habitats are ...
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Conceptual approaches used to understand conservation in fragmented landscapes are summarized in this chapter by Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders. Destruction and fragmentation of habitats are major factors in the global decline of species, the modification of native plant and animal communities and the alteration of ecosystem processes. Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation (or subdivision) and new forms of land use are closely intertwined in an overall process of landscape change. Landscape change is not random: disproportionate change typically occurs in flatter areas, at lower elevations and on more‐productive soils. Altered physical processes (e.g. wind and water flows) and the impacts of human land‐use have a profound influence on fragments and their biota, particularly at fragment edges. Different species have different ecological attributes (such as scale of movement, life‐history stages, what constitutes habitat) which influence how a species perceives a landscape and its ability to survive in modified landscapes. Differences in the vulnerability of species to landscape change alter the structure of communities and modify interactions between species (e.g. pollination, parasitism). Changes within fragments, and between fragments and their surroundings, involve time‐lags before the full consequences of landscape change are experienced. Conservation in fragmented landscapes can be enhanced by: (i) protecting and increasing the amount of habitat: (ii) improving habitat quality; (iii) increasing connectivity; (iv) managing disturbance processes in the wider landscape; (v) planning for the long term; and (vi) learning from conservation actions undertaken.Less
Conceptual approaches used to understand conservation in fragmented landscapes are summarized in this chapter by Andrew F. Bennett and Denis A. Saunders. Destruction and fragmentation of habitats are major factors in the global decline of species, the modification of native plant and animal communities and the alteration of ecosystem processes. Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation (or subdivision) and new forms of land use are closely intertwined in an overall process of landscape change. Landscape change is not random: disproportionate change typically occurs in flatter areas, at lower elevations and on more‐productive soils. Altered physical processes (e.g. wind and water flows) and the impacts of human land‐use have a profound influence on fragments and their biota, particularly at fragment edges. Different species have different ecological attributes (such as scale of movement, life‐history stages, what constitutes habitat) which influence how a species perceives a landscape and its ability to survive in modified landscapes. Differences in the vulnerability of species to landscape change alter the structure of communities and modify interactions between species (e.g. pollination, parasitism). Changes within fragments, and between fragments and their surroundings, involve time‐lags before the full consequences of landscape change are experienced. Conservation in fragmented landscapes can be enhanced by: (i) protecting and increasing the amount of habitat: (ii) improving habitat quality; (iii) increasing connectivity; (iv) managing disturbance processes in the wider landscape; (v) planning for the long term; and (vi) learning from conservation actions undertaken.
Roger Cousens, Calvin Dytham, and Richard Law
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299126
- eISBN:
- 9780191715006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299126.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter explores the spatial dynamics of invading species, paying particular attention to the patterns formed as they spread, i.e., the rate of increase of the area invaded and the rate at which ...
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This chapter explores the spatial dynamics of invading species, paying particular attention to the patterns formed as they spread, i.e., the rate of increase of the area invaded and the rate at which their boundaries move. The development of models for population expansion — comprising a range of structures and assumptions both simple and complex — is reviewed. Rare long distance dispersal events are shown to dictate the rate of spread, the pattern in population margins, and the distribution of genotypes. Movement through heterogeneous landscapes is shown to be further affected by the connectivity and distribution of suitable patches.Less
This chapter explores the spatial dynamics of invading species, paying particular attention to the patterns formed as they spread, i.e., the rate of increase of the area invaded and the rate at which their boundaries move. The development of models for population expansion — comprising a range of structures and assumptions both simple and complex — is reviewed. Rare long distance dispersal events are shown to dictate the rate of spread, the pattern in population margins, and the distribution of genotypes. Movement through heterogeneous landscapes is shown to be further affected by the connectivity and distribution of suitable patches.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts about polar habitats and polar ecology. It argues that polar habitats are unique and of great intrinsic interest to ecologists. Their study helps us ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts about polar habitats and polar ecology. It argues that polar habitats are unique and of great intrinsic interest to ecologists. Their study helps us understand, and to some extent cope with, the damage humans have caused to global environment.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts about polar habitats and polar ecology. It argues that polar habitats are unique and of great intrinsic interest to ecologists. Their study helps us understand, and to some extent cope with, the damage humans have caused to global environment.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of habitat management and why it is necessary. It then discusses the principles of habitat management and the aims and scope of the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of habitat management and why it is necessary. It then discusses the principles of habitat management and the aims and scope of the book. An overview of the rest of the chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of habitat management and why it is necessary. It then discusses the principles of habitat management and the aims and scope of the book. An overview of the rest of the chapters is presented.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses management/site action planning for habitat management: the process for deciding what you want to achieve, how to achieve it, and how to monitor whether you are achieving it. ...
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This chapter discusses management/site action planning for habitat management: the process for deciding what you want to achieve, how to achieve it, and how to monitor whether you are achieving it. Topics covered include the format of the management action plan, monitoring and surveillance, and agri-environment schemes and conservation programmes.Less
This chapter discusses management/site action planning for habitat management: the process for deciding what you want to achieve, how to achieve it, and how to monitor whether you are achieving it. Topics covered include the format of the management action plan, monitoring and surveillance, and agri-environment schemes and conservation programmes.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; ...
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This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; different approaches to grazing, and methods of controlling unwanted plant species. Eradication of rats and cats on islands is also covered, since this affects a number of different habitats, and can be of critical importance in conserving some island endemics and important seabird colonies. The chapter also includes a discussion of the likely effects of climate change on species and habitats, and potential ways to mitigate and compensate for its damaging effects.Less
This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; different approaches to grazing, and methods of controlling unwanted plant species. Eradication of rats and cats on islands is also covered, since this affects a number of different habitats, and can be of critical importance in conserving some island endemics and important seabird colonies. The chapter also includes a discussion of the likely effects of climate change on species and habitats, and potential ways to mitigate and compensate for its damaging effects.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Dwarf-shrubs are vegetation types dominated by low (less than 3-4 m high), predominantly evergreen, shrubs, typically on soils with low nutrient availability. Characteristic dwarf-shrub vegetation ...
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Dwarf-shrubs are vegetation types dominated by low (less than 3-4 m high), predominantly evergreen, shrubs, typically on soils with low nutrient availability. Characteristic dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands occur in the five regions of the world with Mediterranean-type climates of mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers: phrygana/garrigue and maquis in the Mediterranean; coastal sage scrub and chaparral in California; mattoral in Chile; fynbos in South Africa; and mallee and heathland/kwongan in southern and western Australia. This chapter discusses the factors influencing the suitability of dwarf-shrub habitats for plants and animals, general principles of managing dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands, burning, grazing and browsing, European Atlantic lowland heathlands, and Atlantic upland heaths and moorlands.Less
Dwarf-shrubs are vegetation types dominated by low (less than 3-4 m high), predominantly evergreen, shrubs, typically on soils with low nutrient availability. Characteristic dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands occur in the five regions of the world with Mediterranean-type climates of mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers: phrygana/garrigue and maquis in the Mediterranean; coastal sage scrub and chaparral in California; mattoral in Chile; fynbos in South Africa; and mallee and heathland/kwongan in southern and western Australia. This chapter discusses the factors influencing the suitability of dwarf-shrub habitats for plants and animals, general principles of managing dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands, burning, grazing and browsing, European Atlantic lowland heathlands, and Atlantic upland heaths and moorlands.
