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A chapter on internally displaced persons (IDPs) stands out from the other chapters in this volume in that it concerns internal rather than international migrants; and people who are therefore almost always citizens of the country where they have migrated or been displaced. In addition to providing an overview of the institutional, political, and normative elements of the response to internal displacement, this chapter therefore focuses on wider implications for the global governance of international migration. Citizenship is still on the whole the preserve of sovereign states, and so inter-state regulation is less an issue for IDPs than for international migrants. At the same time, there has been a rapid evolution of institutional cooperation in assisting and protecting IDPs. The way that international organizations have overcome institutional rivalries and worked towards innovative responses to gaps in their mandates to protect IDPs has important lessons for the international response to other migrants such as those resulting from the effects of climate change who do not clearly fall within the responsibility of a single agency. At the political level, the key challenge has been to negotiate international intervention in a sovereign domain. The evolution of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) concept has been critical here, and this chapter analyses its relationship to IDPs. At the same time, the way that R2P also pertains to the protection of other migratory citizens, including internal migrants, returning refugees, and international migrants, is analysed. Finally, at the normative level, the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement represent a good example of ‘bottom-up’ consensus-building. The Guiding Principles are in essence a restatement of existing international humanitarian and human rights law as they apply to IDPs, and are not binding upon states. They have nevertheless gained widespread international acceptance and form the basis for a growing body of domestic law. There may be lessons to learn here for the global governance of particularly controversial areas of international migration such as migrant workers.

This chapter seeks to complete the analysis of the identity, nature, and main attributes of personal work or employment contracts by considering how, in the law of personal work or employment contracts, the content of those contracts is conceived and constructed. The first section explains the idea of guiding principles in relation to the express and implied terms of personal work or employment contracts. The succeeding sections articulate each of the guiding principles in more detail.

This chapter draws together the themes of Chapters 7 and 8 to consider the overarching normative principles of international cooperation, humanity, and dignity that should underpin State and institutional responses to cross-border displacement in the context of climate change and disasters. By placing the needs and rights of the affected individual at the centre of analysis, they mandate that legal and policy responses are human-rights-focused. There is an increasing coalescence of institutional support for the creation of a set of guiding principles, similar in nature to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, to provide a guiding framework in cross-border scenarios. This is coupled with a noticeable shift in emphasis at the international level away from ‘climate change’ displacement, to a focus on ‘disasters’, of which climate change-related disasters are a sub-category. This sits more comfortably with the conceptual problems of isolating ‘climate change’ as a cause of movement, discussed throughout the book.

The framework for the Vienna negotiations on Kosovo's final status, which took place over fifteen rounds during 2006, was established by the UN Security Council, and there was a presumption that once commenced, the talks should not be blocked by any party. The Contact Group issued ten ‘guiding principles’, which set the red lines to be imposed by the mediators and concerned, inter alia, human rights, protection of cultural and religious heritage, regional stability and economic development, and the acceptance of continued international supervision. This chapter traces the unfolding of negotiations themselves, detailing the format of the talks, outlining basic positions, and presenting an in-depth analysis of the conduct and content of discussions. The resulting draft Comprehensive Proposal of 2 February 2007 — covering status, construction of the polity, community rights, international presence and the Special Envoy's recommendation for ‘supervised independence’ — was welcomed by Kosovo, but rejected by Serbia.

This chapter highlights and discuses Erhard's efforts and endeavours as economic director of the Bizone in stabilizing the economic crisis. Erhard was of the view that a currency reform without an immediate return to free-market principles would be senseless. He undertook necessary measures to abolish controls on the allocation of manufactured products. He drafted legislation which gave him the power to overthrow the control system once the abolition of the old currency was implemented. He implemented the Guiding Principles Law before currency reform was introduced, to free the economy from a stifling blanket of controls that had to be taken very rapidly. Shifts in taxation and tax cuts benefited profits and property at the expense of the lower income groups.

One of the most important and concrete outcomes of China’s G20 presidency was the establishment of a Trade and Investment Working Group (TIWG), recognizing that robust and sustainable trade and investment reinforces economic growth and calling for enhanced G20 trade and investment cooperation. The Chinese presidency’s renewed approach was not only to bring stand-alone investment issues to the G20 table, but also to re-spark the conversation on investment and trade policy-making by bringing them closer together again, acknowledging the complementarity of trade and investment as the engines of economic growth. This has paved the way for coherent, integrated discussions on trade and investment for the first time in fifteen years in the global political arena. On the investment side, the TIWG delivered the G20 Guiding Principles for Global Investment Policy-Making (G20 Guiding Principles), a key outcome of the Chinese presidency. These were endorsed by trade ministers in Shanghai in July 2016 and then by heads of state at the Hangzhou Summit in September 2016, with the objective of fostering an open, transparent, and conducive global policy environment for investment; promoting coherence in national and international investment policy-making; and promoting inclusive economic growth and sustainable development. The G20 Guiding Principles are introduced in the chapter. It begins with a background review of their crafting and various attempts at devising guiding principles on international investment, and identifies some of the guidelines that have paved the way for the Principles. The chapter then focuses on the objectives, scope, and content of the G20 Guiding Principles and considers their potential impact on policy-making at the domestic and international levels. Finally, the chapter addresses the broader work of the G20 TIWG, including the trade and investment linkage, analyses the general state of play of G20 countries’ investment agreements, and offers some preliminary conclusions and ways forward.

This chapter presents the seven guiding principles that can counteract the myths and assumptions that lull people into accepting gender imbalance as the way things have to be and lead to better decision-making and improved governance of societies’ institutions. The chapter describes how these seven guiding principles can be used in practice by applying them to three business cases in which leaders acted in conformity with the principles and to one business case in which they did not. The leaders who took effective action to promote gender balance in their organizations did not blame gender imbalance or lack of diversity on factors beyond their control—like market forces, or a short supply of qualified and ambitious women or minorities. Anyone who believes that gender balance is important can use these principles to help lead the way to gender balance by talking about them with colleagues, board members, friends, and family.

The dichotomy between voluntary and regulatory approaches to achieving corporate responsibility is increasingly recognized as a false one. Instead, there is a new focus on the search for a smart mix of instruments and initiatives to incentivize and disincentivize, to reward and reorient business in the pursuit of corporate responsibility including for human rights. In this wider context, voluntary initiatives serve a variety of functions as a complement, but not substitute for regulation. Using the United Nations Global Compact as an example, this chapter unpacks some of the main contributions of voluntary initiatives. Lack of corporate responsibility is often not the result of rational profit maximizing business decisions. There are information gaps and management system failures that voluntary initiatives are well placed to help address. Among other things, voluntary initiatives focus on the important question of “how” in concrete specific terms corporate responsibility is to be realized. The limits of the law mean that regulation alone is not the panacea. There is an important role for voluntary actions like learning, dialogue and collective approaches and for self-enlightened business interest. And there is the need for all societal actors – consumers, investors, workers, governments - to better align the signals they send to business

This chapter introduces the legal and normative frameworks employed by the ICRC and UNHCR, explaining how these frameworks shape their work. International humanitarian law is central to the identity, legal mandate, and day-to-day work of the ICRC, while UNHCR emphasizes the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, domestic legislation, and the rights of IDPs not to be disadvantaged or discriminated against on account of their displacement. The legal and normative framework on which the ICRC bases its approach to protecting civilians in internal conflict was originally designed to regulate international conflict. UNHCR has also carried across a particular understanding of protection from international refugee law and its refugee protection work to its IDP protection work. As a consequence, the laws and norms on which the ICRC and UNHCR base their in-country protection efforts may not be fully appropriate for the tasks at hand.

This chapter discusses the structural elements of the Guiding Principles for human rights impact assessments of economic reform policies, proposed by the UN Independent Expert on foreign debt and human rights. It describes the evolution of structural adjustment responses to financial crises and mitigation of adverse social impact up to the recent financial crisis, explains how structural adjustment programmes usually affect human rights and argues that, for both economic and legal reasons, economic reform programmes must be inclusive while at the same time advance human rights. It also explains how using human rights impact assessments can help strengthen States’ policy responses to financial crises. The chapter concludes with some preliminary recommendations for discussion on the contents and format of the Guiding Principles and proposes the next steps towards their development.

If you were to go back just three years, the name “Minerva” was most commonly associated with the mythological Roman goddess of wisdom. Today, it is a registered trademark and refers to the most selective university program on the planet. How did that happen? In this chapter, we describe the journey of building a prestigious brand from scratch—how we got started with just a name and developed brand meaning, values, visual and verbal identity, and a set of principles that has become a foundation of the institution today. The key has been to take this well beyond a name and logo, turning the brand concepts into a working framework for every single person at Minerva, regardless of role.

The guiding principles on internal displacement are a critical document for the protection of some 28.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) worldwide. These non-binding principles have introduced a normative basis for a global IDP protection regime, defining who qualifies for IDP status, the rights of individual IDPs under international law, and the duties and obligations of states and the international community towards them. The guiding principles appear to be strongly institutionalized at the international level. They have also been widely adopted in domestic law, with 25 of the 62 states with internally displaced populations having passed some forms of legislation to assist IDPs. However, practical and policy-oriented implementation at the domestic level has lagged. First, discordance exists between the principles and these domestic laws and policies. Second, in some cases, initially clear and expansive IDP policies have either stalled or threatened to stall due to issues of support or resources.

The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights are an example where soft law arguably takes on a primary role in the human rights field. This chapter argues that the Guiding Principles are a challenging, and sometimes confusing, instrument for public international law and international human rights law in terms of form and content. It is therefore important to clarify the nature and the contents of the Guiding Principles and analyse the effects of the emergence of such soft law instruments. The author acknowledges that the Guiding Principles have played a catalyst role in bringing together relevant human rights obligations in a set of soft law standards addressing both states and business enterprises. However, by associating corporate social responsibility discourse and actual legal obligation in the same instrument, it also becomes more difficult to distinguish the mandatory elements from the voluntary ones within the field of human rights and business.

This chapter explores Hadassah's ideological foundations. One of Hadassah's basic principles was that it should be a mass Zionist movement for American Jewish women: that is, ultimately every American Jewish woman should be counted among its members. However, the fundamental values and principles that guided Hadassah were not formulated in explicitly ideological statements, and so for the most part must be traced through its publications and activities. Over the years, Hadassah's ideology was shaped by its leaders, who conveyed it to the rank-and-file members through the organization's publications, especially the official Hadassah Newsletter but also various other documents and pamphlets produced by the Education Department, and at the annual conventions. Here, ideology refers to the organization's ideas, values, and modus operandi, whether formulated explicitly or not.

Community social work practice must build upon the successful completion of a community-focused asset assessment. Furthermore, this form of assessment is an intervention onto itself, as well as serving as the basis for interventions based on the findings. Once an assessment is thought of as an intervention, then the process used to gather data goes far beyond this task and also actively seeks to achieve positive social change as one of its many goals. Community asset assessment is conceptualized as falling into what Lather (2006) refers to as “emancipate” paradigm, which stresses actions such as participatory research, critical ethnography, critical cartography, critical race theory, feminist theory, and gay and lesbian theories. Community asset assessment represents a process of discovery, and in this case, one focused on capacities and assets.

This chapter examines the guiding principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with respect to regional trade agreements (RTA). It discusses the economic and political reasons behind RTA and describes the rules as applied in practice and in WTO jurisprudence. It attempts to clarify the WTO–RTA relationship in the context of the treaty law framework and provides recommendations for reform developed within the framework of the Doha Development Agenda.

This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the implementation of business and human rights standards, especially the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although SMEs make up between 85 and 99 per cent of global enterprises, they have not been directly involved in the crafting of these standards and this coupled with the traditional focus on transnational enterprises gives a flavour of the formidably challenging context in which the UNGPs are to be implemented. Drawing on lessons from related disciplines such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability, the chapter explores the implications for human rights of issues such as SME identity, organizational structures, and their place in supply chains. The chapter concludes that the challenges are not overwhelming, especially if the unique characteristics of SMEs such as their flexibility, adaptability, and clear leaderships can be leveraged to achieve the objectives of the business and human rights standards.

This chapter presents a report on the six guiding principles that are derived from the information shared by project personnel. These are raising awareness of caregiver issues, encouraging caregiver leadership, acknowledging caregivers as partners in care, building community capacity, networking to engage and maintain the interest of key stakeholders, and developing advisory steering committee structures. It also studies the implementation of ‘respite as an outcome, not a service’ in three rural regions of Canada, using the point of view of the project personnel who were working within formal organisational structures.

Chapter 3 of Performing Music Research explores the guiding principles on which ethical codes are based. These can be summarized as follows: people should not be harmed, nor their rights and dignity compromised, and research must be of scientific value and carried out with integrity. These issues must be considered and addressed in the earliest stages of research and in light of the potential benefits of the findings of the research to society. The chapter reflects on the philosophical underpinnings of ethical research and outlines the process whereby ethical approval is typically sought and obtained, with reference to a selection of codes of research ethics published by professional associations and regulatory bodies that guide and inform research activity.