Daniel Strickman, Stephen P. Frances, and Mustapha Debboun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195365771
- eISBN:
- 9780199867677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365771.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
This chapter presents the situation of a fictional family that uses all the lessons from this book to protect themselves from bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. Their activities as are an example ...
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This chapter presents the situation of a fictional family that uses all the lessons from this book to protect themselves from bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. Their activities as are an example of integrated pest management under widely different circumstances. The chapter includes a guide to solving pest problems based on information presented in more detail throughout the book.Less
This chapter presents the situation of a fictional family that uses all the lessons from this book to protect themselves from bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. Their activities as are an example of integrated pest management under widely different circumstances. The chapter includes a guide to solving pest problems based on information presented in more detail throughout the book.
Daniel Davies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199768738
- eISBN:
- 9780199918980
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768738.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed is one of the most discussed books in Jewish history. Since its appearance, many readers have advocated an “esoteric” reading of the Guide, professing to find a ...
More
Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed is one of the most discussed books in Jewish history. Since its appearance, many readers have advocated an “esoteric” reading of the Guide, professing to find a hidden message in Maimonides' metaphysical beliefs. Through close readings of the Guide, this book addresses the major debates surrounding its secret doctrine. It argues that perceived contradictions in Maimonides' accounts of creation and divine attributes can be squared by paying attention to the various ways in which he presents his arguments. Furthermore, by employing philosophical rigor, it shows how a coherent theological view can emerge from the many layers of the Guide. But Maimonides' clear declaration that certain matters must be hidden from the masses cannot be ignored, and the kind of inconsistency that is peculiar to the Guide requires another explanation. It is found in the purpose Maimonides assigns to the Guide: scriptural exegesis. Ezekiel's account of the chariot, treated in one of the most laconic sections of the Guide, is the subject of the final chapters. By connecting the vision with currents in the wider Islamic world, the book shows how Maimonides devises a new method of presentation in order to imitate scripture's multilayered manner of communication. He updates what he takes to be the correct interpretation of scripture by writing it in a work appropriate for his own time, and to do so he has to keep the Torah's most hidden secrets.Less
Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed is one of the most discussed books in Jewish history. Since its appearance, many readers have advocated an “esoteric” reading of the Guide, professing to find a hidden message in Maimonides' metaphysical beliefs. Through close readings of the Guide, this book addresses the major debates surrounding its secret doctrine. It argues that perceived contradictions in Maimonides' accounts of creation and divine attributes can be squared by paying attention to the various ways in which he presents his arguments. Furthermore, by employing philosophical rigor, it shows how a coherent theological view can emerge from the many layers of the Guide. But Maimonides' clear declaration that certain matters must be hidden from the masses cannot be ignored, and the kind of inconsistency that is peculiar to the Guide requires another explanation. It is found in the purpose Maimonides assigns to the Guide: scriptural exegesis. Ezekiel's account of the chariot, treated in one of the most laconic sections of the Guide, is the subject of the final chapters. By connecting the vision with currents in the wider Islamic world, the book shows how Maimonides devises a new method of presentation in order to imitate scripture's multilayered manner of communication. He updates what he takes to be the correct interpretation of scripture by writing it in a work appropriate for his own time, and to do so he has to keep the Torah's most hidden secrets.
Grant Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199731701
- eISBN:
- 9780199777167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731701.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature, World Religions
The majority of the Book of Mormon is narrated by Mormon, who is supposed to have lived at the end of Nephite history, in the fourth century AD. Whether one regards him as a historical figure or a ...
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The majority of the Book of Mormon is narrated by Mormon, who is supposed to have lived at the end of Nephite history, in the fourth century AD. Whether one regards him as a historical figure or a fictional construct, he structures his story in characteristic ways. Clues to his character can be found in his autobiographical chapters, two letters and a sermon reproduced verbatim, and especially in the hundred or so brief editorial comments he makes throughout the history he narrates. These passages show Mormon in three modes: 1) as a conscientious historian concerned with names, dates, and documentary sources; 2) as a literary artist who shapes the narrative with aesthetic parallels, significant phrasing, and focused selection; and 3) as a moral guide who explicitly points out the fulfillment of prophecies as well as spiritual lessons. The story of the destruction of the city of Ammonihah is analyzed as an example of what happens when these three agendas are at odds with each other.Less
The majority of the Book of Mormon is narrated by Mormon, who is supposed to have lived at the end of Nephite history, in the fourth century AD. Whether one regards him as a historical figure or a fictional construct, he structures his story in characteristic ways. Clues to his character can be found in his autobiographical chapters, two letters and a sermon reproduced verbatim, and especially in the hundred or so brief editorial comments he makes throughout the history he narrates. These passages show Mormon in three modes: 1) as a conscientious historian concerned with names, dates, and documentary sources; 2) as a literary artist who shapes the narrative with aesthetic parallels, significant phrasing, and focused selection; and 3) as a moral guide who explicitly points out the fulfillment of prophecies as well as spiritual lessons. The story of the destruction of the city of Ammonihah is analyzed as an example of what happens when these three agendas are at odds with each other.
Robert Eisen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195171532
- eISBN:
- 9780199785162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171532.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter focuses on discerning what Maimonides says about Job. In some passages, every line will have to be carefully scrutinized to get to Maimonides’ true intention. Only toward the end of the ...
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This chapter focuses on discerning what Maimonides says about Job. In some passages, every line will have to be carefully scrutinized to get to Maimonides’ true intention. Only toward the end of the chapter will it be possible to analyze Maimonides’ reading with respect to the three interfaces that are the focus of this study. It is shown that Maimonides’ reading of Job greatly influenced other medieval Jewish philosophers. In fact, there is no reading of Job in medieval Jewish philosophy after Maimonides that does not bear his imprint.Less
This chapter focuses on discerning what Maimonides says about Job. In some passages, every line will have to be carefully scrutinized to get to Maimonides’ true intention. Only toward the end of the chapter will it be possible to analyze Maimonides’ reading with respect to the three interfaces that are the focus of this study. It is shown that Maimonides’ reading of Job greatly influenced other medieval Jewish philosophers. In fact, there is no reading of Job in medieval Jewish philosophy after Maimonides that does not bear his imprint.
Karl Giberson and Mariano Artigas
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310726
- eISBN:
- 9780199785179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310726.003.intro
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Carl Sagan, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Stephen Jay Gould, Steven Weinberg, and Edward. O. Wilson are scientists and science writers with gifts for communication that have allowed them to speak ...
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Carl Sagan, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Stephen Jay Gould, Steven Weinberg, and Edward. O. Wilson are scientists and science writers with gifts for communication that have allowed them to speak to millions outside the scientific community. We are a culture that looks to science because that is where we expect to find our answers, but we need specialists or guides — oracles — to show us the way. In their scientific personas, the oracles make many negative comments about religion and belief in God, and deliver a message to the broader culture about humankind’s place in the grand scheme of things.Less
Carl Sagan, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Stephen Jay Gould, Steven Weinberg, and Edward. O. Wilson are scientists and science writers with gifts for communication that have allowed them to speak to millions outside the scientific community. We are a culture that looks to science because that is where we expect to find our answers, but we need specialists or guides — oracles — to show us the way. In their scientific personas, the oracles make many negative comments about religion and belief in God, and deliver a message to the broader culture about humankind’s place in the grand scheme of things.
JESPER LÜTZEN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567370
- eISBN:
- 9780191717925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567370.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
In his book Principles of Mechanics, Heinrich Hertz discussed the motion of unfree systems. He made the crucial assumption that every unfree system is ‘a portion of a more extended free system’ (a ...
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In his book Principles of Mechanics, Heinrich Hertz discussed the motion of unfree systems. He made the crucial assumption that every unfree system is ‘a portion of a more extended free system’ (a so-called partial system). When Hertz considered an unfree system as a part of a free system ‘it is assumed that the rest of the system is more or less unknown, so that an immediate application of the fundamental law is impossible’. The question is then how to take the influence of the rest of the system into account without knowing its motion in detail. Hertz mentioned two cases where this can be done in different ways. In the first case the rest of the system ‘perform a determinate and prescribed motion’. Hertz introduced the term ‘guided system’ for this situation. The second, more important case, concerned ‘systems acted on by forces’.Less
In his book Principles of Mechanics, Heinrich Hertz discussed the motion of unfree systems. He made the crucial assumption that every unfree system is ‘a portion of a more extended free system’ (a so-called partial system). When Hertz considered an unfree system as a part of a free system ‘it is assumed that the rest of the system is more or less unknown, so that an immediate application of the fundamental law is impossible’. The question is then how to take the influence of the rest of the system into account without knowing its motion in detail. Hertz mentioned two cases where this can be done in different ways. In the first case the rest of the system ‘perform a determinate and prescribed motion’. Hertz introduced the term ‘guided system’ for this situation. The second, more important case, concerned ‘systems acted on by forces’.
Ernest H. Williams Jr. (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
This book is a field guide that explores and explains the patterns of nature, providing new insight into observations of the natural world. The text offers scientifically current explanations of more ...
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This book is a field guide that explores and explains the patterns of nature, providing new insight into observations of the natural world. The text offers scientifically current explanations of more than 225 observable patterns, along with a brief list of sources for further study. The descriptions add understanding of the principles and interactions that underlie these patterns, and include distinct behaviors and adaptations as well as broad distributional patterns. With about one page devoted to each observation, this book offers an ecological perspective and insight. The descriptions are grouped into 14 chapters and cover features that one may observe in individual plants and animals as well as in habitats such as mountains, wetlands, and forests. Curiosity about the world around us is a basis for human learning, and this book aims to generate interest in the many stories of the living world.Less
This book is a field guide that explores and explains the patterns of nature, providing new insight into observations of the natural world. The text offers scientifically current explanations of more than 225 observable patterns, along with a brief list of sources for further study. The descriptions add understanding of the principles and interactions that underlie these patterns, and include distinct behaviors and adaptations as well as broad distributional patterns. With about one page devoted to each observation, this book offers an ecological perspective and insight. The descriptions are grouped into 14 chapters and cover features that one may observe in individual plants and animals as well as in habitats such as mountains, wetlands, and forests. Curiosity about the world around us is a basis for human learning, and this book aims to generate interest in the many stories of the living world.
Paul Badham
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335224
- eISBN:
- 9780199868810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335224.003.0021
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter was originally written as a guide for teachers in Britain responsible for teaching Philosophy of Religion to Advanced Level Students. The “A” Level examination is taken at age 18 in ...
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This chapter was originally written as a guide for teachers in Britain responsible for teaching Philosophy of Religion to Advanced Level Students. The “A” Level examination is taken at age 18 in Britain and this chapter was first published in the journal Dialogue in November 2003. The chapter explores the wide range of beliefs held in contemporary society giving both the case for extinction on naturalistic grounds as well as spelling out the importance for world religion of belief in life after death. It explores the case for dualism in the writings of leading British philosophers. It looks at Resurrection in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as the importance of the law of Karma in the religions of the East. It outlines the philosophical arguments for life after death in Christian philosophy, and examines the empirical evidence for reincarnation with special to the Tibetan and Pure-land traditions of Buddhism. The chapter ends with an examination of Near-death experiences and their possible significance.Less
This chapter was originally written as a guide for teachers in Britain responsible for teaching Philosophy of Religion to Advanced Level Students. The “A” Level examination is taken at age 18 in Britain and this chapter was first published in the journal Dialogue in November 2003. The chapter explores the wide range of beliefs held in contemporary society giving both the case for extinction on naturalistic grounds as well as spelling out the importance for world religion of belief in life after death. It explores the case for dualism in the writings of leading British philosophers. It looks at Resurrection in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as the importance of the law of Karma in the religions of the East. It outlines the philosophical arguments for life after death in Christian philosophy, and examines the empirical evidence for reincarnation with special to the Tibetan and Pure-land traditions of Buddhism. The chapter ends with an examination of Near-death experiences and their possible significance.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Chapter 9 looks at the advertising and cultural positioning of mail‐order book culture, focusing on the Harvard Classics and the Book‐of‐the Month Club.
Chapter 9 looks at the advertising and cultural positioning of mail‐order book culture, focusing on the Harvard Classics and the Book‐of‐the Month Club.
Yaacob Dweck
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145082
- eISBN:
- 9781400840007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145082.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter examines Modena's attempt to reclaim Maimonides from his kabbalistic critics and admirers. It argues that Modena's reading of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed informed most of his ...
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This chapter examines Modena's attempt to reclaim Maimonides from his kabbalistic critics and admirers. It argues that Modena's reading of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed informed most of his important positions in Ari Nohem—his understanding of tradition, his rejection of kabbalistic theology, and his attack on kabbalistic hermeneutics. Indeed, Modena quoted, paraphrased, defended, or alluded to Maimonides on nearly every page of Ari Nohem. He mentioned Maimonides explicitly on more than forty occasions in a treatise that consisted of thirty chapters; in addition, he often cited Maimonides without mentioning his name and engaged Maimonides' critics at great length. The chapter then connects Modena's discussion of two crucial issues in his criticism of Kabbalah to his reading of Maimonides: the history of esoteric secrets and the distinction between Kabbalah and philosophic knowledge.Less
This chapter examines Modena's attempt to reclaim Maimonides from his kabbalistic critics and admirers. It argues that Modena's reading of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed informed most of his important positions in Ari Nohem—his understanding of tradition, his rejection of kabbalistic theology, and his attack on kabbalistic hermeneutics. Indeed, Modena quoted, paraphrased, defended, or alluded to Maimonides on nearly every page of Ari Nohem. He mentioned Maimonides explicitly on more than forty occasions in a treatise that consisted of thirty chapters; in addition, he often cited Maimonides without mentioning his name and engaged Maimonides' critics at great length. The chapter then connects Modena's discussion of two crucial issues in his criticism of Kabbalah to his reading of Maimonides: the history of esoteric secrets and the distinction between Kabbalah and philosophic knowledge.
Mark J. Macgowan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183450
- eISBN:
- 9780199864935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183450.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter describes the third stage of evidence-based group work. It offers guidance and tools for critically evaluating the group-based evidence collected from the search completed in stage two. ...
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This chapter describes the third stage of evidence-based group work. It offers guidance and tools for critically evaluating the group-based evidence collected from the search completed in stage two. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first provides a discussion of the critical review system, which includes eight guides for evaluating evidence from quantitative (grouped and single-case designs) and qualitative studies, authorities, multiple studies/reports, literature reviews (systematic and non-systematic), and group-based measures. Each guide is divided into three areas in which group workers make an assessment, yielding an overall determination of the evidence's quality (yielding best available evidence). The first is the evidence's research merit, or its validity or rigor. The second is the evidence's impact; that is, how powerful and in what direction are the findings. The third is the evidence's applicability, its practice relevance and appropriateness. The second section of the chapter includes case examples illustrating how the guides are used.Less
This chapter describes the third stage of evidence-based group work. It offers guidance and tools for critically evaluating the group-based evidence collected from the search completed in stage two. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first provides a discussion of the critical review system, which includes eight guides for evaluating evidence from quantitative (grouped and single-case designs) and qualitative studies, authorities, multiple studies/reports, literature reviews (systematic and non-systematic), and group-based measures. Each guide is divided into three areas in which group workers make an assessment, yielding an overall determination of the evidence's quality (yielding best available evidence). The first is the evidence's research merit, or its validity or rigor. The second is the evidence's impact; that is, how powerful and in what direction are the findings. The third is the evidence's applicability, its practice relevance and appropriateness. The second section of the chapter includes case examples illustrating how the guides are used.
Khalid Koser
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
A chapter on internally displaced persons (IDPs) stands out from the other chapters in this volume in that it concerns internal rather than international migrants; and people who are therefore almost ...
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A chapter on internally displaced persons (IDPs) stands out from the other chapters in this volume in that it concerns internal rather than international migrants; and people who are therefore almost always citizens of the country where they have migrated or been displaced. In addition to providing an overview of the institutional, political, and normative elements of the response to internal displacement, this chapter therefore focuses on wider implications for the global governance of international migration. Citizenship is still on the whole the preserve of sovereign states, and so inter-state regulation is less an issue for IDPs than for international migrants. At the same time, there has been a rapid evolution of institutional cooperation in assisting and protecting IDPs. The way that international organizations have overcome institutional rivalries and worked towards innovative responses to gaps in their mandates to protect IDPs has important lessons for the international response to other migrants such as those resulting from the effects of climate change who do not clearly fall within the responsibility of a single agency. At the political level, the key challenge has been to negotiate international intervention in a sovereign domain. The evolution of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) concept has been critical here, and this chapter analyses its relationship to IDPs. At the same time, the way that R2P also pertains to the protection of other migratory citizens, including internal migrants, returning refugees, and international migrants, is analysed. Finally, at the normative level, the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement represent a good example of ‘bottom-up’ consensus-building. The Guiding Principles are in essence a restatement of existing international humanitarian and human rights law as they apply to IDPs, and are not binding upon states. They have nevertheless gained widespread international acceptance and form the basis for a growing body of domestic law. There may be lessons to learn here for the global governance of particularly controversial areas of international migration such as migrant workers.Less
A chapter on internally displaced persons (IDPs) stands out from the other chapters in this volume in that it concerns internal rather than international migrants; and people who are therefore almost always citizens of the country where they have migrated or been displaced. In addition to providing an overview of the institutional, political, and normative elements of the response to internal displacement, this chapter therefore focuses on wider implications for the global governance of international migration. Citizenship is still on the whole the preserve of sovereign states, and so inter-state regulation is less an issue for IDPs than for international migrants. At the same time, there has been a rapid evolution of institutional cooperation in assisting and protecting IDPs. The way that international organizations have overcome institutional rivalries and worked towards innovative responses to gaps in their mandates to protect IDPs has important lessons for the international response to other migrants such as those resulting from the effects of climate change who do not clearly fall within the responsibility of a single agency. At the political level, the key challenge has been to negotiate international intervention in a sovereign domain. The evolution of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) concept has been critical here, and this chapter analyses its relationship to IDPs. At the same time, the way that R2P also pertains to the protection of other migratory citizens, including internal migrants, returning refugees, and international migrants, is analysed. Finally, at the normative level, the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement represent a good example of ‘bottom-up’ consensus-building. The Guiding Principles are in essence a restatement of existing international humanitarian and human rights law as they apply to IDPs, and are not binding upon states. They have nevertheless gained widespread international acceptance and form the basis for a growing body of domestic law. There may be lessons to learn here for the global governance of particularly controversial areas of international migration such as migrant workers.
John Alcock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182743
- eISBN:
- 9780199790005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182743.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter presents a guide to becoming an orchid enthusiast, especially one eager to visit and explore Australia in search of these marvelous plants. Suggestions are made to assist a visitor to ...
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This chapter presents a guide to becoming an orchid enthusiast, especially one eager to visit and explore Australia in search of these marvelous plants. Suggestions are made to assist a visitor to Australia who wishes to see orchids first hand, including advice on the field guides available for species identification.Less
This chapter presents a guide to becoming an orchid enthusiast, especially one eager to visit and explore Australia in search of these marvelous plants. Suggestions are made to assist a visitor to Australia who wishes to see orchids first hand, including advice on the field guides available for species identification.
Susan K. Jacobson, Mallory D. McDuff, and Martha C. Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567714
- eISBN:
- 9780191718311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567714.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
On-site activities can enhance first-hand experiences with natural areas by orienting, informing, and stimulating visitors. The development of on-site activities considers the visitor experience, ...
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On-site activities can enhance first-hand experiences with natural areas by orienting, informing, and stimulating visitors. The development of on-site activities considers the visitor experience, resources of the site, and education and outreach objectives of the organization. An initial planning process at a site paves the way for developing trails, exhibits, demonstrations, nature awareness activities, and visitor centers. Guidelines provided in this chapter for implementing and evaluating these techniques help ensure achievement of conservation and education goals.Less
On-site activities can enhance first-hand experiences with natural areas by orienting, informing, and stimulating visitors. The development of on-site activities considers the visitor experience, resources of the site, and education and outreach objectives of the organization. An initial planning process at a site paves the way for developing trails, exhibits, demonstrations, nature awareness activities, and visitor centers. Guidelines provided in this chapter for implementing and evaluating these techniques help ensure achievement of conservation and education goals.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines how color interacts with the other visual signals from floral size, shape, and outline in enhancing floral attraction to visitors. Visual attraction by flowers is linked to ...
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This chapter examines how color interacts with the other visual signals from floral size, shape, and outline in enhancing floral attraction to visitors. Visual attraction by flowers is linked to floral shape and size. For most pollinators, color and color patterns are attractive. Most of today’s key pollinating taxa have good color vision, and flowers should have been selected to interact with their visitors’ visual abilities. The chapter first considers floral pigments and floral color before discussing the problems of defining and measuring color in flowers. It then explains how animals perceive flower color and proceeds by analyzing color preferences in animals, along with the ecology and evolution of flower color and color preferences. It also explores nectar guides, how floral color change can control pollinators, and other visual cues used for advertisement. Finally, it asks why flower colors diverge, citing the role of selection.Less
This chapter examines how color interacts with the other visual signals from floral size, shape, and outline in enhancing floral attraction to visitors. Visual attraction by flowers is linked to floral shape and size. For most pollinators, color and color patterns are attractive. Most of today’s key pollinating taxa have good color vision, and flowers should have been selected to interact with their visitors’ visual abilities. The chapter first considers floral pigments and floral color before discussing the problems of defining and measuring color in flowers. It then explains how animals perceive flower color and proceeds by analyzing color preferences in animals, along with the ecology and evolution of flower color and color preferences. It also explores nectar guides, how floral color change can control pollinators, and other visual cues used for advertisement. Finally, it asks why flower colors diverge, citing the role of selection.
Christopher A. Buneo, Gregory Apker, and Ying Shi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved ...
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This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.Less
This chapter reviews neural correlates of cue integration in two distinct neural systems (one perceptual, the other sensorimotor), both in nonhuman primates. The first involves structures involved with the integration of somatic and visual cues during visually guided reaching. As with most behavioral neurophysiology, these studies focus on analyses of spiking activity (i.e., the mean firing rate of extracellular action potentials). However, it has become increasingly clear that analyses of other “nonspiking” signals such as local field potentials (LFPs) can provide important additional insights into the neural mechanisms of perceptual and motor processes, including cue integration. Thus, the chapter also reviews recent work conducted in a system where LFP modulations have been observed during integration, that is, the audiovisual perceptual system. It discusses the combined analysis of spikes and LFPs as a potentially fruitful avenue for investigations into the neural correlates of cue integration.
Henriette van der Blom
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582938
- eISBN:
- 9780191723124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582938.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular ...
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There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular recalled from banishment, ideal statesman and ideal orator, author, philosopher, and general, and a trustworthy guide to Rome's past, but to varying degrees and with varying success. This chapter explores these many roles. These various categories in which Cicero attempts to come across as exemplary overlap greatly with those aspects of Cicero's public persona for which he employs personal exempla, confirming the fact that Cicero's use of personal exempla was geared to promote his own agenda and public persona.Less
There were many achievements of which Cicero was proud and which he displayed as being particularly exemplary. He set himself up as an exemplary advocate, homo novus, great consul, an exiled consular recalled from banishment, ideal statesman and ideal orator, author, philosopher, and general, and a trustworthy guide to Rome's past, but to varying degrees and with varying success. This chapter explores these many roles. These various categories in which Cicero attempts to come across as exemplary overlap greatly with those aspects of Cicero's public persona for which he employs personal exempla, confirming the fact that Cicero's use of personal exempla was geared to promote his own agenda and public persona.
Kathryn M. Rudy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265048
- eISBN:
- 9780191754159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265048.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Few medieval pilgrims' guides were written in English; even fewer were illuminated. This chapter examines Oxford, Queen's College, MS 357, a manuscript made in England in the late fifteenth century, ...
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Few medieval pilgrims' guides were written in English; even fewer were illuminated. This chapter examines Oxford, Queen's College, MS 357, a manuscript made in England in the late fifteenth century, which possesses both qualities. The manuscript contains a variety of texts written in Latin and English including pilgrims' guides, prayers to be said at holy sites in Palestine, travellers' tales, and descriptions of miracles that have taken place at shrines. It is also exuberantly illuminated. The miniatures begin with an Annunciation and end with Christ in Judgment. These two images form the parentheses around the others in the manuscript, which depict sites in the Holy Land. The miniatures and decoration unite the disparate texts, turning them into a scale model of salvation history and providing a prompt to virtual pilgrimage.Less
Few medieval pilgrims' guides were written in English; even fewer were illuminated. This chapter examines Oxford, Queen's College, MS 357, a manuscript made in England in the late fifteenth century, which possesses both qualities. The manuscript contains a variety of texts written in Latin and English including pilgrims' guides, prayers to be said at holy sites in Palestine, travellers' tales, and descriptions of miracles that have taken place at shrines. It is also exuberantly illuminated. The miniatures begin with an Annunciation and end with Christ in Judgment. These two images form the parentheses around the others in the manuscript, which depict sites in the Holy Land. The miniatures and decoration unite the disparate texts, turning them into a scale model of salvation history and providing a prompt to virtual pilgrimage.
John M. Findlay
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524793
- eISBN:
- 9780191711817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524793.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature ...
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This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature Integration Theory, Guided Search, and the late-selection model of Duncan and Humphreys. It is argued that all these models are inadequate because they do not account for, or integrate eye movements into the search process. The chapter reviews evidence demonstrating that saccades are a ubiquitous characteristic of search, and then discusses what determines where saccades go in search and what determines when they are generated. The following sections discuss ocular capture and the characteristics of search scanpaths. Finally, the physiology of visual search is reviewed. The chapter argues that the consideration of saccadic behaviour must be at the centre of any model or description of the search process.Less
This chapter is concerned with the process of finding a visual target amongst other distractor items. It starts with a discussion of traditional theories of visual search, including Feature Integration Theory, Guided Search, and the late-selection model of Duncan and Humphreys. It is argued that all these models are inadequate because they do not account for, or integrate eye movements into the search process. The chapter reviews evidence demonstrating that saccades are a ubiquitous characteristic of search, and then discusses what determines where saccades go in search and what determines when they are generated. The following sections discuss ocular capture and the characteristics of search scanpaths. Finally, the physiology of visual search is reviewed. The chapter argues that the consideration of saccadic behaviour must be at the centre of any model or description of the search process.
Michael Land and Benjamin Tatler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198570943
- eISBN:
- 9780191693878
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570943.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The cooperative action of different regions of human brains gives an amazing capacity to perform activities as diverse as playing the piano and hitting a tennis ball. Somehow, without conscious ...
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The cooperative action of different regions of human brains gives an amazing capacity to perform activities as diverse as playing the piano and hitting a tennis ball. Somehow, without conscious effort, eyes find the information that is needed to operate successfully in this world. The development of head-mounted eye trackers over recent years has made it possible to record where we look during different active tasks, and so work out what information the eyes supply to the brain systems that control limbs. The strategies that the eye movement system uses in the initiation and guidance of action are explored. This book examines a wide range of visually guided behaviour, from sedentary tasks like reading and drawing, to dynamic activities such as driving and playing cricket. A central theme is that the eye movement system has its own knowledge about where to find the most appropriate information for guiding action — information not usually available to conscious scrutiny. Thus, each type of action has its own specific repertoire of linked eye movements, acquired in parallel with the motor skills themselves. Starting with a brief background to eye movement studies, the book then reviews a range of observations and analyses of different activities. It ends with discussions of the nature of visual representation, the neurophysiology of the systems involved, and the roles of attention and learning.Less
The cooperative action of different regions of human brains gives an amazing capacity to perform activities as diverse as playing the piano and hitting a tennis ball. Somehow, without conscious effort, eyes find the information that is needed to operate successfully in this world. The development of head-mounted eye trackers over recent years has made it possible to record where we look during different active tasks, and so work out what information the eyes supply to the brain systems that control limbs. The strategies that the eye movement system uses in the initiation and guidance of action are explored. This book examines a wide range of visually guided behaviour, from sedentary tasks like reading and drawing, to dynamic activities such as driving and playing cricket. A central theme is that the eye movement system has its own knowledge about where to find the most appropriate information for guiding action — information not usually available to conscious scrutiny. Thus, each type of action has its own specific repertoire of linked eye movements, acquired in parallel with the motor skills themselves. Starting with a brief background to eye movement studies, the book then reviews a range of observations and analyses of different activities. It ends with discussions of the nature of visual representation, the neurophysiology of the systems involved, and the roles of attention and learning.
