Huib Schippers
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379754
- eISBN:
- 9780199864386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379754.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
The closing section of the book briefly summarises some of the key findings, and translates these into seven practical, hands‐on suggestions written primarily with the realities of classroom music ...
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The closing section of the book briefly summarises some of the key findings, and translates these into seven practical, hands‐on suggestions written primarily with the realities of classroom music teachers in mind, but easily translated into actions for teacher trainers, music education researchers, and ethnomusicologists, as well as those in government, policy or leadership positions. Some of the ideas discussed are illustrated in the five appendices that follow.Less
The closing section of the book briefly summarises some of the key findings, and translates these into seven practical, hands‐on suggestions written primarily with the realities of classroom music teachers in mind, but easily translated into actions for teacher trainers, music education researchers, and ethnomusicologists, as well as those in government, policy or leadership positions. Some of the ideas discussed are illustrated in the five appendices that follow.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This is a book about how people change their minds and how mental health practitioners can help this process along. It addresses a gap in the literature on cognitive therapy that results from an ...
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This is a book about how people change their minds and how mental health practitioners can help this process along. It addresses a gap in the literature on cognitive therapy that results from an almost exclusive focus on the constructed aspects of personal meaning, and a lack of attention to the ways in which information that we pick up from life circumstances also influences what we know, feel, and do. Conceptions that ignore the role that current life conditions and interpersonal events play in creating or revising meanings limit the utility of cognitive therapy approaches for clients whose lives are marked by ongoing deprivation, threat, and vulnerability. In laying out a broader perspective, a Cognitive-Integrative perspective, the book expands the internal focus of traditional cognitive therapies to take more account of the role of information generated by environmental events and conditions in impeding or promoting change. It contends that mind draws on organized memories of previous experiences as well as currently available information to generate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The theoretical grounding for this perspective is drawn from a range of cognitive, neurological, social, psychological, and social work theories. Theoretical explanations are laid out. They are balanced with practice guidelines and grounded in an offering of clinical examples.Less
This is a book about how people change their minds and how mental health practitioners can help this process along. It addresses a gap in the literature on cognitive therapy that results from an almost exclusive focus on the constructed aspects of personal meaning, and a lack of attention to the ways in which information that we pick up from life circumstances also influences what we know, feel, and do. Conceptions that ignore the role that current life conditions and interpersonal events play in creating or revising meanings limit the utility of cognitive therapy approaches for clients whose lives are marked by ongoing deprivation, threat, and vulnerability. In laying out a broader perspective, a Cognitive-Integrative perspective, the book expands the internal focus of traditional cognitive therapies to take more account of the role of information generated by environmental events and conditions in impeding or promoting change. It contends that mind draws on organized memories of previous experiences as well as currently available information to generate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The theoretical grounding for this perspective is drawn from a range of cognitive, neurological, social, psychological, and social work theories. Theoretical explanations are laid out. They are balanced with practice guidelines and grounded in an offering of clinical examples.
Kathleen Coulborn Faller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195311778
- eISBN:
- 9780199865055
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311778.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Interviewing children who may have been sexually abused is a daunting task fraught with far-reaching consequences for the children, families, institutions, and professionals involved. With no room ...
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Interviewing children who may have been sexually abused is a daunting task fraught with far-reaching consequences for the children, families, institutions, and professionals involved. With no room for error, forensic and clinical interviewers must navigate the complex and often contradictory evidence that informs their decision making. This book critically analyzes the research on assessing child sexual abuse. Noting that issues such as memory and suggestibility, questioning techniques, the use of media, and false allegations remain hotly contested, the chapters advise on applying available research to professional judgment while drawing also on best practice guidelines and conceptual, clinical, and consensus-based writings. The book covers the entire interview process, showing professionals how to structure, document, and follow up on children’s responses in interviews; work with children who are very young, have special needs, or come from diverse backgrounds; use standardized tests and measures; formulate conclusions about sexual abuse; and defend those decisions in a courtroom or clinical setting.Less
Interviewing children who may have been sexually abused is a daunting task fraught with far-reaching consequences for the children, families, institutions, and professionals involved. With no room for error, forensic and clinical interviewers must navigate the complex and often contradictory evidence that informs their decision making. This book critically analyzes the research on assessing child sexual abuse. Noting that issues such as memory and suggestibility, questioning techniques, the use of media, and false allegations remain hotly contested, the chapters advise on applying available research to professional judgment while drawing also on best practice guidelines and conceptual, clinical, and consensus-based writings. The book covers the entire interview process, showing professionals how to structure, document, and follow up on children’s responses in interviews; work with children who are very young, have special needs, or come from diverse backgrounds; use standardized tests and measures; formulate conclusions about sexual abuse; and defend those decisions in a courtroom or clinical setting.
Sara Booth and Deborah Dudgeon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and ...
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Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.Less
Dyspnoea (breathlessness) is an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that occurs in approximately 30–75% of terminal cancer patients. It is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and family members and can seriously impact on quality of life. Typically, dyspnoea is associated with congestive heart failure, end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung cancer. This book provides palliative care doctors and specialist nurses with practical guidelines to help manage and treat patients with breathlessness. It includes the science behind the symptom in an attempt to explain the pathology and physiology of this complex condition. The book has been organized to address generalized aspects of breathlessness in advanced illness and more specific aetiologies and managements relevant to particular underlying diseases. It summarizes the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of breathlessness, measurement, research approaches, rehabilitation and exercise, clinical approaches that can be taken at the bedside, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and surgical interventions. The care of patients with dyspnoea requires input from a variety of disciplines such as palliative care, physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, and nursing, and this is reflected in the multidisciplinary list of contributors.
John Ellershaw and Susie Wilkinson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198509332
- eISBN:
- 9780191730177
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509332.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Integrated ...
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Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Integrated Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP). Developed at a hospice, the information can be disseminated and adapted to fit different settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. The LCP is a multiprofessional document that incorporates evidence-based practice and appropriate guidelines related to care of the dying. It provides a template that describes the process of care, which is generally delivered in a clinical situation and incorporates the expected outcome of care delivery. The LCP replaces all other documentation in this phase of care. Care pathways can provide a potentially powerful aid to professionals involved in palliative care. Basic principles of treatment are translated into daily practice, including bedside documentation systems, policies and procedures, standards of practice, continuing education, and quality improvement programmes. The book also includes chapters on symptom control, ethical issues, communication skills, and spiritual care.Less
Even for the most experienced healthcare professional, managing the last few days of life can be difficult. This book provides guidelines for the care of the dying based on the Liverpool Integrated Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP). Developed at a hospice, the information can be disseminated and adapted to fit different settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. The LCP is a multiprofessional document that incorporates evidence-based practice and appropriate guidelines related to care of the dying. It provides a template that describes the process of care, which is generally delivered in a clinical situation and incorporates the expected outcome of care delivery. The LCP replaces all other documentation in this phase of care. Care pathways can provide a potentially powerful aid to professionals involved in palliative care. Basic principles of treatment are translated into daily practice, including bedside documentation systems, policies and procedures, standards of practice, continuing education, and quality improvement programmes. The book also includes chapters on symptom control, ethical issues, communication skills, and spiritual care.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of ...
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Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.Less
Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.
Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver, and K. Danner Clouser
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159066
- eISBN:
- 9780199786466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159063.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, ...
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This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, and hence, not appreciating the importance of knowing the prevalence of a disorder in the population to be treated or screened. It shows the importance of doctors knowing about volume-outcome studies, geographical variation studies, and practice guidelines.Less
This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, and hence, not appreciating the importance of knowing the prevalence of a disorder in the population to be treated or screened. It shows the importance of doctors knowing about volume-outcome studies, geographical variation studies, and practice guidelines.
Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was ...
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By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was surrounded by key supporters and advisers who wanted to make crime a high administration priority. The administration named a violent crime task force that called in August 1981 for a stronger federal role and changes in the law to favor the prosecution side. Three years later, a coalition of Republicans and moderate Democrats used a parliamentary maneuver to enact the most far‐ranging federal anticrime law in 16 years. Key players in pushing the anticrime agenda included Republicans like Edwin Meese, a longtime Reagan aide who later became Attorney General; Representative Dan Lungren of California, and prosecutor/crime victims advocate Lois Herrington; on the Democratic side were Senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Representative William Hughes of New Jersey. An important provision of the law was a requirement that “sentencing guidelines” restrict federal judges’ power to set penalties in criminal cases. Others created a federal fund to support programs that aided crime victims and set up a “forfeiture” procedure by which law enforcers could seize the assets of suspects and convicts.Less
By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was surrounded by key supporters and advisers who wanted to make crime a high administration priority. The administration named a violent crime task force that called in August 1981 for a stronger federal role and changes in the law to favor the prosecution side. Three years later, a coalition of Republicans and moderate Democrats used a parliamentary maneuver to enact the most far‐ranging federal anticrime law in 16 years. Key players in pushing the anticrime agenda included Republicans like Edwin Meese, a longtime Reagan aide who later became Attorney General; Representative Dan Lungren of California, and prosecutor/crime victims advocate Lois Herrington; on the Democratic side were Senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Representative William Hughes of New Jersey. An important provision of the law was a requirement that “sentencing guidelines” restrict federal judges’ power to set penalties in criminal cases. Others created a federal fund to support programs that aided crime victims and set up a “forfeiture” procedure by which law enforcers could seize the assets of suspects and convicts.
R. A. W. Rhodes, John Wanna, and Patrick Weller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563494
- eISBN:
- 9780191722721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563494.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not ...
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This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not directly related to their duties as ministers. Governments confronted the dilemmas posed by the arrival of ‘responsible party government’. The constitutional conventions creaked under the impact of party self-interest. The shared responses to improvise to meet whatever political exigencies confronted the government. So, notions of cabinet solidarity were relaxed to accommodate dissent, ministerial resignations became prime ministerial tactical calculations of political dispensability, and prime ministers found other ways to renew their ministries to ensure turnover. However, such improvization prompted outrage, and calls for a return to responsible government. So, governments sought refuge in new codes. Today, we still operate with ‘heroic’ notions of ministers, yet they are embedded in a web of accountabilities, constantly negotiating their way through overlapping and multiple demands.Less
This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not directly related to their duties as ministers. Governments confronted the dilemmas posed by the arrival of ‘responsible party government’. The constitutional conventions creaked under the impact of party self-interest. The shared responses to improvise to meet whatever political exigencies confronted the government. So, notions of cabinet solidarity were relaxed to accommodate dissent, ministerial resignations became prime ministerial tactical calculations of political dispensability, and prime ministers found other ways to renew their ministries to ensure turnover. However, such improvization prompted outrage, and calls for a return to responsible government. So, governments sought refuge in new codes. Today, we still operate with ‘heroic’ notions of ministers, yet they are embedded in a web of accountabilities, constantly negotiating their way through overlapping and multiple demands.
Diana B. Petitti
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133646
- eISBN:
- 9780199863761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133646.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book is an introduction to three methods of quantitative synthesis—meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. These methods are used widely to summarize information in ...
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This book is an introduction to three methods of quantitative synthesis—meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. These methods are used widely to summarize information in order to guide the formulation of clinical recommendations and guidelines, and in clinical decision-making and health policy. The book gives step-by-step instructions on how to conduct studies that use each of the three methods, emphasizing the need for rigor. Important controversies about the statistical and mathematical theories that underlie the methods are highlighted, and key assumptions are identified. The methods are critically appraised and practices that should be avoided are identified. Despite the time that has elapsed between the last revision in 2000, the book remains a relevant and highly accessible source of information on how to conduct studies that use the three methods.Less
This book is an introduction to three methods of quantitative synthesis—meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. These methods are used widely to summarize information in order to guide the formulation of clinical recommendations and guidelines, and in clinical decision-making and health policy. The book gives step-by-step instructions on how to conduct studies that use each of the three methods, emphasizing the need for rigor. Important controversies about the statistical and mathematical theories that underlie the methods are highlighted, and key assumptions are identified. The methods are critically appraised and practices that should be avoided are identified. Despite the time that has elapsed between the last revision in 2000, the book remains a relevant and highly accessible source of information on how to conduct studies that use the three methods.
Vanessa Barker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195370027
- eISBN:
- 9780199871315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370027.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high ...
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This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high rates of community sanctions. It shows how high rates of civic engagement and norms of reciprocity and mutual obligation made polity members less willing to infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, creating a more inclusive political community, one that incorporated racial and ethnic minorities and criminal offenders. It analyzes how Washington's history of farmer cooperatives provided the cultural and institutional support for the use of community sanctions based on the disciplinary power of work and community service. The chapter also analyzes how the deliberative process moderated the harsh demands of an outraged crime victims movement.Less
This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high rates of community sanctions. It shows how high rates of civic engagement and norms of reciprocity and mutual obligation made polity members less willing to infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, creating a more inclusive political community, one that incorporated racial and ethnic minorities and criminal offenders. It analyzes how Washington's history of farmer cooperatives provided the cultural and institutional support for the use of community sanctions based on the disciplinary power of work and community service. The chapter also analyzes how the deliberative process moderated the harsh demands of an outraged crime victims movement.
Jørn Olsen, Rodolfo Saracci, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239481
- eISBN:
- 9780191716973
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239481.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The aim of this book is to help the inexperienced teacher in epidemiology when planning a course, and to be an inspiration for experienced teachers when he/she is trying to improve teaching ...
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The aim of this book is to help the inexperienced teacher in epidemiology when planning a course, and to be an inspiration for experienced teachers when he/she is trying to improve teaching performance. Each chapter includes a suggested course structure, syllabus, and set of key literature references related to the topic of the course. The chapters also include personal guidelines for how to teach the course and how to evaluate student performance. The book includes courses in methodology at different levels as well as courses in specific diseases, specific disease determinant and data collection methods. You will also find guidelines in how to use computer technology in the classroom, and how to make good use of teaching assistants. The book includes chapters on public health epidemiology and clinical epidemiology.Less
The aim of this book is to help the inexperienced teacher in epidemiology when planning a course, and to be an inspiration for experienced teachers when he/she is trying to improve teaching performance. Each chapter includes a suggested course structure, syllabus, and set of key literature references related to the topic of the course. The chapters also include personal guidelines for how to teach the course and how to evaluate student performance. The book includes courses in methodology at different levels as well as courses in specific diseases, specific disease determinant and data collection methods. You will also find guidelines in how to use computer technology in the classroom, and how to make good use of teaching assistants. The book includes chapters on public health epidemiology and clinical epidemiology.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person's publication record. Since the 20th century, the number of authors per ...
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Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person's publication record. Since the 20th century, the number of authors per scientific paper has been steadily increasing. Authorship disputes are also becoming much more common. This chapter explores some of ethical issues and problems involving authorship and describes some criteria and guidelines for authorship.Less
Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person's publication record. Since the 20th century, the number of authors per scientific paper has been steadily increasing. Authorship disputes are also becoming much more common. This chapter explores some of ethical issues and problems involving authorship and describes some criteria and guidelines for authorship.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter discusses the history of human experimentation, with special attention to cases that have helped to shape ethical guidelines and policies. It discusses important codes, such as the ...
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This chapter discusses the history of human experimentation, with special attention to cases that have helped to shape ethical guidelines and policies. It discusses important codes, such as the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it provides an overview of U.S. federal regulations. The chapter also addresses some key concepts and principles in human research, such as informed consent, risk/benefit ratios, minimal risk, and research versus therapy.Less
This chapter discusses the history of human experimentation, with special attention to cases that have helped to shape ethical guidelines and policies. It discusses important codes, such as the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it provides an overview of U.S. federal regulations. The chapter also addresses some key concepts and principles in human research, such as informed consent, risk/benefit ratios, minimal risk, and research versus therapy.
Gillian C Leng and Chris Connell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199558612
- eISBN:
- 9780191595011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558612.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
A clinical guideline is a document designed to support decisions regarding the diagnosis, care, and treatment of a particular disease or condition. The National Institute for Health and Clinical ...
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A clinical guideline is a document designed to support decisions regarding the diagnosis, care, and treatment of a particular disease or condition. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is one of the best-known guideline-producing organizations in the world, publishing around twenty clinical guidelines each year covering a broad range of topics from perioperative hypothermia to donor breast milk banks. This chapter discusses the structured approach taken by NICE in developing clinical guidelines.Less
A clinical guideline is a document designed to support decisions regarding the diagnosis, care, and treatment of a particular disease or condition. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is one of the best-known guideline-producing organizations in the world, publishing around twenty clinical guidelines each year covering a broad range of topics from perioperative hypothermia to donor breast milk banks. This chapter discusses the structured approach taken by NICE in developing clinical guidelines.
Donna Yarri
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195181791
- eISBN:
- 9780199835744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181794.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Most arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a ...
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Most arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a concrete casuistry of the burdens to animals and the benefits to humans. Categories of both, which can be divided into minimal, moderate, serious, and very grave, are then utilized to establish guidelines for experiments which, if followed, would result in a much greater restriction on animal pain and animal suffering.Less
Most arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a concrete casuistry of the burdens to animals and the benefits to humans. Categories of both, which can be divided into minimal, moderate, serious, and very grave, are then utilized to establish guidelines for experiments which, if followed, would result in a much greater restriction on animal pain and animal suffering.
Alok Kumar and Sushanta K. Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082279
- eISBN:
- 9780199082063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082279.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the ...
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This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the Competitive Bidding Guidelines issued by the Government of India under Section 63 of the Act have been covered. The chapter also covers the key features of the standard bidding documents like Request for Qualification (RfQ), Request for Proposal (RfP), and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The chapter explains in a simple language the various aspects of competitive procurement, including procurement under both location neutral and location specific procurement queries. It also describes in brief the experiences so far on competitive procurement and analyses the emerging issues and suggests the way forward to institutionalize competitive procurement in the sector.Less
This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the Competitive Bidding Guidelines issued by the Government of India under Section 63 of the Act have been covered. The chapter also covers the key features of the standard bidding documents like Request for Qualification (RfQ), Request for Proposal (RfP), and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The chapter explains in a simple language the various aspects of competitive procurement, including procurement under both location neutral and location specific procurement queries. It also describes in brief the experiences so far on competitive procurement and analyses the emerging issues and suggests the way forward to institutionalize competitive procurement in the sector.
Peter Eaton and Paul West
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570454
- eISBN:
- 9780191722851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570454.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter provides a detailed, step‐by‐step guide to measuring images with an AFM. Standard techniques for preparation of a wide range of samples are given. Instructions and tips on instrumental ...
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This chapter provides a detailed, step‐by‐step guide to measuring images with an AFM. Standard techniques for preparation of a wide range of samples are given. Instructions and tips on instrumental set‐up, optical alignment, sample approach and optimization of scanning, makes this an invaluable section for new users and educators. For experienced users, the information will help them to understand more deeply the process of scanning AFM images, so they can get better, more reproducible images. Additional sections cover optimization for high‐resolution measurements and making force spectroscopy measurements.Less
This chapter provides a detailed, step‐by‐step guide to measuring images with an AFM. Standard techniques for preparation of a wide range of samples are given. Instructions and tips on instrumental set‐up, optical alignment, sample approach and optimization of scanning, makes this an invaluable section for new users and educators. For experienced users, the information will help them to understand more deeply the process of scanning AFM images, so they can get better, more reproducible images. Additional sections cover optimization for high‐resolution measurements and making force spectroscopy measurements.
Graciana del Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237739
- eISBN:
- 9780191717239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to ...
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The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.Less
The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.
Andreas Maurer, Yann Marcus, Joscelyn Magdeleine, and Barbara d'Andrea
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides a general overview that sets out the economic importance of services and the concept of trade in services as illustrated in the GATS four modes of supply. The relevant ...
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This chapter provides a general overview that sets out the economic importance of services and the concept of trade in services as illustrated in the GATS four modes of supply. The relevant statistical framework recently developed on the basis of two major statistical domains is then set out, with a focus on key concepts related to trade between residents and non-residents as defined in international guidelines and with statistics on operations of services foreign affiliates. Also discussed are the current state of play with regard to statistics on the presence of natural persons; the different methods that statisticians use to collect statistics on trade in services; indications of the statistics that are currently available; and recent developments in the domain of statistics on trade in services. Finally, a review of US statistical practices for measuring trade in services is presented.Less
This chapter provides a general overview that sets out the economic importance of services and the concept of trade in services as illustrated in the GATS four modes of supply. The relevant statistical framework recently developed on the basis of two major statistical domains is then set out, with a focus on key concepts related to trade between residents and non-residents as defined in international guidelines and with statistics on operations of services foreign affiliates. Also discussed are the current state of play with regard to statistics on the presence of natural persons; the different methods that statisticians use to collect statistics on trade in services; indications of the statistics that are currently available; and recent developments in the domain of statistics on trade in services. Finally, a review of US statistical practices for measuring trade in services is presented.
