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The closing section of the book briefly summarises some of the key findings, and translates these into seven practical, hands‐on suggestions written primarily with the realities of classroom music teachers in mind, but easily translated into actions for teacher trainers, music education researchers, and ethnomusicologists, as well as those in government, policy or leadership positions. Some of the ideas discussed are illustrated in the five appendices that follow.

Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.

This chapter examines how elite political actors are held to account. It examines collective responsibility, individual ministerial responsibility, and their personal accountability for actions not directly related to their duties as ministers. Governments confronted the dilemmas posed by the arrival of ‘responsible party government’. The constitutional conventions creaked under the impact of party self-interest. The shared responses to improvise to meet whatever political exigencies confronted the government. So, notions of cabinet solidarity were relaxed to accommodate dissent, ministerial resignations became prime ministerial tactical calculations of political dispensability, and prime ministers found other ways to renew their ministries to ensure turnover. However, such improvization prompted outrage, and calls for a return to responsible government. So, governments sought refuge in new codes. Today, we still operate with ‘heroic’ notions of ministers, yet they are embedded in a web of accountabilities, constantly negotiating their way through overlapping and multiple demands.

This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, and hence, not appreciating the importance of knowing the prevalence of a disorder in the population to be treated or screened. It shows the importance of doctors knowing about volume-outcome studies, geographical variation studies, and practice guidelines.

By 1980, the violence rate had reached its highest level in memory, including a modern record of more than 23,000 homicides. The victor in the presidential race that year, Ronald Reagan, was surrounded by key supporters and advisers who wanted to make crime a high administration priority. The administration named a violent crime task force that called in August 1981 for a stronger federal role and changes in the law to favor the prosecution side. Three years later, a coalition of Republicans and moderate Democrats used a parliamentary maneuver to enact the most far‐ranging federal anticrime law in 16 years. Key players in pushing the anticrime agenda included Republicans like Edwin Meese, a longtime Reagan aide who later became Attorney General; Representative Dan Lungren of California, and prosecutor/crime victims advocate Lois Herrington; on the Democratic side were Senators Joseph Biden of Delaware and Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Representative William Hughes of New Jersey. An important provision of the law was a requirement that “sentencing guidelines” restrict federal judges’ power to set penalties in criminal cases. Others created a federal fund to support programs that aided crime victims and set up a “forfeiture” procedure by which law enforcers could seize the assets of suspects and convicts.

This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high rates of community sanctions. It shows how high rates of civic engagement and norms of reciprocity and mutual obligation made polity members less willing to infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, creating a more inclusive political community, one that incorporated racial and ethnic minorities and criminal offenders. It analyzes how Washington's history of farmer cooperatives provided the cultural and institutional support for the use of community sanctions based on the disciplinary power of work and community service. The chapter also analyzes how the deliberative process moderated the harsh demands of an outraged crime victims movement.

Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person's publication record. Since the 20th century, the number of authors per scientific paper has been steadily increasing. Authorship disputes are also becoming much more common. This chapter explores some of ethical issues and problems involving authorship and describes some criteria and guidelines for authorship.

This chapter discusses the history of human experimentation, with special attention to cases that have helped to shape ethical guidelines and policies. It discusses important codes, such as the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it provides an overview of U.S. federal regulations. The chapter also addresses some key concepts and principles in human research, such as informed consent, risk/benefit ratios, minimal risk, and research versus therapy.

A clinical guideline is a document designed to support decisions regarding the diagnosis, care, and treatment of a particular disease or condition. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is one of the best-known guideline-producing organizations in the world, publishing around twenty clinical guidelines each year covering a broad range of topics from perioperative hypothermia to donor breast milk banks. This chapter discusses the structured approach taken by NICE in developing clinical guidelines.

This concluding chapter provides suggestions that encourage putting the themes of the book into practice. It returns to the question from Chapter 1: “Should clinicians adhere to guidelines or exercise judgment?” The chapter cautions against universal adherence to guidelines. Motivated by some of these considerations, the chapter considers separating two tasks of guideline development that have commonly been performed in conjunction. One task is to characterize medical knowledge. The other is to make recommendations for patient care. An alternative to having guidelines make care recommendations would be to enhance the ability of clinicians to make reasonable patient care decisions under uncertainty.

Most arguments regarding the use and treatment of animals in experimentation tend to assume that animal research is necessary for human well-being. What is needed in the discussion, though, is a concrete casuistry of the burdens to animals and the benefits to humans. Categories of both, which can be divided into minimal, moderate, serious, and very grave, are then utilized to establish guidelines for experiments which, if followed, would result in a much greater restriction on animal pain and animal suffering.

This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the Competitive Bidding Guidelines issued by the Government of India under Section 63 of the Act have been covered. The chapter also covers the key features of the standard bidding documents like Request for Qualification (RfQ), Request for Proposal (RfP), and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The chapter explains in a simple language the various aspects of competitive procurement, including procurement under both location neutral and location specific procurement queries. It also describes in brief the experiences so far on competitive procurement and analyses the emerging issues and suggests the way forward to institutionalize competitive procurement in the sector.

This chapter provides a detailed, step‐by‐step guide to measuring images with an AFM. Standard techniques for preparation of a wide range of samples are given. Instructions and tips on instrumental set‐up, optical alignment, sample approach and optimization of scanning, makes this an invaluable section for new users and educators. For experienced users, the information will help them to understand more deeply the process of scanning AFM images, so they can get better, more reproducible images. Additional sections cover optimization for high‐resolution measurements and making force spectroscopy measurements.

The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.