Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be ...
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Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be applied to government? Why do we find contradictory recipes for the improvement of public services, and are the forces of modernity set to produce worldwide convergence in ways of organizing government? This study aims to explore such questions, which are central to debates over public management. It combines contemporary and historical experience, and employs grid/group cultural theory as an organizing frame and method of exploration. Using examples from different places and eras, the study seeks to identify the recurring variety of ideas about how to organize public services—and contrary to widespread claims that modernization will bring a new global uniformity, it argues that variety is unlikely to disappear from doctrine and practice in public management. The book has three parts. Part I, Introductory, has three chapters that discuss various aspects of public management. Part II, Classic and Recurring Ideas in Public Management, has four chapters that discuss various ways of doing public management. Part III, Rhetoric, Modernity, and Science in Public Management, has three chapters that discuss the rhetoric, and culture of public management, contemporary public management, and the state of the art of the state.Less
Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be applied to government? Why do we find contradictory recipes for the improvement of public services, and are the forces of modernity set to produce worldwide convergence in ways of organizing government? This study aims to explore such questions, which are central to debates over public management. It combines contemporary and historical experience, and employs grid/group cultural theory as an organizing frame and method of exploration. Using examples from different places and eras, the study seeks to identify the recurring variety of ideas about how to organize public services—and contrary to widespread claims that modernization will bring a new global uniformity, it argues that variety is unlikely to disappear from doctrine and practice in public management. The book has three parts. Part I, Introductory, has three chapters that discuss various aspects of public management. Part II, Classic and Recurring Ideas in Public Management, has four chapters that discuss various ways of doing public management. Part III, Rhetoric, Modernity, and Science in Public Management, has three chapters that discuss the rhetoric, and culture of public management, contemporary public management, and the state of the art of the state.
Alexander A. Ivanov
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527596
- eISBN:
- 9780191713163
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527596.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Pure Mathematics
This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of ...
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This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of the last of the sporadic finite simple groups — the fourth Janko group J4. This book's approach is based on analysis of group amalgams and the geometry of the complexes of these amalgams with emphasis on the underlying theory.Less
This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of the last of the sporadic finite simple groups — the fourth Janko group J4. This book's approach is based on analysis of group amalgams and the geometry of the complexes of these amalgams with emphasis on the underlying theory.
Victor J. Katz and Karen Hunger Parshall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149059
- eISBN:
- 9781400850525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149059.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter highlights some of the struggles to solve fifth-degree polynomials as well as the development of the idea of a group and its application to answering the question of solvability of ...
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This chapter highlights some of the struggles to solve fifth-degree polynomials as well as the development of the idea of a group and its application to answering the question of solvability of polynomial equations. It begins by surveying some of the methods by which mathematicians attempted to solve—and sometimes did solve—various algebraic equations of degree higher than four. The chapter then turns to the theory of permutations as well as group theory. It turned out that the key to proving the impossibility of the fifth-degree polynomials and, more generally, the key to determining which polynomial equations were, in fact, solvable algebraically, was a totally new construct, the group.Less
This chapter highlights some of the struggles to solve fifth-degree polynomials as well as the development of the idea of a group and its application to answering the question of solvability of polynomial equations. It begins by surveying some of the methods by which mathematicians attempted to solve—and sometimes did solve—various algebraic equations of degree higher than four. The chapter then turns to the theory of permutations as well as group theory. It turned out that the key to proving the impossibility of the fifth-degree polynomials and, more generally, the key to determining which polynomial equations were, in fact, solvable algebraically, was a totally new construct, the group.
Dr. David Nersessian
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199588909
- eISBN:
- 9780191594557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588909.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter analyses whether political groups merit equal treatment to the four groups enumerated in the Genocide Convention. It first discusses what human ‘groups’ really are and the inherent ...
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This chapter analyses whether political groups merit equal treatment to the four groups enumerated in the Genocide Convention. It first discusses what human ‘groups’ really are and the inherent difficulties of defining them for legal and social purposes. It details the linkages and interactions between international law and broader understandings of human groups as social collectives. It then proposes a new theoretical understanding of genocide as a rights-based offence. This theory links the legal protection of groups to certain individual rights of a collective nature that give rise to the group's existence in this context. This sets the stage for the subsequent analysis demonstrating that political collectives have many similar characteristics to the existing four groups, such that they likewise deserve specific protection from physical and biological destruction ‘as such’ through a separate crime of political genocide.Less
This chapter analyses whether political groups merit equal treatment to the four groups enumerated in the Genocide Convention. It first discusses what human ‘groups’ really are and the inherent difficulties of defining them for legal and social purposes. It details the linkages and interactions between international law and broader understandings of human groups as social collectives. It then proposes a new theoretical understanding of genocide as a rights-based offence. This theory links the legal protection of groups to certain individual rights of a collective nature that give rise to the group's existence in this context. This sets the stage for the subsequent analysis demonstrating that political collectives have many similar characteristics to the existing four groups, such that they likewise deserve specific protection from physical and biological destruction ‘as such’ through a separate crime of political genocide.
A. A. Ivanov
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527596
- eISBN:
- 9780191713163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527596.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Pure Mathematics
This chapter discusses concrete group theory. Topics covered include symplectic and orthogonal GF(2)-forms, transvections and Siegel transformations, Witt's theorem, and the space of forms.
This chapter discusses concrete group theory. Topics covered include symplectic and orthogonal GF(2)-forms, transvections and Siegel transformations, Witt's theorem, and the space of forms.
Moody T. Chu and Gene H. Golub
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566649
- eISBN:
- 9780191718021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566649.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Group actions together with properly formulated objective functions can offer a channel to tackle various classical or new and challenging problems rising from applied linear algebra. This chapter ...
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Group actions together with properly formulated objective functions can offer a channel to tackle various classical or new and challenging problems rising from applied linear algebra. This chapter presents a framework to bring together the notions of group theory, linear transformations, and dynamical systems as a tool to undertake the task of system identification by canonical forms.Less
Group actions together with properly formulated objective functions can offer a channel to tackle various classical or new and challenging problems rising from applied linear algebra. This chapter presents a framework to bring together the notions of group theory, linear transformations, and dynamical systems as a tool to undertake the task of system identification by canonical forms.
Wendy L. Martinek
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195367584
- eISBN:
- 9780199776917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Virtually all appellate courts use groups of judges to decide cases. Accordingly, small group theory is a useful perspective for investigating appellate court decision making. In particular, ...
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Virtually all appellate courts use groups of judges to decide cases. Accordingly, small group theory is a useful perspective for investigating appellate court decision making. In particular, scholarship about group cognition can help make sense of when we can expect judges to rely on legal (e.g., precedent) versus nonlegal (e.g., political preference) factors in the choices they make. In addition, research on the roles and status of group members in relationship to leadership and conformity can help us understand when certain formal (e.g., chief judge) and informal (e.g., freshman judge) roles are likely to structure judicial choice. More generally, placing appellate courts in a small group framework can aid in better understanding the quality of adjudication by focusing on how groups aggregate the expertise of individual group members to produce group outcomes.Less
Virtually all appellate courts use groups of judges to decide cases. Accordingly, small group theory is a useful perspective for investigating appellate court decision making. In particular, scholarship about group cognition can help make sense of when we can expect judges to rely on legal (e.g., precedent) versus nonlegal (e.g., political preference) factors in the choices they make. In addition, research on the roles and status of group members in relationship to leadership and conformity can help us understand when certain formal (e.g., chief judge) and informal (e.g., freshman judge) roles are likely to structure judicial choice. More generally, placing appellate courts in a small group framework can aid in better understanding the quality of adjudication by focusing on how groups aggregate the expertise of individual group members to produce group outcomes.
Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The ...
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This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Peking University. These courses include Chemical Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Group Theory, and Chemical Crystallography. This book consists of three parts. Part I reviews the basic theories of chemical bonding, with chapters on elementary quantum theory, atomic structure, bonding in molecules, bonding in solids, and computational chemistry. Part II introduces point groups and space groups, and their applications to the study of discrete molecules and crystals. A large number of worked examples are provided in order to illustrate the usefulness and elegance of the symmetry concept. Part III constitutes about half of the book and it gives a succinct description of the structural chemistry of the elements in the Periodic Table. The main-group elements are covered in seven chapters and three other chapters deal with the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters and supramolecular systems. The selected systems, many of them from recent literature, are used to elucidate various aspects of structure and bonding presented in Parts I and II, and to expound the current research trends in structural inorganic chemistryLess
This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Peking University. These courses include Chemical Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Group Theory, and Chemical Crystallography. This book consists of three parts. Part I reviews the basic theories of chemical bonding, with chapters on elementary quantum theory, atomic structure, bonding in molecules, bonding in solids, and computational chemistry. Part II introduces point groups and space groups, and their applications to the study of discrete molecules and crystals. A large number of worked examples are provided in order to illustrate the usefulness and elegance of the symmetry concept. Part III constitutes about half of the book and it gives a succinct description of the structural chemistry of the elements in the Periodic Table. The main-group elements are covered in seven chapters and three other chapters deal with the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters and supramolecular systems. The selected systems, many of them from recent literature, are used to elucidate various aspects of structure and bonding presented in Parts I and II, and to expound the current research trends in structural inorganic chemistry
Vladimir M. Agranovich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199234417
- eISBN:
- 9780191715426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234417.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter discusses Frenkel excitonic states in Heitler-London approximation. The Coulomb and mechanical excitons in molecular crystals are introduced using the crystal Hamiltonian. The excitons ...
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This chapter discusses Frenkel excitonic states in Heitler-London approximation. The Coulomb and mechanical excitons in molecular crystals are introduced using the crystal Hamiltonian. The excitons symmetry properties are considered via group-theoretical methods. Applications to crystals of naphthalene type are given.Less
This chapter discusses Frenkel excitonic states in Heitler-London approximation. The Coulomb and mechanical excitons in molecular crystals are introduced using the crystal Hamiltonian. The excitons symmetry properties are considered via group-theoretical methods. Applications to crystals of naphthalene type are given.
Laura Ruetsche
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199535408
- eISBN:
- 9780191728525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535408.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Chapter 12 argued that quantum statistical mechanics puts unitarily inequivalent representations to use in ways no rigid interpretation can make sense of. Two features of working QFTs which promise a ...
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Chapter 12 argued that quantum statistical mechanics puts unitarily inequivalent representations to use in ways no rigid interpretation can make sense of. Two features of working QFTs which promise a quantum field theoretic realization of Chapter 12's argument are Goldstone bosons and the Higgs mechanism. This chapter explains why they're promising by presenting them as instance of broken symmetry. Then it tempers the promise by admitting that the working QFTs in which these features occur are less mathematically explicit than they need to be to persuasively realize the argument of Chapter 12. The chapter closes by extracting from this very circumstance a non-conclusive reason to lend the argument of Chapter 12 interpretive weight. The reason is that our best theories of physics are still under construction, and their successors could share with the models presented in Chapter 12 the features on which the argument of Chapter 12 hinged.Less
Chapter 12 argued that quantum statistical mechanics puts unitarily inequivalent representations to use in ways no rigid interpretation can make sense of. Two features of working QFTs which promise a quantum field theoretic realization of Chapter 12's argument are Goldstone bosons and the Higgs mechanism. This chapter explains why they're promising by presenting them as instance of broken symmetry. Then it tempers the promise by admitting that the working QFTs in which these features occur are less mathematically explicit than they need to be to persuasively realize the argument of Chapter 12. The chapter closes by extracting from this very circumstance a non-conclusive reason to lend the argument of Chapter 12 interpretive weight. The reason is that our best theories of physics are still under construction, and their successors could share with the models presented in Chapter 12 the features on which the argument of Chapter 12 hinged.
Hidetoshi Nishimori and Gerardo Ortiz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577224
- eISBN:
- 9780191722943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577224.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Actual computations of fixed points and eigenvalues usually involve approximations, often crude ones, except for a very limited number of simple cases such as the one-dimensional Ising model of the ...
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Actual computations of fixed points and eigenvalues usually involve approximations, often crude ones, except for a very limited number of simple cases such as the one-dimensional Ising model of the previous chapter. In real- and momentum-space renormalization group theory, there are no general prescriptions to systematically improve the degree of the approximation with a modest amount of effort. There are established methods to systematically improve precision, but they usually need a large amount of numerical calculations. The scope of the present chapter is modest as we limit ourselves to basic examples, including the epsilon expansion about the Gaussian fixed-point of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson model. Finally, the last section illustrates the extension of the renormalization group framework to study quantum phase transitions.Less
Actual computations of fixed points and eigenvalues usually involve approximations, often crude ones, except for a very limited number of simple cases such as the one-dimensional Ising model of the previous chapter. In real- and momentum-space renormalization group theory, there are no general prescriptions to systematically improve the degree of the approximation with a modest amount of effort. There are established methods to systematically improve precision, but they usually need a large amount of numerical calculations. The scope of the present chapter is modest as we limit ourselves to basic examples, including the epsilon expansion about the Gaussian fixed-point of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson model. Finally, the last section illustrates the extension of the renormalization group framework to study quantum phase transitions.
J. Scott Carter and Cameron D. Lippard
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529201116
- eISBN:
- 9781529201161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529201116.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
The purpose of this chapter is to assess who are the actors leading the charge for and against affirmative action in the most recent U.S. Supreme Court cases on affirmative action in the 21st ...
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The purpose of this chapter is to assess who are the actors leading the charge for and against affirmative action in the most recent U.S. Supreme Court cases on affirmative action in the 21st century. We are interested in the primary “lobbyist” of the Court during cases dealing with higher education and affirmative action (Gratz/Grutter and Fisher I and II) who make use of amicus briefs to make their cases for and against the policy. Amicus briefs are often described as “friends of the court” because they provide unique information to the court as well as elucidate broader social and political implications of the case's potential decision. However, scholars also argue that such briefs act to lobby the court for a specific resolution. While we look at all variation in authorship (e.g., individuals, civic organizations; universities, etc.), we pay particular attention to advocacy groups who have joined the fight for and against affirmative action in the public arena. Concerning opponents of affirmative action, scholars have stated that the backlash in the U.S. over policies and initiatives associated with the Civil Rights Movement has been led by elite-backed advocacy organizations, including special interest groups and think tanks.Less
The purpose of this chapter is to assess who are the actors leading the charge for and against affirmative action in the most recent U.S. Supreme Court cases on affirmative action in the 21st century. We are interested in the primary “lobbyist” of the Court during cases dealing with higher education and affirmative action (Gratz/Grutter and Fisher I and II) who make use of amicus briefs to make their cases for and against the policy. Amicus briefs are often described as “friends of the court” because they provide unique information to the court as well as elucidate broader social and political implications of the case's potential decision. However, scholars also argue that such briefs act to lobby the court for a specific resolution. While we look at all variation in authorship (e.g., individuals, civic organizations; universities, etc.), we pay particular attention to advocacy groups who have joined the fight for and against affirmative action in the public arena. Concerning opponents of affirmative action, scholars have stated that the backlash in the U.S. over policies and initiatives associated with the Civil Rights Movement has been led by elite-backed advocacy organizations, including special interest groups and think tanks.
Loring W. Tu
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691191751
- eISBN:
- 9780691197487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691191751.003.0027
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Educational Mathematics
This chapter studies representation theory. In order to state the equivariant localization formula of Atiyah–Bott and Berline–Vergne, one will need to know some representation theory. Representation ...
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This chapter studies representation theory. In order to state the equivariant localization formula of Atiyah–Bott and Berline–Vergne, one will need to know some representation theory. Representation theory “represents” the elements of a group by matrices in such a way that group multiplication becomes matrix multiplication. It is a way of simplifying group theory. The chapter provides the minimal representation theory needed for equivariant cohomology. A real representation of a group G is a group homomorphism. Every representation has at least two invariant subspaces, 0 and V. These are called the trivial invariant subspaces. A representation is said to be irreducible if it has no invariant subspaces other than 0 and V; otherwise, it is reducible.Less
This chapter studies representation theory. In order to state the equivariant localization formula of Atiyah–Bott and Berline–Vergne, one will need to know some representation theory. Representation theory “represents” the elements of a group by matrices in such a way that group multiplication becomes matrix multiplication. It is a way of simplifying group theory. The chapter provides the minimal representation theory needed for equivariant cohomology. A real representation of a group G is a group homomorphism. Every representation has at least two invariant subspaces, 0 and V. These are called the trivial invariant subspaces. A representation is said to be irreducible if it has no invariant subspaces other than 0 and V; otherwise, it is reducible.
Dan Margalit and Matt Clay (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691158662
- eISBN:
- 9781400885398
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158662.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
Geometric group theory is the study of the interplay between groups and the spaces they act on, and has its roots in the works of Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, J.H.C. Whitehead, and Max Dehn. This ...
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Geometric group theory is the study of the interplay between groups and the spaces they act on, and has its roots in the works of Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, J.H.C. Whitehead, and Max Dehn. This book brings together leading experts who provide one-on-one instruction on key topics in this exciting and relatively new field of mathematics. It's like having office hours with your most trusted math professors. An essential primer for undergraduates making the leap to graduate work, the book begins with free groups—actions of free groups on trees, algorithmic questions about free groups, the ping-pong lemma, and automorphisms of free groups. It goes on to cover several large-scale geometric invariants of groups, including quasi-isometry groups, Dehn functions, Gromov hyperbolicity, and asymptotic dimension. It also delves into important examples of groups, such as Coxeter groups, Thompson's groups, right-angled Artin groups, lamplighter groups, mapping class groups, and braid groups. The tone is conversational throughout, and the instruction is driven by examples. It features numerous exercises and in-depth projects designed to engage readers and provide jumping-off points for research projects.Less
Geometric group theory is the study of the interplay between groups and the spaces they act on, and has its roots in the works of Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, J.H.C. Whitehead, and Max Dehn. This book brings together leading experts who provide one-on-one instruction on key topics in this exciting and relatively new field of mathematics. It's like having office hours with your most trusted math professors. An essential primer for undergraduates making the leap to graduate work, the book begins with free groups—actions of free groups on trees, algorithmic questions about free groups, the ping-pong lemma, and automorphisms of free groups. It goes on to cover several large-scale geometric invariants of groups, including quasi-isometry groups, Dehn functions, Gromov hyperbolicity, and asymptotic dimension. It also delves into important examples of groups, such as Coxeter groups, Thompson's groups, right-angled Artin groups, lamplighter groups, mapping class groups, and braid groups. The tone is conversational throughout, and the instruction is driven by examples. It features numerous exercises and in-depth projects designed to engage readers and provide jumping-off points for research projects.
Jeroen Maesschalck
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529212327
- eISBN:
- 9781529212365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529212327.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This essay presents the building blocks for a theoretical framework to address the question ‘what works in the prevention of corporate and occupational crime?’, arguing that the EU provides a ...
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This essay presents the building blocks for a theoretical framework to address the question ‘what works in the prevention of corporate and occupational crime?’, arguing that the EU provides a promising environment to test and further develop such a framework. The essay starts with the presentation of two common classifications to map variation in corporate and occupational crime prevention: a classification of approaches to ethics management at organizational level and a classification of approaches to regulation at industry level. It argues that a more generic classification drawn from grid-group cultural theory (originally developed by Mary Douglas) is more fruitful. It then shows how grid-group cultural theory, combined with the conceptual framework of Pawson and Tilly’s realist evaluation, offers the building blocks of a theoretical framework that could guide research on the impact of efforts to prevent corporate and occupational crime. The paper concludes with some designs for empirical research within the EU to test and further develop the proposed theoretical framework.Less
This essay presents the building blocks for a theoretical framework to address the question ‘what works in the prevention of corporate and occupational crime?’, arguing that the EU provides a promising environment to test and further develop such a framework. The essay starts with the presentation of two common classifications to map variation in corporate and occupational crime prevention: a classification of approaches to ethics management at organizational level and a classification of approaches to regulation at industry level. It argues that a more generic classification drawn from grid-group cultural theory (originally developed by Mary Douglas) is more fruitful. It then shows how grid-group cultural theory, combined with the conceptual framework of Pawson and Tilly’s realist evaluation, offers the building blocks of a theoretical framework that could guide research on the impact of efforts to prevent corporate and occupational crime. The paper concludes with some designs for empirical research within the EU to test and further develop the proposed theoretical framework.
Jasen J. Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804789103
- eISBN:
- 9780804790727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789103.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
In this chapter cohesion theory is introduced to explain why national militaries differ in two important ways: (1) the ability of most units to fight hard on the battlefield and, (2) the capacity of ...
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In this chapter cohesion theory is introduced to explain why national militaries differ in two important ways: (1) the ability of most units to fight hard on the battlefield and, (2) the capacity of the armed forces as a whole to avoid disintegration when facing the possibility of losing a war. The first section defines military cohesion, the study's dependent variable. The second section outlines the collective action problem associated with motivating groups to sustain cooperation even though individual members risk high costs to achieve a common goal. Fighting in a war represents an extreme example of collective action. This chapter explains that group cohesion depends on the ability of a group's leaders to promote and enforce norms of unconditional loyalty. This core idea applies to groups of any size and function, but will be applied to a country's armed forces in subsequent chaptersLess
In this chapter cohesion theory is introduced to explain why national militaries differ in two important ways: (1) the ability of most units to fight hard on the battlefield and, (2) the capacity of the armed forces as a whole to avoid disintegration when facing the possibility of losing a war. The first section defines military cohesion, the study's dependent variable. The second section outlines the collective action problem associated with motivating groups to sustain cooperation even though individual members risk high costs to achieve a common goal. Fighting in a war represents an extreme example of collective action. This chapter explains that group cohesion depends on the ability of a group's leaders to promote and enforce norms of unconditional loyalty. This core idea applies to groups of any size and function, but will be applied to a country's armed forces in subsequent chapters
Andrew G. Walder
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520064706
- eISBN:
- 9780520909007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520064706.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
The neo-traditional image of communist society differs fundamentally from the images of totalitarianism and group theory. It shares with the totalitarian idea a focus on the distinctive communist ...
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The neo-traditional image of communist society differs fundamentally from the images of totalitarianism and group theory. It shares with the totalitarian idea a focus on the distinctive communist institutions that foster organized political control, and it shares the premise that these forms of organization shape patterns of association and political behavior in distinctive ways. The neo-traditional image stresses the social network as its main structural concept. The elements of workplace organization—generic features of modern communism—give rise to several other features of factory political life and authority relations that complete the definition of the type. Communist neo-traditionalism guides comparisons of industrial authority by focusing on organized dependence and institutional culture of the factory. The chapters included in this book explore the characteristics of neo-traditionalism in Chinese factories. They also determine the ways that the Chinese variant has diverged from the Soviet.Less
The neo-traditional image of communist society differs fundamentally from the images of totalitarianism and group theory. It shares with the totalitarian idea a focus on the distinctive communist institutions that foster organized political control, and it shares the premise that these forms of organization shape patterns of association and political behavior in distinctive ways. The neo-traditional image stresses the social network as its main structural concept. The elements of workplace organization—generic features of modern communism—give rise to several other features of factory political life and authority relations that complete the definition of the type. Communist neo-traditionalism guides comparisons of industrial authority by focusing on organized dependence and institutional culture of the factory. The chapters included in this book explore the characteristics of neo-traditionalism in Chinese factories. They also determine the ways that the Chinese variant has diverged from the Soviet.
Darren Halpin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076527
- eISBN:
- 9781781701690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076527.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter scrutinizes the dominant lens through which the democratic expectations of groups are viewed. It argues that group scholars have implicitly, but sometimes explicitly, viewed groups as ...
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This chapter scrutinizes the dominant lens through which the democratic expectations of groups are viewed. It argues that group scholars have implicitly, but sometimes explicitly, viewed groups as though they were all engaged in democratic representation. In turn, this has informed expectations that groups should be democratically accountable to their affiliates. Where group practices have not conformed to this picture, this is read as a group deficiency. The orthodox frameworks and lenses used to appraise groups have supported a rather pessimistic view of the potential for groups to be agents of democracy, because they do not practise it themselves. The chapter reviews a range of arguments that seek to weaken or outright challenge this representation account. It concludes that group theory is poorly served by an insistence on a relatively constrained account of representation.Less
This chapter scrutinizes the dominant lens through which the democratic expectations of groups are viewed. It argues that group scholars have implicitly, but sometimes explicitly, viewed groups as though they were all engaged in democratic representation. In turn, this has informed expectations that groups should be democratically accountable to their affiliates. Where group practices have not conformed to this picture, this is read as a group deficiency. The orthodox frameworks and lenses used to appraise groups have supported a rather pessimistic view of the potential for groups to be agents of democracy, because they do not practise it themselves. The chapter reviews a range of arguments that seek to weaken or outright challenge this representation account. It concludes that group theory is poorly served by an insistence on a relatively constrained account of representation.
Otávio Bueno and Steven French
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198815044
- eISBN:
- 9780191852862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198815044.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Here we present our first case study: the introduction of group theory into quantum mechanics in the 1920s and 1930s. It is helpful in this context to distinguish the ‘Weyl’ and ‘Wigner’ programmes, ...
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Here we present our first case study: the introduction of group theory into quantum mechanics in the 1920s and 1930s. It is helpful in this context to distinguish the ‘Weyl’ and ‘Wigner’ programmes, where the former is concerned with using group theory to provide secure foundations for the emerging quantum physics and the latter emphasizes its practical applications. We suggest the application of the mathematics to the physics depended on certain structural ‘bridges’ within the mathematics itself and also that both this mathematics and the physics were in a state of flux. Given those features, we argue that the partial structures approach offers a suitable framework for representing these developments. One can resist Steiner’s claim that the mathematics is doing all the work in these cases, as it is only because of prior idealizing moves on the physics side that the mathematics can be brought into play to begin with.Less
Here we present our first case study: the introduction of group theory into quantum mechanics in the 1920s and 1930s. It is helpful in this context to distinguish the ‘Weyl’ and ‘Wigner’ programmes, where the former is concerned with using group theory to provide secure foundations for the emerging quantum physics and the latter emphasizes its practical applications. We suggest the application of the mathematics to the physics depended on certain structural ‘bridges’ within the mathematics itself and also that both this mathematics and the physics were in a state of flux. Given those features, we argue that the partial structures approach offers a suitable framework for representing these developments. One can resist Steiner’s claim that the mathematics is doing all the work in these cases, as it is only because of prior idealizing moves on the physics side that the mathematics can be brought into play to begin with.
Mark Ladd
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199670888
- eISBN:
- 9780191781124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about ...
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This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about A-level; additional mathematical topics are discussed in appendices. It is illustrated, including many stereoviews, with instructions both for stereoviewing and for constructing a stereoviewer. Problems for each chapter are provided, with fully worked solutions. A suite of associated computer programs has been devised and placed online, for assisting both the study of the text and the solutions of the problems. The programs are easily executed, and instructions are provided in the text and on the monitor screen. The applicability of symmetry in everyday life as well as in science is stressed. Point groups and space groups are first discussed and derived in a semi-analytical manner, and later by use of group theory. The basic principles of group theory are discussed, together with applications to symmetry, chemical bonding and aspects of vibrations of molecules and crystals.Less
This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about A-level; additional mathematical topics are discussed in appendices. It is illustrated, including many stereoviews, with instructions both for stereoviewing and for constructing a stereoviewer. Problems for each chapter are provided, with fully worked solutions. A suite of associated computer programs has been devised and placed online, for assisting both the study of the text and the solutions of the problems. The programs are easily executed, and instructions are provided in the text and on the monitor screen. The applicability of symmetry in everyday life as well as in science is stressed. Point groups and space groups are first discussed and derived in a semi-analytical manner, and later by use of group theory. The basic principles of group theory are discussed, together with applications to symmetry, chemical bonding and aspects of vibrations of molecules and crystals.
