Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195181166
- eISBN:
- 9780199943302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181166.003.0024
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter is about youth crime and sentencing policy. The “well-known secret” is this: adolescents commit crimes, as they live their lives, in groups. While the empirical evidence for this ...
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This chapter is about youth crime and sentencing policy. The “well-known secret” is this: adolescents commit crimes, as they live their lives, in groups. While the empirical evidence for this hypothesis is at least seventy years old, the consequences of this simple and important finding are frequently ignored when we measure crime, pass laws, and postulate theories of criminal activity. The problems associated with ignoring the obvious have grown more serious in recent years, as the study of criminal behavior has shifted from its sociological origins into a wide spectrum of social, behavioral, economic, and policy science disciplinary subspecialties. The chapter is organized into two parts. The first section discusses some evidence on adolescent crime as group behavior that emerged from the pioneering studies of the Chicago School in the 1920s, and supplements this information with more recent crime-specific estimates of group criminality. The second section catalogues some of the things we do not know as a consequence of ignoring the obvious. Ignoring the well-known fact of group involvement causes us to overestimate the amount of crime kids commit, to generate inaccurate models of deterrence and incapacitation, and to overlook the special character of adolescent motives and vulnerabilities in group settings.Less
This chapter is about youth crime and sentencing policy. The “well-known secret” is this: adolescents commit crimes, as they live their lives, in groups. While the empirical evidence for this hypothesis is at least seventy years old, the consequences of this simple and important finding are frequently ignored when we measure crime, pass laws, and postulate theories of criminal activity. The problems associated with ignoring the obvious have grown more serious in recent years, as the study of criminal behavior has shifted from its sociological origins into a wide spectrum of social, behavioral, economic, and policy science disciplinary subspecialties. The chapter is organized into two parts. The first section discusses some evidence on adolescent crime as group behavior that emerged from the pioneering studies of the Chicago School in the 1920s, and supplements this information with more recent crime-specific estimates of group criminality. The second section catalogues some of the things we do not know as a consequence of ignoring the obvious. Ignoring the well-known fact of group involvement causes us to overestimate the amount of crime kids commit, to generate inaccurate models of deterrence and incapacitation, and to overlook the special character of adolescent motives and vulnerabilities in group settings.
Christopher R. Agnew and Janice R. Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377798
- eISBN:
- 9780199864522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Behaviors involving others, whether in their initiation, their enactment, or their consequences, are of particular interest to social psychologists. Not surprisingly, behaviors featuring the ...
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Behaviors involving others, whether in their initiation, their enactment, or their consequences, are of particular interest to social psychologists. Not surprisingly, behaviors featuring the intertwining of outcomes of actors can be a theoretical and measurement challenge. This chapter introduces a section of the book containing a number of chapters that focus on behavior, both broadly and specifically defined, and inter-individual processes. This section provides readers with a thorough sense of the many ways in which behavior is considered in social psychological theory and research. Each of the chapters highlights the complexities and the challenges inherent in the study of inter-individual behavior. At the same time, each reflects the genuine enthusiasm of those whose own scholarly motivation and actions push us closer to a more complete understanding of the underpinnings and nuances of behavior in its various forms.Less
Behaviors involving others, whether in their initiation, their enactment, or their consequences, are of particular interest to social psychologists. Not surprisingly, behaviors featuring the intertwining of outcomes of actors can be a theoretical and measurement challenge. This chapter introduces a section of the book containing a number of chapters that focus on behavior, both broadly and specifically defined, and inter-individual processes. This section provides readers with a thorough sense of the many ways in which behavior is considered in social psychological theory and research. Each of the chapters highlights the complexities and the challenges inherent in the study of inter-individual behavior. At the same time, each reflects the genuine enthusiasm of those whose own scholarly motivation and actions push us closer to a more complete understanding of the underpinnings and nuances of behavior in its various forms.
Carl N. Degler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195077070
- eISBN:
- 9780199853991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195077070.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the ...
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This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the way biological knowledge has been drawn upon by social scientists. Another application of biology was in the discovery that among some animal species individuals in a group situation arranged themselves in a hierarchical pattern of relations. This study took place during the 1920s.Less
This chapter examines social scientists' use of biology in the study of human behavior. The conundrum of the roots of the incest taboo among human beings is surely the most elaborate example of the way biological knowledge has been drawn upon by social scientists. Another application of biology was in the discovery that among some animal species individuals in a group situation arranged themselves in a hierarchical pattern of relations. This study took place during the 1920s.
Christopher F. Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159751
- eISBN:
- 9781400852697
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159751.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a ...
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Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.Less
Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? This book shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, the book demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. The book reveals how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. This book provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.
Paul Edwards and Judy Wajcman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271900
- eISBN:
- 9780191699559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271900.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
This chapter explores the processes of social group behaviour, which are often analysed through a social psychological perspective that tends to see organizations as having shared purposes or as ...
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This chapter explores the processes of social group behaviour, which are often analysed through a social psychological perspective that tends to see organizations as having shared purposes or as having ‘politics’ of a relatively minor kind. This perspective is then placed in a wider critical analysis of the politics of organizations. It is useful to take as examples cases where things go wrong. However, many of the same processes underlie ‘success’ as well as ‘failure’. There is a need to grasp how failure occurs but then aim to identify what is generic in the politics of organizations and what is particular to failure. With this approach in place, one can then ask how organizations might learn from experiences of success and failure and what organizational learning might mean. The concept of groupthink is also discussed, along with decision-making as a rational process, escalation as group psychology, escalation as a failure of rationality, and persistence.Less
This chapter explores the processes of social group behaviour, which are often analysed through a social psychological perspective that tends to see organizations as having shared purposes or as having ‘politics’ of a relatively minor kind. This perspective is then placed in a wider critical analysis of the politics of organizations. It is useful to take as examples cases where things go wrong. However, many of the same processes underlie ‘success’ as well as ‘failure’. There is a need to grasp how failure occurs but then aim to identify what is generic in the politics of organizations and what is particular to failure. With this approach in place, one can then ask how organizations might learn from experiences of success and failure and what organizational learning might mean. The concept of groupthink is also discussed, along with decision-making as a rational process, escalation as group psychology, escalation as a failure of rationality, and persistence.
Kazuo Koike
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288152
- eISBN:
- 9780191684579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288152.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the character and content of workers' skills on the shop-floor in production workshops and makes clear the learning process in which the skills are formed. It also delves into ...
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This chapter examines the character and content of workers' skills on the shop-floor in production workshops and makes clear the learning process in which the skills are formed. It also delves into the incentive systems, which need to be different from ordinary ones. The chapter stresses the importance of the worker's capacity to adapt to changes in tasks and cope with unforeseen events such as machine breakdown, as distinguished from the operational skills useful for performing routine tasks. On the basis of this distinction, the chapter identifies two types of work organization: the separate system, in which standard operating tasks and problem-solving tasks are entrusted to different specialized workers, and the integrative system, in which two types of tasks are integrated in individual workers. The chapter argues that the essence of what appears to be teamwork or group-oriented behaviour at the Japanese factory is actually not so much collective as the exercise of the individual's ‘intellectual skill’ in performing the non-routine element of tasks in the integrative system. This chapter discusses incentive and monitoring schemes for promoting and rewarding the formation of such skill on the basis of field observation of a Japanese car manufacturing plant. This chapter aims to illuminate the learning systems with which workers acquire skills and the incentive systems which promotes skill acquisition in contemporary Japan.Less
This chapter examines the character and content of workers' skills on the shop-floor in production workshops and makes clear the learning process in which the skills are formed. It also delves into the incentive systems, which need to be different from ordinary ones. The chapter stresses the importance of the worker's capacity to adapt to changes in tasks and cope with unforeseen events such as machine breakdown, as distinguished from the operational skills useful for performing routine tasks. On the basis of this distinction, the chapter identifies two types of work organization: the separate system, in which standard operating tasks and problem-solving tasks are entrusted to different specialized workers, and the integrative system, in which two types of tasks are integrated in individual workers. The chapter argues that the essence of what appears to be teamwork or group-oriented behaviour at the Japanese factory is actually not so much collective as the exercise of the individual's ‘intellectual skill’ in performing the non-routine element of tasks in the integrative system. This chapter discusses incentive and monitoring schemes for promoting and rewarding the formation of such skill on the basis of field observation of a Japanese car manufacturing plant. This chapter aims to illuminate the learning systems with which workers acquire skills and the incentive systems which promotes skill acquisition in contemporary Japan.
Jinni Harrigan, Robert Rosenthal, and Klaus Scherer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198529620
- eISBN:
- 9780191689673
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529620.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book is an updated text. It has new material on coding and methodological issues for a variety of areas in nonverbal behavior: facial actions, vocal behavior, and body movement. Issues relevant ...
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This book is an updated text. It has new material on coding and methodological issues for a variety of areas in nonverbal behavior: facial actions, vocal behavior, and body movement. Issues relevant to judgment studies, methodology, reliability, analyses, etc. have also been updated. The topics are broad and include specific information about methodology and coding strategies in education, psychotherapy, deception, nonverbal sensitivity, and marital and group behavior. There is also a chapter detailing specific information on the technical aspects of recording the voice and face, and specifically in relation to deception studies. This book provides an overview and hands on information concerning the many methods and techniques that are available to code or rate affective behavior and emotional expression in different modalities. This books hopes to help further refining research methods and coding strategies that permit comparison of results from various laboratories where research on nonverbal behavior is being conducted. This will advance research in the field and help to coordinate results so that a more comprehensive understanding of affect expression can be developed.Less
This book is an updated text. It has new material on coding and methodological issues for a variety of areas in nonverbal behavior: facial actions, vocal behavior, and body movement. Issues relevant to judgment studies, methodology, reliability, analyses, etc. have also been updated. The topics are broad and include specific information about methodology and coding strategies in education, psychotherapy, deception, nonverbal sensitivity, and marital and group behavior. There is also a chapter detailing specific information on the technical aspects of recording the voice and face, and specifically in relation to deception studies. This book provides an overview and hands on information concerning the many methods and techniques that are available to code or rate affective behavior and emotional expression in different modalities. This books hopes to help further refining research methods and coding strategies that permit comparison of results from various laboratories where research on nonverbal behavior is being conducted. This will advance research in the field and help to coordinate results so that a more comprehensive understanding of affect expression can be developed.
Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523901
- eISBN:
- 9780191689048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523901.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The population approach to understanding cultural change begins with the premise that culture constitutes a system of inheritance. Since cultural change is a population process, this chapter explores ...
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The population approach to understanding cultural change begins with the premise that culture constitutes a system of inheritance. Since cultural change is a population process, this chapter explores Darwinian methods in studying cultural change. In addition, the chapter contends that an increase in the rate at which a population adapts can cause qualitative changes in the nature of the adaptations that characterize that population. This chapter begins by briefly reviewing population-based models of cultural evolution developed by one's self and others. This approach is then used to argue that rapid cultural change leads to more accurate adaptation to local ecological conditions, greater variation among groups in social behaviour, the evolution of group-beneficial behaviours, and the subdivision of human populations into stylistically marked groups. Therefore, cultural adaptation can lead to different long-run evolutionary outcomes compared to genetic adaptation.Less
The population approach to understanding cultural change begins with the premise that culture constitutes a system of inheritance. Since cultural change is a population process, this chapter explores Darwinian methods in studying cultural change. In addition, the chapter contends that an increase in the rate at which a population adapts can cause qualitative changes in the nature of the adaptations that characterize that population. This chapter begins by briefly reviewing population-based models of cultural evolution developed by one's self and others. This approach is then used to argue that rapid cultural change leads to more accurate adaptation to local ecological conditions, greater variation among groups in social behaviour, the evolution of group-beneficial behaviours, and the subdivision of human populations into stylistically marked groups. Therefore, cultural adaptation can lead to different long-run evolutionary outcomes compared to genetic adaptation.
Victor Ricciardi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190269999
- eISBN:
- 9780190270025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0026
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter discusses the role of speculation in the financial markets that influences individual and group behavior in the form of bubbles and crashes. The chapter highlights behavioral finance ...
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This chapter discusses the role of speculation in the financial markets that influences individual and group behavior in the form of bubbles and crashes. The chapter highlights behavioral finance issues associated with bubbles, such as overconfidence, herding, group polarization, groupthink effect, representativeness bias, familiarity issues, grandiosity, excitement, and the overreaction and underreaction to prices. These issues are important for understanding past financial mistakes because history often repeat itself. The chapter also examines the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 on investor psychology, including the impact of a severe financial downturn, anchoring effect, recency bias, worry, loss averse behavior, status quo bias, and trust. The aftermath of the financial crisis might have negative long-term effects on investor psychology in which some investors remain overly risk averse, resulting in under-investment in stocks and over-investment in cash and bonds.Less
This chapter discusses the role of speculation in the financial markets that influences individual and group behavior in the form of bubbles and crashes. The chapter highlights behavioral finance issues associated with bubbles, such as overconfidence, herding, group polarization, groupthink effect, representativeness bias, familiarity issues, grandiosity, excitement, and the overreaction and underreaction to prices. These issues are important for understanding past financial mistakes because history often repeat itself. The chapter also examines the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 on investor psychology, including the impact of a severe financial downturn, anchoring effect, recency bias, worry, loss averse behavior, status quo bias, and trust. The aftermath of the financial crisis might have negative long-term effects on investor psychology in which some investors remain overly risk averse, resulting in under-investment in stocks and over-investment in cash and bonds.
Peter Krause
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501708558
- eISBN:
- 9781501712678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501708558.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter discusses the different strengths, challenges, and potential extensions of the Movement Structure Theory (MST). In MST, the key distinction is the number of significant groups, which ...
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This chapter discusses the different strengths, challenges, and potential extensions of the Movement Structure Theory (MST). In MST, the key distinction is the number of significant groups, which determines whether the movement is internally competitive or noncompetitive. This aspect of movement structure drives group incentives and movement dynamics, which together drive group behavior and movement outcome. Alliances have comparatively little impact. In an alliance, individuals are generally loyal to their groups first. Individual group leadership maintains ultimate decision-making power, even if groups agree to try to coordinate certain actions. The power concentrated in a single alliance is therefore far less cohesive in organization, coherent in action, and stable in alignment than a single group. These factors make a movement with a unifying alliance somewhat different from a fragmented movement with no such ties but very different from a hegemonic movement with a single dominant group.Less
This chapter discusses the different strengths, challenges, and potential extensions of the Movement Structure Theory (MST). In MST, the key distinction is the number of significant groups, which determines whether the movement is internally competitive or noncompetitive. This aspect of movement structure drives group incentives and movement dynamics, which together drive group behavior and movement outcome. Alliances have comparatively little impact. In an alliance, individuals are generally loyal to their groups first. Individual group leadership maintains ultimate decision-making power, even if groups agree to try to coordinate certain actions. The power concentrated in a single alliance is therefore far less cohesive in organization, coherent in action, and stable in alignment than a single group. These factors make a movement with a unifying alliance somewhat different from a fragmented movement with no such ties but very different from a hegemonic movement with a single dominant group.
Robert G. Hagstrom
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231160100
- eISBN:
- 9780231531016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231160100.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter examines why markets and economies behave as they do from a sociological perspective. Sociology is the study of how people function in society, with the ultimate hope of understanding ...
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This chapter examines why markets and economies behave as they do from a sociological perspective. Sociology is the study of how people function in society, with the ultimate hope of understanding group behavior. When we stop to consider that all the participants in a market constitute a group, it is obvious that until we understand group behavior, we can never fully understand how markets and economies work. All of the areas of social science—sociology, political science, economics, and the several subdisciplines within each—are, in one sense, only different platforms from which to think about one large question: how human beings form themselves into groups, or societies, and how those groups behave. This chapter analyzes social systems by focusing on a large number of complex adaptive systems across a wide variety of fields in both the natural and the social sciences. It also discusses complexity theory as well as the concepts of self-organization and emergent behavior as they apply to finance and investing.Less
This chapter examines why markets and economies behave as they do from a sociological perspective. Sociology is the study of how people function in society, with the ultimate hope of understanding group behavior. When we stop to consider that all the participants in a market constitute a group, it is obvious that until we understand group behavior, we can never fully understand how markets and economies work. All of the areas of social science—sociology, political science, economics, and the several subdisciplines within each—are, in one sense, only different platforms from which to think about one large question: how human beings form themselves into groups, or societies, and how those groups behave. This chapter analyzes social systems by focusing on a large number of complex adaptive systems across a wide variety of fields in both the natural and the social sciences. It also discusses complexity theory as well as the concepts of self-organization and emergent behavior as they apply to finance and investing.
Robert D. Rupert
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199936502
- eISBN:
- 9780199362530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936502.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter examines the question of whether cognitive states should be attributed to groups. The chapter investigates the explanatory power that cognitive states have insofar as collective actions ...
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This chapter examines the question of whether cognitive states should be attributed to groups. The chapter investigates the explanatory power that cognitive states have insofar as collective actions are concerned. They seem to have such power in folk explanations. The chapter, however, argues that there are a number of disanalogies. First, none of us has first-person access to group attitudes. Second, group actions can be explained more parsimoniously in terms of individual attitudes. The chapter goes on to argue that cognitive science has not provided any evidence in favor of group attitudes. Furthermore, group behavior in animals can be explained in terms of individual cognitive processes. All of these considerations are broadly epistemic. And none of them support the idea that groups can have cognitive states.Less
This chapter examines the question of whether cognitive states should be attributed to groups. The chapter investigates the explanatory power that cognitive states have insofar as collective actions are concerned. They seem to have such power in folk explanations. The chapter, however, argues that there are a number of disanalogies. First, none of us has first-person access to group attitudes. Second, group actions can be explained more parsimoniously in terms of individual attitudes. The chapter goes on to argue that cognitive science has not provided any evidence in favor of group attitudes. Furthermore, group behavior in animals can be explained in terms of individual cognitive processes. All of these considerations are broadly epistemic. And none of them support the idea that groups can have cognitive states.
Peter Krause
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501708558
- eISBN:
- 9781501712678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501708558.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter on the Palestinian national movement examines the impact of hierarchy on group behavior. It uses a variety of tight within-case comparisons, in which the shifting of variables at ...
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This chapter on the Palestinian national movement examines the impact of hierarchy on group behavior. It uses a variety of tight within-case comparisons, in which the shifting of variables at different times allows for powerful assessments of why groups such as Fatah, the PFLP, and the Jordanian Communist Party used or restrained violence at different periods in their history. The chapter also illustrates “the tragedy of national movements”: Palestinian groups knew they needed hegemony to succeed, but their desire for power kept them largely fragmented. Regardless of changes in time or space, the Palestinian national movement met with strategic failure when the movement was fragmented (1965–1973, 1975–1985, and 2001–2016); limited success when it was united (1974); and its greatest success when the movement was hegemonic (1986–1993 and 1995–2000).Less
This chapter on the Palestinian national movement examines the impact of hierarchy on group behavior. It uses a variety of tight within-case comparisons, in which the shifting of variables at different times allows for powerful assessments of why groups such as Fatah, the PFLP, and the Jordanian Communist Party used or restrained violence at different periods in their history. The chapter also illustrates “the tragedy of national movements”: Palestinian groups knew they needed hegemony to succeed, but their desire for power kept them largely fragmented. Regardless of changes in time or space, the Palestinian national movement met with strategic failure when the movement was fragmented (1965–1973, 1975–1985, and 2001–2016); limited success when it was united (1974); and its greatest success when the movement was hegemonic (1986–1993 and 1995–2000).
David Pietraszewski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199890712
- eISBN:
- 9780199332779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890712.003.0046
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Many important phenomena in social and developmental psychology can be understood as manifestations of a common set of cognitive structures: a coalitional psychology. The functions of this coalition ...
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Many important phenomena in social and developmental psychology can be understood as manifestations of a common set of cognitive structures: a coalitional psychology. The functions of this coalition psychology is to infer the actual and potential alliance relationships between people; generate expectations of how those individuals are likely to act and react; and initiate and engage in these alliance relationships. This chapter argues that many “group” phenomena—race, lexically marked ethnic kinds, minimal groups—can be understood as the output of this coalitional psychology. Recent findings are converging on this idea, and the remainder of the chapter reviews these findings.Less
Many important phenomena in social and developmental psychology can be understood as manifestations of a common set of cognitive structures: a coalitional psychology. The functions of this coalition psychology is to infer the actual and potential alliance relationships between people; generate expectations of how those individuals are likely to act and react; and initiate and engage in these alliance relationships. This chapter argues that many “group” phenomena—race, lexically marked ethnic kinds, minimal groups—can be understood as the output of this coalitional psychology. Recent findings are converging on this idea, and the remainder of the chapter reviews these findings.
Ann Taves
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691131016
- eISBN:
- 9781400884469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691131016.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This concluding chapter highlights the distinctive feature of the three cases—their claim that a suprahuman presence was involved in the emergence process—and discusses its implications for ...
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This concluding chapter highlights the distinctive feature of the three cases—their claim that a suprahuman presence was involved in the emergence process—and discusses its implications for understanding emergent groups and the creative process. It argues that each of these suprahuman “presences” was motivated by an expansive vision and was intent on guiding the human collaborators toward a goal—a restored church, a fellowship of recovering alcoholics, and a metaphysical training program. Belief in these presences and their interest in guiding the group not only stabilized the process and structured the group, but also supported claims regarding the authorship of the key texts and the ultimate origins of the group. The chapter also considers key aspects of Emile Durkheim's Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.Less
This concluding chapter highlights the distinctive feature of the three cases—their claim that a suprahuman presence was involved in the emergence process—and discusses its implications for understanding emergent groups and the creative process. It argues that each of these suprahuman “presences” was motivated by an expansive vision and was intent on guiding the human collaborators toward a goal—a restored church, a fellowship of recovering alcoholics, and a metaphysical training program. Belief in these presences and their interest in guiding the group not only stabilized the process and structured the group, but also supported claims regarding the authorship of the key texts and the ultimate origins of the group. The chapter also considers key aspects of Emile Durkheim's Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.
