Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be ...
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Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be applied to government? Why do we find contradictory recipes for the improvement of public services, and are the forces of modernity set to produce worldwide convergence in ways of organizing government? This study aims to explore such questions, which are central to debates over public management. It combines contemporary and historical experience, and employs grid/group cultural theory as an organizing frame and method of exploration. Using examples from different places and eras, the study seeks to identify the recurring variety of ideas about how to organize public services—and contrary to widespread claims that modernization will bring a new global uniformity, it argues that variety is unlikely to disappear from doctrine and practice in public management. The book has three parts. Part I, Introductory, has three chapters that discuss various aspects of public management. Part II, Classic and Recurring Ideas in Public Management, has four chapters that discuss various ways of doing public management. Part III, Rhetoric, Modernity, and Science in Public Management, has three chapters that discuss the rhetoric, and culture of public management, contemporary public management, and the state of the art of the state.Less
Why does public management—the art of the state—so often go wrong, producing failure and fiasco instead of public service, and what are the different ways in which control or regulation can be applied to government? Why do we find contradictory recipes for the improvement of public services, and are the forces of modernity set to produce worldwide convergence in ways of organizing government? This study aims to explore such questions, which are central to debates over public management. It combines contemporary and historical experience, and employs grid/group cultural theory as an organizing frame and method of exploration. Using examples from different places and eras, the study seeks to identify the recurring variety of ideas about how to organize public services—and contrary to widespread claims that modernization will bring a new global uniformity, it argues that variety is unlikely to disappear from doctrine and practice in public management. The book has three parts. Part I, Introductory, has three chapters that discuss various aspects of public management. Part II, Classic and Recurring Ideas in Public Management, has four chapters that discuss various ways of doing public management. Part III, Rhetoric, Modernity, and Science in Public Management, has three chapters that discuss the rhetoric, and culture of public management, contemporary public management, and the state of the art of the state.
Stephen Doheny-Farina
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300089776
- eISBN:
- 9780300133820
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300089776.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This book focuses on electric grids and tells the stories about two villages separated by time, connected by proximity, and united by the challenges of maintaining a community under duress. The story ...
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This book focuses on electric grids and tells the stories about two villages separated by time, connected by proximity, and united by the challenges of maintaining a community under duress. The story of one village presents an insider's view of a natural disaster, describing the destruction of the electric grid in January 1998 and the emergence of a community that filled the resulting void. It begins with moments in the lives of people in the village of Potsdam, New York and expands to cover the breadth of the disaster. The book concludes with a timeline of events that traces the disaster from the storm's origins in the Gulf of Mexico to the lethal flooding it caused as it moved slowly up the eastern seaboard to the icy devastation it brought to the Northeast. The story of the other village begins nearly 200 years before the ice storm in a place called Louisville Landing, about twenty miles from Potsdam on the border between the United States and Canada. This narrative provides a glimpse of what it took to build the kind of grids that made America, the grids which connect people to one another, and is told through the experiences of some of the people who sacrificed the most to build the grids.Less
This book focuses on electric grids and tells the stories about two villages separated by time, connected by proximity, and united by the challenges of maintaining a community under duress. The story of one village presents an insider's view of a natural disaster, describing the destruction of the electric grid in January 1998 and the emergence of a community that filled the resulting void. It begins with moments in the lives of people in the village of Potsdam, New York and expands to cover the breadth of the disaster. The book concludes with a timeline of events that traces the disaster from the storm's origins in the Gulf of Mexico to the lethal flooding it caused as it moved slowly up the eastern seaboard to the icy devastation it brought to the Northeast. The story of the other village begins nearly 200 years before the ice storm in a place called Louisville Landing, about twenty miles from Potsdam on the border between the United States and Canada. This narrative provides a glimpse of what it took to build the kind of grids that made America, the grids which connect people to one another, and is told through the experiences of some of the people who sacrificed the most to build the grids.
Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Discusses three conventional assumptions that are made about public management: that it is in the throes of a millennial transformation to a new style; that today's ‘new’ public management ideas ...
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Discusses three conventional assumptions that are made about public management: that it is in the throes of a millennial transformation to a new style; that today's ‘new’ public management ideas differ sharply from those of earlier eras; and that the favoured doctrines of contemporary public management tend to be dubbed as economic rationalism. Goes on to point out that the book looks at public management from a different perspective, and reduces its arguments to seven related propositions, discussed in the remainder of the chapter that: grid/cultural theory captures most of the variety in both current and historical debates about how to organize public services; application of a cultural‐theory framework can illuminate many of the central analytic questions of public management; if we look across time and space, we can identify ideas about how to organize government and public services that correspond to each of the four polar categories contained in cultural theory; no one of those recipes for good organization has a clear claim to be considered more modern than any of the others and each has in‐built weaknesses; variation in ideas about how to organize in government is not likely to disappear; the dimensions identified by cultural theory enable analysis of organizational variety to be pursued at a range of levels; and the understanding of cultural and organizational variety, within a historical perspective, merits a central place in the study of public management. These seven propositions overlap, and some of them are given more space than others in the book; this chapter concentrates mainly on the first proposition, and aims to introduce grid/group cultural theory in the context of public management, but the other six propositions are also discussed more briefly, as a way of setting the scene for the remainder of the book.Less
Discusses three conventional assumptions that are made about public management: that it is in the throes of a millennial transformation to a new style; that today's ‘new’ public management ideas differ sharply from those of earlier eras; and that the favoured doctrines of contemporary public management tend to be dubbed as economic rationalism. Goes on to point out that the book looks at public management from a different perspective, and reduces its arguments to seven related propositions, discussed in the remainder of the chapter that: grid/cultural theory captures most of the variety in both current and historical debates about how to organize public services; application of a cultural‐theory framework can illuminate many of the central analytic questions of public management; if we look across time and space, we can identify ideas about how to organize government and public services that correspond to each of the four polar categories contained in cultural theory; no one of those recipes for good organization has a clear claim to be considered more modern than any of the others and each has in‐built weaknesses; variation in ideas about how to organize in government is not likely to disappear; the dimensions identified by cultural theory enable analysis of organizational variety to be pursued at a range of levels; and the understanding of cultural and organizational variety, within a historical perspective, merits a central place in the study of public management. These seven propositions overlap, and some of them are given more space than others in the book; this chapter concentrates mainly on the first proposition, and aims to introduce grid/group cultural theory in the context of public management, but the other six propositions are also discussed more briefly, as a way of setting the scene for the remainder of the book.
Nigel Fabb and Morris Halle
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199553426
- eISBN:
- 9780191731020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553426.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter presents Fabb and Halle's response to two of the more critical points made in the commentaries in the previous chapters. In their comment, Vaux and Myler bring up the metre of the ...
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This chapter presents Fabb and Halle's response to two of the more critical points made in the commentaries in the previous chapters. In their comment, Vaux and Myler bring up the metre of the well-known nursery rhyme ‘Hickory, dickory, dock’. They point out that this metre, which involves syllable groups that strikingly differ in length is beyond the capacity of the theory of metre presented in Chapter 2. Fabb and Halle acknowledge that this is correct, but only because they limited their chapter to metres of one kind, called strict metres. Referring to the parentheses in the metrical grid, Dilley and McAuley write that ‘it is not clear what these [two types of parenthesis] correspond to in terms of phonetic characteristics, perceptual or structural reality, etc.’, and they criticize this as a shortcoming that undermines the validity Fabb and Halle's theory. In response, Fabb and Halle note that the parentheses — as well as the asterisks and the metrical grids themselves — are parts of the abstract structure that they posit in order to account for the perception of musical rhythm, of poetic metre, and of the stress contours of words.Less
This chapter presents Fabb and Halle's response to two of the more critical points made in the commentaries in the previous chapters. In their comment, Vaux and Myler bring up the metre of the well-known nursery rhyme ‘Hickory, dickory, dock’. They point out that this metre, which involves syllable groups that strikingly differ in length is beyond the capacity of the theory of metre presented in Chapter 2. Fabb and Halle acknowledge that this is correct, but only because they limited their chapter to metres of one kind, called strict metres. Referring to the parentheses in the metrical grid, Dilley and McAuley write that ‘it is not clear what these [two types of parenthesis] correspond to in terms of phonetic characteristics, perceptual or structural reality, etc.’, and they criticize this as a shortcoming that undermines the validity Fabb and Halle's theory. In response, Fabb and Halle note that the parentheses — as well as the asterisks and the metrical grids themselves — are parts of the abstract structure that they posit in order to account for the perception of musical rhythm, of poetic metre, and of the stress contours of words.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It ...
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This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.Less
This chapter considers two ways of employing a spatial resolution that varies with position within a finite-difference method: using a nonuniform grid and mapping to a new coordinate variable. It first provides an overview of nonuniform grids before discussing coordinate mapping as an alternative way of achieving spatial discretization. It then describes an approach for treating both the vertical and horizontal directions with simple finite-difference methods: defining a streamfunction, which automatically satisfies mass conservation, and solving for vorticity via the curl of the momentum conservation equation. It also explains the use of the Chebyshev–Fourier method to simulate the convection or gravity wave problem by employing spectral methods in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, it looks at the basic ideas and some issues that need to be addressed with respect to parallel processing as well as choices that need to be made when designing a parallel code.
James Higginbotham
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239313
- eISBN:
- 9780191716904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239313.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
The subject matter of binding theory has in recent years been transformed. This theory was originally concerned with the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretation of the reflexive and ...
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The subject matter of binding theory has in recent years been transformed. This theory was originally concerned with the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretation of the reflexive and reciprocal anaphora of English, and the distribution of anaphoric pronominals, these constituting the ‘atoms’ of anaphora in the sense of the conference to which a preliminary version of this chapter was presented Binding theory assumed a greater importance following the theoretical proposal that NP-trace is an anaphor, a proposal that was underwritten by the thesis that NP-trace could not occur in a position from which anaphora were excluded and pronominals permitted; and also following the interpretation of PRO in Chomsky (1981) as a species of ‘anaphoric pronominal’. This chapter considers and promotes a further expansion of binding theory, which is believed to preserve it nevertheless as a unified module of syntactic and semantic study. Under the expansion, binding theory is allowed to relate, either as anaphor or as antecedent, open positions in u-grids, which are referred to as implicit anaphora.Less
The subject matter of binding theory has in recent years been transformed. This theory was originally concerned with the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretation of the reflexive and reciprocal anaphora of English, and the distribution of anaphoric pronominals, these constituting the ‘atoms’ of anaphora in the sense of the conference to which a preliminary version of this chapter was presented Binding theory assumed a greater importance following the theoretical proposal that NP-trace is an anaphor, a proposal that was underwritten by the thesis that NP-trace could not occur in a position from which anaphora were excluded and pronominals permitted; and also following the interpretation of PRO in Chomsky (1981) as a species of ‘anaphoric pronominal’. This chapter considers and promotes a further expansion of binding theory, which is believed to preserve it nevertheless as a unified module of syntactic and semantic study. Under the expansion, binding theory is allowed to relate, either as anaphor or as antecedent, open positions in u-grids, which are referred to as implicit anaphora.
J. E. Aarnes, Y. Efendiev, T.Y. Hou, and L. Jiang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
We study mixed multiscale finite element methods (MsFEM) on unstructured coarse grids. Unstructured grids are often used when highly heterogeneous reservoirs are discretized via irregular anisotropic ...
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We study mixed multiscale finite element methods (MsFEM) on unstructured coarse grids. Unstructured grids are often used when highly heterogeneous reservoirs are discretized via irregular anisotropic fine grids. Our study is motivated by the development of coarse-scale models for coupled flow and transport equations in a multi-phase system. An unstructured coarse grid is often used to upscale the transport equation with hyperbolic nature in a highly heterogeneous reservoir. Solving the flow equation on the same coarse grid provides a general robust coarse-scale model for the multi-phase flow and transport at a low CPU cost. We present numerical results when both the flow and transport equations are solved on the coarse grid. Numerical examples involve highly channelized permeability as well as a 3-D reservoir model using an unstructured fine grid. In all examples, we show that our approach can provide an accurate approximation of the resolved solution at a much lower cost. We also study the convergence of the mixed multiscale finite element method on unstructured coarse grids.Less
We study mixed multiscale finite element methods (MsFEM) on unstructured coarse grids. Unstructured grids are often used when highly heterogeneous reservoirs are discretized via irregular anisotropic fine grids. Our study is motivated by the development of coarse-scale models for coupled flow and transport equations in a multi-phase system. An unstructured coarse grid is often used to upscale the transport equation with hyperbolic nature in a highly heterogeneous reservoir. Solving the flow equation on the same coarse grid provides a general robust coarse-scale model for the multi-phase flow and transport at a low CPU cost. We present numerical results when both the flow and transport equations are solved on the coarse grid. Numerical examples involve highly channelized permeability as well as a 3-D reservoir model using an unstructured fine grid. In all examples, we show that our approach can provide an accurate approximation of the resolved solution at a much lower cost. We also study the convergence of the mixed multiscale finite element method on unstructured coarse grids.
Michael Laver and Ernest Sergenti
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139036
- eISBN:
- 9781400840328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter develops the methods for designing, executing, and analyzing large suites of computer simulations that generate stable and replicable results. It starts with a discussion of the ...
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This chapter develops the methods for designing, executing, and analyzing large suites of computer simulations that generate stable and replicable results. It starts with a discussion of the different methods of experimental design, such as grid sweeping and Monte Carlo parameterization. Next, it demonstrates how to calculate mean estimates of output variables of interest. It does so by first discussing stochastic processes, Markov Chain representations, and model burn-in. It focuses on three stochastic process representations: nonergodic deterministic processes that converge on a single state; nondeterministic stochastic processes for which a time average provides a representative estimate of the output variables; and nondeterministic stochastic processes for which a time average does not provide a representative estimate of the output variables. The estimation strategy employed depends on which stochastic process the simulation follows. Lastly, the chapter presents a set of diagnostic checks used to establish an appropriate sample size for the estimation of the means.Less
This chapter develops the methods for designing, executing, and analyzing large suites of computer simulations that generate stable and replicable results. It starts with a discussion of the different methods of experimental design, such as grid sweeping and Monte Carlo parameterization. Next, it demonstrates how to calculate mean estimates of output variables of interest. It does so by first discussing stochastic processes, Markov Chain representations, and model burn-in. It focuses on three stochastic process representations: nonergodic deterministic processes that converge on a single state; nondeterministic stochastic processes for which a time average provides a representative estimate of the output variables; and nondeterministic stochastic processes for which a time average does not provide a representative estimate of the output variables. The estimation strategy employed depends on which stochastic process the simulation follows. Lastly, the chapter presents a set of diagnostic checks used to establish an appropriate sample size for the estimation of the means.
Alok Kumar and Sushanta K. Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082279
- eISBN:
- 9780199082063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082279.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power ...
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This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power generation under the Electricity Act, 2003. Significant flexibility brought in by the rules notified on captive generation and group captives has been presented. The chapter presents the current status of captive power generation in India. Major issues in the context of key provisions of the Act and the policy of encouragement of captive power plants (CPPs) have been examined. The chapter also presents illustrative cases of captive power generation by national-level organizations like National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Railways, and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). These illustrative cases highlight how captive power plants have been utilized for cost efficiency and increased availability in grid power.Less
This chapter provides a historical perspective and treatment to captive power generation in the law and policies. It then goes on to describe the vision behind the provisions on captive power generation under the Electricity Act, 2003. Significant flexibility brought in by the rules notified on captive generation and group captives has been presented. The chapter presents the current status of captive power generation in India. Major issues in the context of key provisions of the Act and the policy of encouragement of captive power plants (CPPs) have been examined. The chapter also presents illustrative cases of captive power generation by national-level organizations like National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Railways, and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). These illustrative cases highlight how captive power plants have been utilized for cost efficiency and increased availability in grid power.
PHILIPPE DESCOLA
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263945
- eISBN:
- 9780191734038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263945.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter discusses the concepts of nature and culture. It reveals that Radcliffe-Brown had a poor opinion of the concept of culture; he neglected to consider that the concept of nature was no ...
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This chapter discusses the concepts of nature and culture. It reveals that Radcliffe-Brown had a poor opinion of the concept of culture; he neglected to consider that the concept of nature was no more concrete or directly observable than ‘culture’. The chapter shows that other civilisations were able to adopt a variety of ways to distribute qualities to beings in the world, thus resulting in forms of discontinuity and continuity between humans and non-humans. It stresses that people should treat the modern ontological grid — moral singularity versus physical universality — as one of several other formulae employed to describe the structures of the world.Less
This chapter discusses the concepts of nature and culture. It reveals that Radcliffe-Brown had a poor opinion of the concept of culture; he neglected to consider that the concept of nature was no more concrete or directly observable than ‘culture’. The chapter shows that other civilisations were able to adopt a variety of ways to distribute qualities to beings in the world, thus resulting in forms of discontinuity and continuity between humans and non-humans. It stresses that people should treat the modern ontological grid — moral singularity versus physical universality — as one of several other formulae employed to describe the structures of the world.
BOB HANCKÉ
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252053.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The second case study examines a large state-owned utility, Electricité de France.
The second case study examines a large state-owned utility, Electricité de France.
JOE C. TRUETT
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258396
- eISBN:
- 9780520944527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258396.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The Big Brown Steam Electric Station was built several miles east of Fairfield to generate electricity to feed into the Texas power grid that electrified homes, offices, and industries throughout the ...
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The Big Brown Steam Electric Station was built several miles east of Fairfield to generate electricity to feed into the Texas power grid that electrified homes, offices, and industries throughout the state. It was designed to be fueled by lignite—a low-energy version of coal to be mined near the station. This chapter describes landscape rejuvenation in the area. Once the coal was removed, the soil overburden replaced, and the land recontoured, revegetation commenced. Grasses, shrubs, and trees were planted and soon after, animals began to move through and recolonize. Reclamation failed when Texas Utilities returned the land to private hands and bulldozers razed the landscape at Big Brown.Less
The Big Brown Steam Electric Station was built several miles east of Fairfield to generate electricity to feed into the Texas power grid that electrified homes, offices, and industries throughout the state. It was designed to be fueled by lignite—a low-energy version of coal to be mined near the station. This chapter describes landscape rejuvenation in the area. Once the coal was removed, the soil overburden replaced, and the land recontoured, revegetation commenced. Grasses, shrubs, and trees were planted and soon after, animals began to move through and recolonize. Reclamation failed when Texas Utilities returned the land to private hands and bulldozers razed the landscape at Big Brown.
Marjorie Perloff
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195109924
- eISBN:
- 9780199855261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, ...
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This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, verse forms, whether free or otherwise, which are independent of history as well as of national and cultural context. In addition to that, the chapter states that a metrical choice is a question of individual preference and free verse is some kind of end point, an instance of writing degree zero from which the only reasonable “advance” can be a return to “normal” metrical forms. This chapter also defines the idea of free verse, and one of the definition is it is described by the lack of structuring grid based on counting of linguistic units and/or position of linguistic features.Less
This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, verse forms, whether free or otherwise, which are independent of history as well as of national and cultural context. In addition to that, the chapter states that a metrical choice is a question of individual preference and free verse is some kind of end point, an instance of writing degree zero from which the only reasonable “advance” can be a return to “normal” metrical forms. This chapter also defines the idea of free verse, and one of the definition is it is described by the lack of structuring grid based on counting of linguistic units and/or position of linguistic features.
Dante Gatteschi, Roberta Sessoli, and Jacques Villain
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567530
- eISBN:
- 9780191718298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567530.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter advocates other classes of magnetic molecules, which do not show SMM behaviour but are very interesting for their magnetic properties. The first class is referred to as the ferris wheel ...
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This chapter advocates other classes of magnetic molecules, which do not show SMM behaviour but are very interesting for their magnetic properties. The first class is referred to as the ferris wheel — a cyclic molecule comprising 10 iron(III) ions antiferromagnetically coupled — which was investigated for its stepped magnetic hysteresis at low temperature. A whole class of cyclic molecules comprising different numbers of different metal ions was accurately investigated using all the techniques in the investigation of SMMs. Another interesting class of magnetic molecules is described as magnetic grids, which are synthesized using interesting self assembly techniques. Finally, three-dimensional clusters with appealing spherical structures are reported, containing 30 iron(III) ions which describe a icosidodecahedral structure. Polyoxovanadates also provide interesting structures with layers of vanadium ions with interesting spin frustration effects.Less
This chapter advocates other classes of magnetic molecules, which do not show SMM behaviour but are very interesting for their magnetic properties. The first class is referred to as the ferris wheel — a cyclic molecule comprising 10 iron(III) ions antiferromagnetically coupled — which was investigated for its stepped magnetic hysteresis at low temperature. A whole class of cyclic molecules comprising different numbers of different metal ions was accurately investigated using all the techniques in the investigation of SMMs. Another interesting class of magnetic molecules is described as magnetic grids, which are synthesized using interesting self assembly techniques. Finally, three-dimensional clusters with appealing spherical structures are reported, containing 30 iron(III) ions which describe a icosidodecahedral structure. Polyoxovanadates also provide interesting structures with layers of vanadium ions with interesting spin frustration effects.
Don E. Fehrenbacher and Ward M. McAfee
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158052
- eISBN:
- 9780199849475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158052.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Thomas Jefferson laid the foundation for the system of decimal coinage that was subsequently adopted by Congress. He coauthored a plan for the disposal of western lands featuring a grid system of ...
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Thomas Jefferson laid the foundation for the system of decimal coinage that was subsequently adopted by Congress. He coauthored a plan for the disposal of western lands featuring a grid system of survey that Congress soon incorporated in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Most notably, he drafted and secured passage of a plan of government for the West that became known as the Ordinance of 1784. In the process, moreover, he raised for virtually the first time the question of whether slavery should be restricted geographically or allowed to expand with the expanding nation. Creation of the national territorial system may be said to have begun in earnest on January 2, 1781, when the Virginia legislature passed an act ceding to the United States its vast land claims north of the Ohio River.Less
Thomas Jefferson laid the foundation for the system of decimal coinage that was subsequently adopted by Congress. He coauthored a plan for the disposal of western lands featuring a grid system of survey that Congress soon incorporated in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Most notably, he drafted and secured passage of a plan of government for the West that became known as the Ordinance of 1784. In the process, moreover, he raised for virtually the first time the question of whether slavery should be restricted geographically or allowed to expand with the expanding nation. Creation of the national territorial system may be said to have begun in earnest on January 2, 1781, when the Virginia legislature passed an act ceding to the United States its vast land claims north of the Ohio River.
Paul A. Dudchenko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199210862
- eISBN:
- 9780191594199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210862.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter opens with a description of the discovery of head direction cells. It also describes grid cells — a remarkable type of spatially tuned neuron that fires in a grid-like pattern within any ...
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This chapter opens with a description of the discovery of head direction cells. It also describes grid cells — a remarkable type of spatially tuned neuron that fires in a grid-like pattern within any environment. Next the anatomy of the head direction/grid cell circuit is described. Following this, the basic properties of head direction cells are summarised. Like place cells and grid cells, the spatial orientation of head direction cells is anchored to visual landmarks in the environment when these are available. In some instances, spatial behaviour and the behaviour of head direction cells is correlated. Head direction firing also reflects path integration, and head direction cells maintain their specific direction across connected environments. However, this integration is prone to error, and the accumulation of such error may underlie misorientation.Less
This chapter opens with a description of the discovery of head direction cells. It also describes grid cells — a remarkable type of spatially tuned neuron that fires in a grid-like pattern within any environment. Next the anatomy of the head direction/grid cell circuit is described. Following this, the basic properties of head direction cells are summarised. Like place cells and grid cells, the spatial orientation of head direction cells is anchored to visual landmarks in the environment when these are available. In some instances, spatial behaviour and the behaviour of head direction cells is correlated. Head direction firing also reflects path integration, and head direction cells maintain their specific direction across connected environments. However, this integration is prone to error, and the accumulation of such error may underlie misorientation.
Richard Evan Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181387
- eISBN:
- 9780691188997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181387.003.0020
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Educational Mathematics
This chapter proves several results about the graph grid, GA = TA (Z2). It is organized as follows. Section 19.2 proves the Grid Geometry Lemma. Section 19.3 proves the Graph Reconstruction Lemma, a ...
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This chapter proves several results about the graph grid, GA = TA (Z2). It is organized as follows. Section 19.2 proves the Grid Geometry Lemma. Section 19.3 proves the Graph Reconstruction Lemma, a result which describes how the map ΨA interacts with GA.Less
This chapter proves several results about the graph grid, GA = TA (Z2). It is organized as follows. Section 19.2 proves the Grid Geometry Lemma. Section 19.3 proves the Graph Reconstruction Lemma, a result which describes how the map ΨA interacts with GA.
Jon C. Dubin
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781479811014
- eISBN:
- 9781479811045
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479811014.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This book examines how the Social Security Administration determines eligibility for disability benefits based on ability to make work adjustments to jobs in the economy. It examines program history ...
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This book examines how the Social Security Administration determines eligibility for disability benefits based on ability to make work adjustments to jobs in the economy. It examines program history and the agency’s complex adjudicatory processes, as well as the federal judicial framework, through analysis of the SSA’s use of the administrative notice doctrine and vocational expert testimony, including its development and use of unique “grid” regulations with predetermined medical-vocational conclusions and rules upon which to base work adjustment assessments. It explores why that system is broken and based on antiquated assumptions and obsolete empiricism and taxonomies. It examines transformation from a goods-producing to a service-providing economy and other significant labor market changes since inception, such as automation, globalization, and robotics, which have constricted the low-skill job market that SSA disability claimants typically encounter. It challenges the former SSA Deputy Disability Policy Commissioner’s proposal to eliminate vocational factors in work adjustment assessments and use only medical factors, which would have the greatest deleterious impact on Black, Latinx, and the lowest-income claimants, who often lack access to quality health care and regular medical treatment. It further challenges assumptions animating pursuit of more restrictive disability standards, including: trust fund insolvency; disability prevalence; standard leniency, including in global comparisons; fraud; and adjudicators’ claimant-favorable impartiality against the agency—as opposed to claimant-hostile and racially disparate decision-making. After evaluating restrictive proposals such as a revived Reagan administration proposal and proposals influenced by the 1996 welfare reform legislation’s “work first” model, as well as an inclusive one to adopt a European-style occupational standard, the books concludes with recommendations to fix the current process.Less
This book examines how the Social Security Administration determines eligibility for disability benefits based on ability to make work adjustments to jobs in the economy. It examines program history and the agency’s complex adjudicatory processes, as well as the federal judicial framework, through analysis of the SSA’s use of the administrative notice doctrine and vocational expert testimony, including its development and use of unique “grid” regulations with predetermined medical-vocational conclusions and rules upon which to base work adjustment assessments. It explores why that system is broken and based on antiquated assumptions and obsolete empiricism and taxonomies. It examines transformation from a goods-producing to a service-providing economy and other significant labor market changes since inception, such as automation, globalization, and robotics, which have constricted the low-skill job market that SSA disability claimants typically encounter. It challenges the former SSA Deputy Disability Policy Commissioner’s proposal to eliminate vocational factors in work adjustment assessments and use only medical factors, which would have the greatest deleterious impact on Black, Latinx, and the lowest-income claimants, who often lack access to quality health care and regular medical treatment. It further challenges assumptions animating pursuit of more restrictive disability standards, including: trust fund insolvency; disability prevalence; standard leniency, including in global comparisons; fraud; and adjudicators’ claimant-favorable impartiality against the agency—as opposed to claimant-hostile and racially disparate decision-making. After evaluating restrictive proposals such as a revived Reagan administration proposal and proposals influenced by the 1996 welfare reform legislation’s “work first” model, as well as an inclusive one to adopt a European-style occupational standard, the books concludes with recommendations to fix the current process.
Austen Clark
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198236801
- eISBN:
- 9780191679360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198236801.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In 1824, the French chemist M. E. Chevreul travelled to the Gobelin tapestry works to respond to complaints of the weavers that some of the dyes were inferior, and rapidly faded or changed in hue ...
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In 1824, the French chemist M. E. Chevreul travelled to the Gobelin tapestry works to respond to complaints of the weavers that some of the dyes were inferior, and rapidly faded or changed in hue after a tapestry was completed. Chevreul determined that some of the complaints were well-founded, and embarked on some of the early chemical investigations on the stability of coloural pigments. Other complaints seemed to have no basis in chemistry. Chevreul eventually demonstrated that such shifts in hue were not caused by any change in the threads, but were a perceptual effect arising within the weaver. He provided some of the earliest experimental demonstrations of what are now called colour contrast effects. Since its birth in Chevreul's day, the experimental psychology of perception has uncovered many such effects. This chapter also discusses edge enhancement effects, the Hermann grid, and colour adaptation. It looks into explanations of why something appears to have a quality it lacks.Less
In 1824, the French chemist M. E. Chevreul travelled to the Gobelin tapestry works to respond to complaints of the weavers that some of the dyes were inferior, and rapidly faded or changed in hue after a tapestry was completed. Chevreul determined that some of the complaints were well-founded, and embarked on some of the early chemical investigations on the stability of coloural pigments. Other complaints seemed to have no basis in chemistry. Chevreul eventually demonstrated that such shifts in hue were not caused by any change in the threads, but were a perceptual effect arising within the weaver. He provided some of the earliest experimental demonstrations of what are now called colour contrast effects. Since its birth in Chevreul's day, the experimental psychology of perception has uncovered many such effects. This chapter also discusses edge enhancement effects, the Hermann grid, and colour adaptation. It looks into explanations of why something appears to have a quality it lacks.
M. E. J. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206650
- eISBN:
- 9780191594175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These ...
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This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These include the Internet, the telephone network, power grids, transportation networks, and delivery and distribution networks.Less
This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These include the Internet, the telephone network, power grids, transportation networks, and delivery and distribution networks.
