Gregory P. Cheplick and Stanley Faeth
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195308082
- eISBN:
- 9780199867462
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308082.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi are extremely common in nature, ranging from highly parasitic to closely mutualistic. Grasses, which are common and ecologically important components ...
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Symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi are extremely common in nature, ranging from highly parasitic to closely mutualistic. Grasses, which are common and ecologically important components of many ecosystems worldwide, are often infected by clandestine, endosymbiotic fungi that grow within their stems, leaves, and seeds. This book attempts to synthesize the accumulating literature on grass-endophyte symbioses within a modern ecological and evolutionary framework. Topics covered include effects of endophytes on host growth, physiology, reproduction, and competitive ability in both agronomically important forages such as tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and in native grasses. Also, endophyte-host interactions are explored in relation to abiotic (e.g., drought) and biotic stresses (e.g., herbivory). Possible effects of endophyte infection on community and ecosystem-level processes are discussed. The ecological outcomes and coevolutionary dynamics of grass-endophyte associations are shown to be highly contingent on host and endophyte genotypes as well as environmental conditions. In addition to synthesizing much of the current literature on grass-endophyte interactions in natural and managed habitats, this book highlights gaps in current knowledge of specific aspects of symbiosis ecology and suggests many avenues for future research. Endophytic fungi are common in plants yet the nature of these interactions and how they cascade upward to communities and ecosystems are largely unknown.Less
Symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi are extremely common in nature, ranging from highly parasitic to closely mutualistic. Grasses, which are common and ecologically important components of many ecosystems worldwide, are often infected by clandestine, endosymbiotic fungi that grow within their stems, leaves, and seeds. This book attempts to synthesize the accumulating literature on grass-endophyte symbioses within a modern ecological and evolutionary framework. Topics covered include effects of endophytes on host growth, physiology, reproduction, and competitive ability in both agronomically important forages such as tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and in native grasses. Also, endophyte-host interactions are explored in relation to abiotic (e.g., drought) and biotic stresses (e.g., herbivory). Possible effects of endophyte infection on community and ecosystem-level processes are discussed. The ecological outcomes and coevolutionary dynamics of grass-endophyte associations are shown to be highly contingent on host and endophyte genotypes as well as environmental conditions. In addition to synthesizing much of the current literature on grass-endophyte interactions in natural and managed habitats, this book highlights gaps in current knowledge of specific aspects of symbiosis ecology and suggests many avenues for future research. Endophytic fungi are common in plants yet the nature of these interactions and how they cascade upward to communities and ecosystems are largely unknown.
Debbie Pinfold
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199245659
- eISBN:
- 9780191697487
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245659.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
The child is a prominent figure in German literature and in German literary criticism alike. This book examines the ways in which German authors have used the child’s perspective to present the Third ...
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The child is a prominent figure in German literature and in German literary criticism alike. This book examines the ways in which German authors have used the child’s perspective to present the Third Reich. It examines a number of texts ranging from the 1930s to the 1980s. It also considers how children at this time were brought up and educated to accept unquestioningly National Socialist ideology, and thus questions the possibility of a traditional naive perspective on these events. Authors, as diverse as Günter Grass, Siegfried Lenz, and Christa Wolf, together with many less well-known writers had all used this perspective and this raises the question as to why it is such a popular means of confronting the enormity of the Third Reich. This study asks whether this perspective is an evasive strategy, a means of gaining new insights into the period, or a means of discovering a new language which had not been tainted by Nazism. This raises and addresses issues central to a post-war aesthetic in German writing.Less
The child is a prominent figure in German literature and in German literary criticism alike. This book examines the ways in which German authors have used the child’s perspective to present the Third Reich. It examines a number of texts ranging from the 1930s to the 1980s. It also considers how children at this time were brought up and educated to accept unquestioningly National Socialist ideology, and thus questions the possibility of a traditional naive perspective on these events. Authors, as diverse as Günter Grass, Siegfried Lenz, and Christa Wolf, together with many less well-known writers had all used this perspective and this raises the question as to why it is such a popular means of confronting the enormity of the Third Reich. This study asks whether this perspective is an evasive strategy, a means of gaining new insights into the period, or a means of discovering a new language which had not been tainted by Nazism. This raises and addresses issues central to a post-war aesthetic in German writing.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Five of six studies of annual, net above-ground production (ANPP) in ungrazed herbaceous vegetation in or near the northern range have produced values from 52.8-110.6 g/m2. One extensive study of ...
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Five of six studies of annual, net above-ground production (ANPP) in ungrazed herbaceous vegetation in or near the northern range have produced values from 52.8-110.6 g/m2. One extensive study of unbrowsed sagebrush production on the northern range placed ANPP at 101.4 g/m2. Estimates of the proportion of herbaceous ANPP removed by the northern herd — largely taken in winter when the vegetation is dormant — have ranged between 5% in earlier studies to 42% more recently. But subjective appraisals and obvious nutritional shortage in elk and bison suggest nearly complete utilization. Although inferred from some studies, the available evidence does not point to overcompensation in the native northern-range grasses. The large numbers and variety of ungulates in the 20th century migrating between seasonal ranges have prompted some authors to call Yellowstone the North American Serengeti. But the short, high-latitude and high-elevation growing season, and prevalence of C3 rather than C4 grasses are differences that distinguish the contemporary northern range. The low densities of ungulates in prehistory also made Yellowstone quite different from the Serengeti before park establishment.Less
Five of six studies of annual, net above-ground production (ANPP) in ungrazed herbaceous vegetation in or near the northern range have produced values from 52.8-110.6 g/m2. One extensive study of unbrowsed sagebrush production on the northern range placed ANPP at 101.4 g/m2. Estimates of the proportion of herbaceous ANPP removed by the northern herd — largely taken in winter when the vegetation is dormant — have ranged between 5% in earlier studies to 42% more recently. But subjective appraisals and obvious nutritional shortage in elk and bison suggest nearly complete utilization. Although inferred from some studies, the available evidence does not point to overcompensation in the native northern-range grasses. The large numbers and variety of ungulates in the 20th century migrating between seasonal ranges have prompted some authors to call Yellowstone the North American Serengeti. But the short, high-latitude and high-elevation growing season, and prevalence of C3 rather than C4 grasses are differences that distinguish the contemporary northern range. The low densities of ungulates in prehistory also made Yellowstone quite different from the Serengeti before park establishment.
JOE C. TRUETT
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258396
- eISBN:
- 9780520944527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258396.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses grass height, season of growth, and longevity. There are three grass height categories: tall, mid-height, and short. These have become standard ways of describing grasslands, ...
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This chapter discusses grass height, season of growth, and longevity. There are three grass height categories: tall, mid-height, and short. These have become standard ways of describing grasslands, grass stands, and even grass species. Warm-season grasses tend to dominate at lower latitudes, while cool-season grasses occur farther north or higher in the mountains. Perennial grasses plants live ten, twenty, or more years and send down long roots that give the dark cast and lasting fertility to true prairie soils. Annual grasses live a year or less, overwinter as seeds, and colonize waste places and grain fields. The chapter also describes grass resilience to heat and drought and grass persistence under heavy grazing.Less
This chapter discusses grass height, season of growth, and longevity. There are three grass height categories: tall, mid-height, and short. These have become standard ways of describing grasslands, grass stands, and even grass species. Warm-season grasses tend to dominate at lower latitudes, while cool-season grasses occur farther north or higher in the mountains. Perennial grasses plants live ten, twenty, or more years and send down long roots that give the dark cast and lasting fertility to true prairie soils. Annual grasses live a year or less, overwinter as seeds, and colonize waste places and grain fields. The chapter also describes grass resilience to heat and drought and grass persistence under heavy grazing.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically ...
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Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically since 2000. The 1964 electoral law produced three major, long-term consequences on national recruitment, affecting national leadership to the present. The electoral laws helped to weaken PAN as a grass roots party, while strengthening the voice of the national party leadership. Nearly nine out of ten prominent politicians who were elected to congress served as chair of their respective state party organizations after 1934. The most surprising general revelation in the long-term chronological data on party militancy is the extraordinary percentage of politicians who were nominally party members, essentially only registering as a party member, or who were not known to have any party affiliation.Less
Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically since 2000. The 1964 electoral law produced three major, long-term consequences on national recruitment, affecting national leadership to the present. The electoral laws helped to weaken PAN as a grass roots party, while strengthening the voice of the national party leadership. Nearly nine out of ten prominent politicians who were elected to congress served as chair of their respective state party organizations after 1934. The most surprising general revelation in the long-term chronological data on party militancy is the extraordinary percentage of politicians who were nominally party members, essentially only registering as a party member, or who were not known to have any party affiliation.
Jack J. Middelburg, Carlos M. Duarte, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and ...
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This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.Less
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Historic and photographic evidence shows that sagebrush (sagebrush-steppe is 53% of the northern range) were moderate to abundant from 1872-1920, significantly reduced from 1920-1960, and recovered ...
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Historic and photographic evidence shows that sagebrush (sagebrush-steppe is 53% of the northern range) were moderate to abundant from 1872-1920, significantly reduced from 1920-1960, and recovered to moderate levels after 1960 in higher-elevation winter areas, but not in lower. Periodic sagebrush measurements inside and outside exclosures show low cover in 1957 and 1962 (when exclosures were established) following around seventy-three years of elk abundance, increases inside exclosures up through 1990, lesser increase outside at higher elevations at higher wintering elevations, but none at lower. An extensive inside-outside sagebrush study in 1994 showed inside sagebrush density at higher elevations to be 1.61x that on the outside, and inside production per unit area 3.03x that on the outside. Abundance of herbaceous vegetation was low inside and outside exclosures in 1957 and 1962, increased following herd reductions to 1980 or 1985, then decreased again by 1990. Sagebrush and perennial grass abundances are hypothesized to be a function of the intensity and the length of elk browsing/grazing, while grass is additionally affected by sagebrush competition. Invasive, exotic annuals are conspicuous in grazed vegetation, but not in ungrazed.Less
Historic and photographic evidence shows that sagebrush (sagebrush-steppe is 53% of the northern range) were moderate to abundant from 1872-1920, significantly reduced from 1920-1960, and recovered to moderate levels after 1960 in higher-elevation winter areas, but not in lower. Periodic sagebrush measurements inside and outside exclosures show low cover in 1957 and 1962 (when exclosures were established) following around seventy-three years of elk abundance, increases inside exclosures up through 1990, lesser increase outside at higher elevations at higher wintering elevations, but none at lower. An extensive inside-outside sagebrush study in 1994 showed inside sagebrush density at higher elevations to be 1.61x that on the outside, and inside production per unit area 3.03x that on the outside. Abundance of herbaceous vegetation was low inside and outside exclosures in 1957 and 1962, increased following herd reductions to 1980 or 1985, then decreased again by 1990. Sagebrush and perennial grass abundances are hypothesized to be a function of the intensity and the length of elk browsing/grazing, while grass is additionally affected by sagebrush competition. Invasive, exotic annuals are conspicuous in grazed vegetation, but not in ungrazed.
Bryan Shorrocks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570660
- eISBN:
- 9780191717680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570660.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The various forms of African savannah vegetation are an expression of the interactions of climate, soils, herbivores, fire, and human activities. This chapter examines each of these causes. A brief ...
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The various forms of African savannah vegetation are an expression of the interactions of climate, soils, herbivores, fire, and human activities. This chapter examines each of these causes. A brief description of the common grasses and trees is given, along with a consideration of aspects of their phenology. One geographical area is examined in more detail — the Serengeti grassland/woodland savannah of northern Tanzania. The effects of soil and particularly rainfall upon green biomass, and grass and tree species composition are examined.Less
The various forms of African savannah vegetation are an expression of the interactions of climate, soils, herbivores, fire, and human activities. This chapter examines each of these causes. A brief description of the common grasses and trees is given, along with a consideration of aspects of their phenology. One geographical area is examined in more detail — the Serengeti grassland/woodland savannah of northern Tanzania. The effects of soil and particularly rainfall upon green biomass, and grass and tree species composition are examined.
Rebecca Braun
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199542703
- eISBN:
- 9780191715372
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542703.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This book traces a long-standing concern with issues of authorship throughout the work of Günter Grass, Germany's best-known contemporary writer and public intellectual. Through detailed ...
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This book traces a long-standing concern with issues of authorship throughout the work of Günter Grass, Germany's best-known contemporary writer and public intellectual. Through detailed close-readings of all of his major literary works from 1970 onwards and careful analysis of his political writings from 1965 to 2005, it argues that Grass's tendency to insert clearly recognizable self-images into his literary texts represents a coherent and calculated reaction to his constant exposure in the media-led public sphere. It underlines the degree of play which has characterized Grass's relationship to this sphere and his identity as part of it and explains how a concern with the very concept of authorship has conditioned the way his work as a whole has developed on both thematic and structural levels. The major achievement of this study is to develop a new interpretative paradigm for Grass's work. It explains for the first time how his playful tendency to manipulate his own authorial image conditions all levels of his texts and is equally manifest in literary and political realms.Less
This book traces a long-standing concern with issues of authorship throughout the work of Günter Grass, Germany's best-known contemporary writer and public intellectual. Through detailed close-readings of all of his major literary works from 1970 onwards and careful analysis of his political writings from 1965 to 2005, it argues that Grass's tendency to insert clearly recognizable self-images into his literary texts represents a coherent and calculated reaction to his constant exposure in the media-led public sphere. It underlines the degree of play which has characterized Grass's relationship to this sphere and his identity as part of it and explains how a concern with the very concept of authorship has conditioned the way his work as a whole has developed on both thematic and structural levels. The major achievement of this study is to develop a new interpretative paradigm for Grass's work. It explains for the first time how his playful tendency to manipulate his own authorial image conditions all levels of his texts and is equally manifest in literary and political realms.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0079
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed ...
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The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed at Oxford, Cambridge, and Bristol. The plan of the work is symphonic rather than narrative or dramatic, and this may be held to justify the frequent repetition of important words and phrases that occur in the poem. The words as well as the music are thus treated symphonically. The Symphony is written for soprano and baritone soli, chorus, and orchestra. The words are selected from various poems of Walt Whitman to be found in Leaves of Grass: “Sea Drift,” “Song of the Exposition,” and “Passage to India.”Less
The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed at Oxford, Cambridge, and Bristol. The plan of the work is symphonic rather than narrative or dramatic, and this may be held to justify the frequent repetition of important words and phrases that occur in the poem. The words as well as the music are thus treated symphonically. The Symphony is written for soprano and baritone soli, chorus, and orchestra. The words are selected from various poems of Walt Whitman to be found in Leaves of Grass: “Sea Drift,” “Song of the Exposition,” and “Passage to India.”
James G. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076930
- eISBN:
- 9781781700822
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076930.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His ...
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On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His name was Robert Emmet and he was standing trial for heading a rebellion on 23 July 1803. The iconic power of Robert Emmet in Irish history cannot be overstated. Emmet looms large in narratives of the past, yet the rebellion which he led remains to be fully contextualised. This book repairs this omission and explains the complex of politicisation and revolutionary activity extending into the 1800s, detailing the radicalisation of the grass roots, their para-militarism and engagement in secret societies. Drawing on a range of sources, the book offers a comprehensive insight into a relatively neglected period of history.Less
On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His name was Robert Emmet and he was standing trial for heading a rebellion on 23 July 1803. The iconic power of Robert Emmet in Irish history cannot be overstated. Emmet looms large in narratives of the past, yet the rebellion which he led remains to be fully contextualised. This book repairs this omission and explains the complex of politicisation and revolutionary activity extending into the 1800s, detailing the radicalisation of the grass roots, their para-militarism and engagement in secret societies. Drawing on a range of sources, the book offers a comprehensive insight into a relatively neglected period of history.
Michael Lavalette and Vasilios Ioakimidis (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427182
- eISBN:
- 9781447303558
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427182.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
What is the relationship between social work and the state? Who controls which services' needs are addressed and how? This book looks at social work responses in different countries to extreme ...
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What is the relationship between social work and the state? Who controls which services' needs are addressed and how? This book looks at social work responses in different countries to extreme social, economic and political situations in order to answer these questions. Examples include war situations, military regimes, earthquakes and tsunamis. The results show the innovative nature of grass-roots provision and social work intervention.Less
What is the relationship between social work and the state? Who controls which services' needs are addressed and how? This book looks at social work responses in different countries to extreme social, economic and political situations in order to answer these questions. Examples include war situations, military regimes, earthquakes and tsunamis. The results show the innovative nature of grass-roots provision and social work intervention.
Stephen G. Craft
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166353
- eISBN:
- 9780813166629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166353.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 1 recounts the evening of March 20, 1957, in which Master Sergeant Robert G. Reynolds shot and killed a Chinese man just outside of the Reynolds' home on Grass Mountain in Taiwan. It presents ...
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Chapter 1 recounts the evening of March 20, 1957, in which Master Sergeant Robert G. Reynolds shot and killed a Chinese man just outside of the Reynolds' home on Grass Mountain in Taiwan. It presents background information on Reynolds, then details what happened from his perspective: The Chinese man was walking around the Reynolds' house late at night and peeked in at Reynolds's wife, Clara, while she was showering. Reynolds loaded his revolver and went outside to try to talk to the man and figure out the situation. The Chinese man appeared to have a weapon in his left hand, which he proceeded to raise against Reynolds. Reynolds then shot the man twice in self-defense before calling for the authorities immediately after.Less
Chapter 1 recounts the evening of March 20, 1957, in which Master Sergeant Robert G. Reynolds shot and killed a Chinese man just outside of the Reynolds' home on Grass Mountain in Taiwan. It presents background information on Reynolds, then details what happened from his perspective: The Chinese man was walking around the Reynolds' house late at night and peeked in at Reynolds's wife, Clara, while she was showering. Reynolds loaded his revolver and went outside to try to talk to the man and figure out the situation. The Chinese man appeared to have a weapon in his left hand, which he proceeded to raise against Reynolds. Reynolds then shot the man twice in self-defense before calling for the authorities immediately after.
Gillian Peele
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199764013
- eISBN:
- 9780199897186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764013.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Chapter 2 details the evolution of the conservative movement and its interaction with the Republican Party from 1945 to the present. It provides a periodization of the modern American right which ...
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Chapter 2 details the evolution of the conservative movement and its interaction with the Republican Party from 1945 to the present. It provides a periodization of the modern American right which divides its growth into four distinct time spans. It distinguishes between the different strands of the conservative movement and it delineates the role of intellectuals, political leaders, organizational professionals and publicists as well as the role of specific components such as the neo-conservatives and the religious right. Particular attention is paid to the building of the conservative movement's infrastructure. Comparisons are made with developments on the right in other political systems, notably the United Kingdom. The chapter offers an interpretation of the causes of disunity on the right and their possible resolution.Less
Chapter 2 details the evolution of the conservative movement and its interaction with the Republican Party from 1945 to the present. It provides a periodization of the modern American right which divides its growth into four distinct time spans. It distinguishes between the different strands of the conservative movement and it delineates the role of intellectuals, political leaders, organizational professionals and publicists as well as the role of specific components such as the neo-conservatives and the religious right. Particular attention is paid to the building of the conservative movement's infrastructure. Comparisons are made with developments on the right in other political systems, notably the United Kingdom. The chapter offers an interpretation of the causes of disunity on the right and their possible resolution.
Patrick Major
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243280
- eISBN:
- 9780191714061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243280.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Examines the longer‐term impact of the Wall, which induced some East Germans to come to terms with the system in ways in which the open border of the 1950s had prevented. The chapter examines ...
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Examines the longer‐term impact of the Wall, which induced some East Germans to come to terms with the system in ways in which the open border of the 1950s had prevented. The chapter examines generational responses to the border closure, as well as regional differences between Berlin and the provinces. The brief period of liberalization behind the Wall from 1963–65 is also considered in its effects on the economy, but in particular the attempts to placate the younger generation. The phenomenon of Beatlemania behind the Wall is traced in some detail, before its repression in the autumn of 1965. Furthermore, the intellectual battles for and against the Wall are reconstructed between Günter Grass in West Berlin and the Academy of Arts in East Berlin, as well as the literary treatment of the Wall in the works of Christa Wolf and others. The case is examined of singer–songwriter Wolf Biermann, effectively expelled from the GDR in 1976, and its ramifications on the GDR's artistic elite, who increasingly turned from inner to outer emigration. The chapter concludes with the broader economic corrosion of the GDR by West German currency and the regime's own system of duty‐free shops.Less
Examines the longer‐term impact of the Wall, which induced some East Germans to come to terms with the system in ways in which the open border of the 1950s had prevented. The chapter examines generational responses to the border closure, as well as regional differences between Berlin and the provinces. The brief period of liberalization behind the Wall from 1963–65 is also considered in its effects on the economy, but in particular the attempts to placate the younger generation. The phenomenon of Beatlemania behind the Wall is traced in some detail, before its repression in the autumn of 1965. Furthermore, the intellectual battles for and against the Wall are reconstructed between Günter Grass in West Berlin and the Academy of Arts in East Berlin, as well as the literary treatment of the Wall in the works of Christa Wolf and others. The case is examined of singer–songwriter Wolf Biermann, effectively expelled from the GDR in 1976, and its ramifications on the GDR's artistic elite, who increasingly turned from inner to outer emigration. The chapter concludes with the broader economic corrosion of the GDR by West German currency and the regime's own system of duty‐free shops.
Thirsk Joan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208136
- eISBN:
- 9780191677922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208136.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter discusses the efforts of farmers to save agriculture after the Black Death. The first solution to the crisis in agriculture was to ...
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This chapter discusses the efforts of farmers to save agriculture after the Black Death. The first solution to the crisis in agriculture was to put former arable land down to grass. With this, dairy goods began to gain attention. Moreover, when landowners found themselves with idle grassland, the idea of the rabbit warren, deer parks, pigeons, and fish ponds became ideal solutions.Less
This chapter discusses the efforts of farmers to save agriculture after the Black Death. The first solution to the crisis in agriculture was to put former arable land down to grass. With this, dairy goods began to gain attention. Moreover, when landowners found themselves with idle grassland, the idea of the rabbit warren, deer parks, pigeons, and fish ponds became ideal solutions.
Donald H. Regan
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198246091
- eISBN:
- 9780191680922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198246091.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter discusses a few observations about how the followers of CU might deal in practice with cases involving multiple best patterns of behaviour. One limitation of the discussion is that it ...
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This chapter discusses a few observations about how the followers of CU might deal in practice with cases involving multiple best patterns of behaviour. One limitation of the discussion is that it will not produce a comprehensive discussion of how CU is to be applied in practice and not even a comprehensive discussion of how it is to be applied to certain cases. It introduces three basic techniques that are supplements of the simplified procedure presented in the previous chapter and discusses the application of these techniques to the problem of grass-crossing.Less
This chapter discusses a few observations about how the followers of CU might deal in practice with cases involving multiple best patterns of behaviour. One limitation of the discussion is that it will not produce a comprehensive discussion of how CU is to be applied in practice and not even a comprehensive discussion of how it is to be applied to certain cases. It introduces three basic techniques that are supplements of the simplified procedure presented in the previous chapter and discusses the application of these techniques to the problem of grass-crossing.
J. R. McNeill
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the ...
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This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the particular environmental history of the region. These eccentricities are in the realms of water, grass, and energy. The eccentricities of the Middle East and North Africa with respect to water include both the obvious shortage of fresh water in much of the region, and the less-noticed distinct and beneficial geography of saltwater seas, gulfs, and bays. The eccentricity of grass in the region derives mainly from the fact that grasslands exist in a complex quilt pattern rather than in huge expanses. Finally, the eccentricities of energy in the Middle East and North Africa reside in the region's long reliance on biomass and animals, its minimal resort to coal, and its near-total refashioning in the age of cheap oil.Less
This chapter is a global and comparative analysis of the Middle East and North Africa's environmental history. It argues that three distinct features—termed “eccentricities"—help to explain the particular environmental history of the region. These eccentricities are in the realms of water, grass, and energy. The eccentricities of the Middle East and North Africa with respect to water include both the obvious shortage of fresh water in much of the region, and the less-noticed distinct and beneficial geography of saltwater seas, gulfs, and bays. The eccentricity of grass in the region derives mainly from the fact that grasslands exist in a complex quilt pattern rather than in huge expanses. Finally, the eccentricities of energy in the Middle East and North Africa reside in the region's long reliance on biomass and animals, its minimal resort to coal, and its near-total refashioning in the age of cheap oil.
Donald S. McLusky and Michael Elliott
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525080
- eISBN:
- 9780191728198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525080.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be ...
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Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be filamentous algae or the single-celled microphytobenthos. Within the water body are found floating members of the phytoplankton. This chapter examines both the primary production of the salt marshes and algae (benthic or planktonic), and the limitations placed upon this productivity by nutrient availability. In addition, it examines the fate of the plant material as it is fragmented and decomposed, and thereby becomes more available to consumer animals as detritus, which is all types of biogenic material in various stages of microbial decomposition.Less
Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be filamentous algae or the single-celled microphytobenthos. Within the water body are found floating members of the phytoplankton. This chapter examines both the primary production of the salt marshes and algae (benthic or planktonic), and the limitations placed upon this productivity by nutrient availability. In addition, it examines the fate of the plant material as it is fragmented and decomposed, and thereby becomes more available to consumer animals as detritus, which is all types of biogenic material in various stages of microbial decomposition.
David Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199211470
- eISBN:
- 9780191728143
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211470.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Some of the most interesting adaptations of plants to their environments are shown by desert plants. One need only think of the cacti of North and Central America, Welwitschia mirabilis of the Namib, ...
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Some of the most interesting adaptations of plants to their environments are shown by desert plants. One need only think of the cacti of North and Central America, Welwitschia mirabilis of the Namib, and the Mesembryanthemaceae of the Karoo to realise that deserts contain a uniquely-adapted flora. Geophytes and other plants with special storage organs may be considered to be pre-adapted to desert conditions, while trees and shrubs with deep root systems are able to exploit deep aquifers in an otherwise dry environment. Many annual plants do not have clear morphological or physiological adaptations to the desert environment but thrive there by germinating immediately after the infrequent rains, and completing their life cycles before the onset of the summer heat. This chapter examines the various ways in which mesic plants have been able to exploit resource variability in order to survive in extreme desert environments.Less
Some of the most interesting adaptations of plants to their environments are shown by desert plants. One need only think of the cacti of North and Central America, Welwitschia mirabilis of the Namib, and the Mesembryanthemaceae of the Karoo to realise that deserts contain a uniquely-adapted flora. Geophytes and other plants with special storage organs may be considered to be pre-adapted to desert conditions, while trees and shrubs with deep root systems are able to exploit deep aquifers in an otherwise dry environment. Many annual plants do not have clear morphological or physiological adaptations to the desert environment but thrive there by germinating immediately after the infrequent rains, and completing their life cycles before the onset of the summer heat. This chapter examines the various ways in which mesic plants have been able to exploit resource variability in order to survive in extreme desert environments.
