Bas van Bavel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278664
- eISBN:
- 9780191707032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278664.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The chapter shows how increasing population numbers and manorial organization in the early Middle Ages formed the main motors behind the growing importance of grain growing. The variety of food, ...
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The chapter shows how increasing population numbers and manorial organization in the early Middle Ages formed the main motors behind the growing importance of grain growing. The variety of food, including meat, dairy, game, fruits, and nuts gathered in the wild, increasingly gave way to the dominance of grain, except for some coastal regions, like Frisia and Flanders, where livestock farming remained important longer. Population pressure, and the rise of lordships and villages, also stimulated the communal organization of farming. These developments pushed up physical output, but mostly had a negative effect on living standards. Production became also more specialized in industries, as these slowly shifted from the individual households to manors and castles, where centralized production developed, linked to the power of lords and religious institutions. From the 12th century, industries shifted to the towns, as in Flanders, connected to further specialization and scale‐enlargement, and promoted by the rise of markets.Less
The chapter shows how increasing population numbers and manorial organization in the early Middle Ages formed the main motors behind the growing importance of grain growing. The variety of food, including meat, dairy, game, fruits, and nuts gathered in the wild, increasingly gave way to the dominance of grain, except for some coastal regions, like Frisia and Flanders, where livestock farming remained important longer. Population pressure, and the rise of lordships and villages, also stimulated the communal organization of farming. These developments pushed up physical output, but mostly had a negative effect on living standards. Production became also more specialized in industries, as these slowly shifted from the individual households to manors and castles, where centralized production developed, linked to the power of lords and religious institutions. From the 12th century, industries shifted to the towns, as in Flanders, connected to further specialization and scale‐enlargement, and promoted by the rise of markets.
Tadaaki Tani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199572953
- eISBN:
- 9780191731266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572953.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
The structure and preparation of AgX grains with desired size, halide description, and shape (typically cubic, octahedral, or tabular) for photographic materials are described in detail. They are ...
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The structure and preparation of AgX grains with desired size, halide description, and shape (typically cubic, octahedral, or tabular) for photographic materials are described in detail. They are face-centred cubic in crystal structure, and have {100} and/or {111} faces on the surface. Their shape is controlled by the adjustment of silver ion concentration during grain growth. The size distribution can be narrowed to form mono-dispersed grains by making the rate of grain growth diffusion-controlled. Twinned tabular grains, which are particularly important for color films, are composed of more than two twin planes in parallel with their main surfaces composed of {111} plains. While the formation of twinned planes is by chance and enhanced by supersaturation, selective formation of tabular grains could be achieved due to rapid lateral growth under Ostwald ripening conditions.Less
The structure and preparation of AgX grains with desired size, halide description, and shape (typically cubic, octahedral, or tabular) for photographic materials are described in detail. They are face-centred cubic in crystal structure, and have {100} and/or {111} faces on the surface. Their shape is controlled by the adjustment of silver ion concentration during grain growth. The size distribution can be narrowed to form mono-dispersed grains by making the rate of grain growth diffusion-controlled. Twinned tabular grains, which are particularly important for color films, are composed of more than two twin planes in parallel with their main surfaces composed of {111} plains. While the formation of twinned planes is by chance and enhanced by supersaturation, selective formation of tabular grains could be achieved due to rapid lateral growth under Ostwald ripening conditions.
Alfonso Moreno
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228409
- eISBN:
- 9780191711312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228409.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This study shows how Classical Athens, the largest and historically most important of the Greek city‐states, depended for its survival on a supply of grain from overseas sources, especially (in the ...
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This study shows how Classical Athens, the largest and historically most important of the Greek city‐states, depended for its survival on a supply of grain from overseas sources, especially (in the fifth century bc) the conquered territories of its Aegean empire, and (in the fourth century) the distant steppes of Scythia (modern Ukraine and southern Russia). This trade was central to Athenian politics, and is here found to have been organized and controlled by powerful elites, a conclusion that challenges prevailing interpretations of Athenian democracy. New light is also cast on the nature of Athenian imperialism; the relationship of the city of Athens and its countryside; the relevance to the Athenian economy of fourth‐century rhetorical and philosophical schools (particularly that of Isocrates) and other elite networks; and the history of the Bosporan Kingdom in the northern Black Sea. A wealth of ancient textual evidence (from history, oratory, and drama) is presented alongside archaeology, aerial photography, epigraphy, and iconography. Revolutionary new discoveries, like the Grain‐Tax Law of 374/3 bc, and the vast building complexes lining the Crimean coast of the Azov Sea, are discussed comprehensively with older evidence, like the golden treasures from Graeco‐Scythian graves. Decades of foreign scholarship and discovery (especially in Russian) are synthesized and made accessible to English readers. Moving from the edges of the Greek world, to the islands of the Aegean, to the prosperous demes of Attica and the courtrooms and popular assemblies of Athens, this book presents a sweeping reinterpretation of Athenian economy and society.Less
This study shows how Classical Athens, the largest and historically most important of the Greek city‐states, depended for its survival on a supply of grain from overseas sources, especially (in the fifth century bc) the conquered territories of its Aegean empire, and (in the fourth century) the distant steppes of Scythia (modern Ukraine and southern Russia). This trade was central to Athenian politics, and is here found to have been organized and controlled by powerful elites, a conclusion that challenges prevailing interpretations of Athenian democracy. New light is also cast on the nature of Athenian imperialism; the relationship of the city of Athens and its countryside; the relevance to the Athenian economy of fourth‐century rhetorical and philosophical schools (particularly that of Isocrates) and other elite networks; and the history of the Bosporan Kingdom in the northern Black Sea. A wealth of ancient textual evidence (from history, oratory, and drama) is presented alongside archaeology, aerial photography, epigraphy, and iconography. Revolutionary new discoveries, like the Grain‐Tax Law of 374/3 bc, and the vast building complexes lining the Crimean coast of the Azov Sea, are discussed comprehensively with older evidence, like the golden treasures from Graeco‐Scythian graves. Decades of foreign scholarship and discovery (especially in Russian) are synthesized and made accessible to English readers. Moving from the edges of the Greek world, to the islands of the Aegean, to the prosperous demes of Attica and the courtrooms and popular assemblies of Athens, this book presents a sweeping reinterpretation of Athenian economy and society.
R. Ford Denison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139500
- eISBN:
- 9781400842810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139500.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter considers four ideas—suggested by Wes Jackson and Jon Piper in the classic paper, “The necessary marriage between ecology and agriculture”—for how agriculture might attempt to mimic ...
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This chapter considers four ideas—suggested by Wes Jackson and Jon Piper in the classic paper, “The necessary marriage between ecology and agriculture”—for how agriculture might attempt to mimic nature: perennial grain crops; reliance on only local sources of nutrients; polyculture or intercropping (that is, deploying crop diversity as mixtures, as in many natural ecosystems); and reliance on biodiversity to control pests. The chapter examines each of the proposals in light of the conclusion that copying landscape-scale patterns from natural ecosystems is not necessarily a good idea, arguing that all of them are representative of many self-styled “agroecologists.” It also discusses complementarity in crop mixtures, specifically spatial complementarity, temporal complementarity, and nutritional complementarity.Less
This chapter considers four ideas—suggested by Wes Jackson and Jon Piper in the classic paper, “The necessary marriage between ecology and agriculture”—for how agriculture might attempt to mimic nature: perennial grain crops; reliance on only local sources of nutrients; polyculture or intercropping (that is, deploying crop diversity as mixtures, as in many natural ecosystems); and reliance on biodiversity to control pests. The chapter examines each of the proposals in light of the conclusion that copying landscape-scale patterns from natural ecosystems is not necessarily a good idea, arguing that all of them are representative of many self-styled “agroecologists.” It also discusses complementarity in crop mixtures, specifically spatial complementarity, temporal complementarity, and nutritional complementarity.
Alfonso Moreno
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228409
- eISBN:
- 9780191711312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228409.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter attempts to calculate the grain production and carrying capacity of Attica by analyzing five key variables: land, use of the land, crop yields, population, and consumption. Previous ...
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This chapter attempts to calculate the grain production and carrying capacity of Attica by analyzing five key variables: land, use of the land, crop yields, population, and consumption. Previous scholarly attempts to calculate these variables are surveyed. As part of the study of land, soil and climate are examined, as well as the extent of arable space, taking into account the use of terracing. As part of the study of land use, the conventional and revised models of Greek farming are compared. The results confirm the continuing usefulness of the former, which would indicate that half of the cultivable land of Attica required fallowing each year, and that natural fertilizers were insufficiently available to overcome this need or to escape relatively low yields. It is argued that the figures of imported grain transmitted by Demosthenes are reliable, and that recent attempts to demonstrate the opposite are unsatisfactory.Less
This chapter attempts to calculate the grain production and carrying capacity of Attica by analyzing five key variables: land, use of the land, crop yields, population, and consumption. Previous scholarly attempts to calculate these variables are surveyed. As part of the study of land, soil and climate are examined, as well as the extent of arable space, taking into account the use of terracing. As part of the study of land use, the conventional and revised models of Greek farming are compared. The results confirm the continuing usefulness of the former, which would indicate that half of the cultivable land of Attica required fallowing each year, and that natural fertilizers were insufficiently available to overcome this need or to escape relatively low yields. It is argued that the figures of imported grain transmitted by Demosthenes are reliable, and that recent attempts to demonstrate the opposite are unsatisfactory.
Alfonso Moreno
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228409
- eISBN:
- 9780191711312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228409.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines Athenian literature, especially fourth‐century oratory, but also comedy, to show both how public speakers presented and audiences perceived their economy and grain supply. The ...
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This chapter examines Athenian literature, especially fourth‐century oratory, but also comedy, to show both how public speakers presented and audiences perceived their economy and grain supply. The different personnel connected with the grain supply, from grain‐dealers (sitopolai) and “retailers” (kapeloi) to politicians and kings, each had their own pattern of rhetorical presentation. By observing how these patterns intersect, it is argued that the direct involvement of Athenian politicians in trade, and particularly in the grain supply on which Athens delicately depended for its survival, always risked a direct clash with democratic ideology, and therefore required subtle forms of rhetorical manipulation and concealment. Once the purpose and forms of this concealment are detected, Athenian rhetoric serves to reinforce both the picture of elite land‐holding in the cleruchies presented in Chapter 3, as well as that of elite networking in the Pontic trade of the fourth century presented in Chapter 5.Less
This chapter examines Athenian literature, especially fourth‐century oratory, but also comedy, to show both how public speakers presented and audiences perceived their economy and grain supply. The different personnel connected with the grain supply, from grain‐dealers (sitopolai) and “retailers” (kapeloi) to politicians and kings, each had their own pattern of rhetorical presentation. By observing how these patterns intersect, it is argued that the direct involvement of Athenian politicians in trade, and particularly in the grain supply on which Athens delicately depended for its survival, always risked a direct clash with democratic ideology, and therefore required subtle forms of rhetorical manipulation and concealment. Once the purpose and forms of this concealment are detected, Athenian rhetoric serves to reinforce both the picture of elite land‐holding in the cleruchies presented in Chapter 3, as well as that of elite networking in the Pontic trade of the fourth century presented in Chapter 5.
Peter Liddel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199226580
- eISBN:
- 9780191710186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226580.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter surveys the obligations of the citizen and the ways in which their performance was presented. The chapter opens with those domestic obligations of male and female Athenian citizens which ...
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This chapter surveys the obligations of the citizen and the ways in which their performance was presented. The chapter opens with those domestic obligations of male and female Athenian citizens which were couched in a public context (5.1), and investigates political and litigious obligations in Athens as they were performed by both professional politicians and the mass of citizens (5.2‐3). Financial obligations (trierarchy, epidosis, choregia) and military obligations are analysed alongside the opportunity that they offered for ostentatious expenditure and supererogation (5.4‐5). Finally, it will analyse those obligations unfamiliar to a Rawlsian universe: providing grain for the city (5.6), not leaving the city in a time of crisis (5.7) and religious obligations (5.8). This chapter illustrates how the compatibility of these considerable obligations with a notion of citizenship as liberty was worked out in the oratorical and epigraphical discussion of obligations: obligations were presented even as upholding Athenian liberty.Less
This chapter surveys the obligations of the citizen and the ways in which their performance was presented. The chapter opens with those domestic obligations of male and female Athenian citizens which were couched in a public context (5.1), and investigates political and litigious obligations in Athens as they were performed by both professional politicians and the mass of citizens (5.2‐3). Financial obligations (trierarchy, epidosis, choregia) and military obligations are analysed alongside the opportunity that they offered for ostentatious expenditure and supererogation (5.4‐5). Finally, it will analyse those obligations unfamiliar to a Rawlsian universe: providing grain for the city (5.6), not leaving the city in a time of crisis (5.7) and religious obligations (5.8). This chapter illustrates how the compatibility of these considerable obligations with a notion of citizenship as liberty was worked out in the oratorical and epigraphical discussion of obligations: obligations were presented even as upholding Athenian liberty.
G. J. Oliver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283507
- eISBN:
- 9780191712722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283507.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter considers how the Athenian polis was able to extract economic advantage from its relations with foreign individuals and communities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first ...
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This chapter considers how the Athenian polis was able to extract economic advantage from its relations with foreign individuals and communities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first explains what aid overseas benefactors provided for the Athenian supply of grain and why such aid was provided when it was. The next three sections look at the commercial and institutional infrastructures of redistributing grain: prices, sources of grain, and the intervention of the polis in the commercial supply of grain from abroad through the institution of sitonia.Less
This chapter considers how the Athenian polis was able to extract economic advantage from its relations with foreign individuals and communities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first explains what aid overseas benefactors provided for the Athenian supply of grain and why such aid was provided when it was. The next three sections look at the commercial and institutional infrastructures of redistributing grain: prices, sources of grain, and the intervention of the polis in the commercial supply of grain from abroad through the institution of sitonia.
Michael Decker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565283
- eISBN:
- 9780191721724
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565283.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the ...
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This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the eastern Mediterranean. This book examines the production of crops vital to subsistence, and also argues that the late antique Levant witnessed a period of demographic growth, a rising market in the demand for commodities, and competitive elite that invested heavily in agriculture. One of the results of the concatenation of these phenomena was increasing specialization and the development of a large-scale export of wine and oil on a scale hitherto unrealized by eastern products. One of the points that emerges from the analysis of wider historical significance is that overland trade of heavy bulk goods, till now considered irrelevant or scarce, seems to have been a regular feature of the late antique Levant. In addition, the eastern provinces were deeply developed and dependent on interlocking trade interests which, although somewhat reduced in the early 7th century, were apparently robust into the period of the early Islamic conquests. This development and interdependence ultimately made agrarian conditions difficult to sustain.Less
This work examines the mechanisms of cultivation of the three major crops of the ‘Mediterranean triad’ (grain, wine, and olive oil) during the 4th through 7th centuries AD along the coastlands of the eastern Mediterranean. This book examines the production of crops vital to subsistence, and also argues that the late antique Levant witnessed a period of demographic growth, a rising market in the demand for commodities, and competitive elite that invested heavily in agriculture. One of the results of the concatenation of these phenomena was increasing specialization and the development of a large-scale export of wine and oil on a scale hitherto unrealized by eastern products. One of the points that emerges from the analysis of wider historical significance is that overland trade of heavy bulk goods, till now considered irrelevant or scarce, seems to have been a regular feature of the late antique Levant. In addition, the eastern provinces were deeply developed and dependent on interlocking trade interests which, although somewhat reduced in the early 7th century, were apparently robust into the period of the early Islamic conquests. This development and interdependence ultimately made agrarian conditions difficult to sustain.
Allan A. Tulchin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736522
- eISBN:
- 9780199866229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736522.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter charts the conversion of Nîmes’s early Protestants using a variety of measures: rising heresy prosecutions; emigration to Geneva; and changing formulas in notarial acts. It also charts ...
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This chapter charts the conversion of Nîmes’s early Protestants using a variety of measures: rising heresy prosecutions; emigration to Geneva; and changing formulas in notarial acts. It also charts gathering resentment against the French crown. As rising grain prices made life difficult for Nîmes poor, its elite were forced to endure tax increases, pay forced loans, and also bribes to the crown and royal officials. By 1559, especially given Henri II’s largely unfavorable peace treaty with the Hapsburgs, there was considerable discontent with royal policies.Less
This chapter charts the conversion of Nîmes’s early Protestants using a variety of measures: rising heresy prosecutions; emigration to Geneva; and changing formulas in notarial acts. It also charts gathering resentment against the French crown. As rising grain prices made life difficult for Nîmes poor, its elite were forced to endure tax increases, pay forced loans, and also bribes to the crown and royal officials. By 1559, especially given Henri II’s largely unfavorable peace treaty with the Hapsburgs, there was considerable discontent with royal policies.
G. J. Oliver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283507
- eISBN:
- 9780191712722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283507.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the question of Athenian dependency on grain imports in the ‘classical’ 4th century. It establishes the complexities, finances, and different interests that characterized ...
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This chapter examines the question of Athenian dependency on grain imports in the ‘classical’ 4th century. It establishes the complexities, finances, and different interests that characterized commerce. Topics covered include dependency cultures, models of dependency, quantifying dependency on imported grain, the economic realities of moving grain, ateleia> — the honour given by the Athenians to significant benefactors, overseas territories, financing commerce, and Athenian economics before 322.Less
This chapter examines the question of Athenian dependency on grain imports in the ‘classical’ 4th century. It establishes the complexities, finances, and different interests that characterized commerce. Topics covered include dependency cultures, models of dependency, quantifying dependency on imported grain, the economic realities of moving grain, ateleia> — the honour given by the Athenians to significant benefactors, overseas territories, financing commerce, and Athenian economics before 322.
Douglas M. MacDowell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199287192
- eISBN:
- 9780191713552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287192.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses cases that concerned the importing of grain to Athens and came under the mercantile laws established in the middle of the 4th century BC. Some of them were cases of paragraphe, ...
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This chapter discusses cases that concerned the importing of grain to Athens and came under the mercantile laws established in the middle of the 4th century BC. Some of them were cases of paragraphe, in which the defendant objected that the prosecution was contrary to law. Against Lakritos is about a voyage to Bosporos, and preserves the text of a contract. Against Pantainetos involves the lease of a silver mine, with ownership of a workshop and slaves. Against Zenothemis describes an attempt to sink a ship importing grain from Sicily, in order to avoid repayment of a loan. In Against Apatourios there is a detailed account of an attempt at private arbitration. In Against Phormion a ship sank on its return voyage from Bosporos, and in Against Dionysodoros a ship failed to complete its return voyage from Egypt.Less
This chapter discusses cases that concerned the importing of grain to Athens and came under the mercantile laws established in the middle of the 4th century BC. Some of them were cases of paragraphe, in which the defendant objected that the prosecution was contrary to law. Against Lakritos is about a voyage to Bosporos, and preserves the text of a contract. Against Pantainetos involves the lease of a silver mine, with ownership of a workshop and slaves. Against Zenothemis describes an attempt to sink a ship importing grain from Sicily, in order to avoid repayment of a loan. In Against Apatourios there is a detailed account of an attempt at private arbitration. In Against Phormion a ship sank on its return voyage from Bosporos, and in Against Dionysodoros a ship failed to complete its return voyage from Egypt.
Adrian Randall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259908
- eISBN:
- 9780191717444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259908.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter focuses on food riots in England from the Hanoverian accession up to the end of the 1770s. Eighteenth-century food riots were complex and multifaceted events that cannot easily be ...
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This chapter focuses on food riots in England from the Hanoverian accession up to the end of the 1770s. Eighteenth-century food riots were complex and multifaceted events that cannot easily be explained by simple models. What these riots shared was a common hostility evinced by the crowd towards those who used their economic power over the market in times of shortage to maximize their own profits at the expense of the local consumer. This was underpinned by a value system known as a moral economy, which was shared not only by the labouring poor, but by many of the middling sort and by most of the justices.Less
This chapter focuses on food riots in England from the Hanoverian accession up to the end of the 1770s. Eighteenth-century food riots were complex and multifaceted events that cannot easily be explained by simple models. What these riots shared was a common hostility evinced by the crowd towards those who used their economic power over the market in times of shortage to maximize their own profits at the expense of the local consumer. This was underpinned by a value system known as a moral economy, which was shared not only by the labouring poor, but by many of the middling sort and by most of the justices.
Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, and Giovanna Gonano
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the ...
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Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the different demographic outcomes in specific social groups in presence of price fluctuations.Less
Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the different demographic outcomes in specific social groups in presence of price fluctuations.
Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Presents a new view of the standard of living development in Sweden during the agricultural revolution, using evidence on the ability to overcome short-term economic stress. The results corroborate ...
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Presents a new view of the standard of living development in Sweden during the agricultural revolution, using evidence on the ability to overcome short-term economic stress. The results corroborate previous findings, based on a variety of indicators, that standard of living in Sweden increased for most people after the mid-nineteenth century, but also support a more negative view of the immediate effects of the agricultural transformation in the beginning of the nineteenth century on the landless groups in society.Less
Presents a new view of the standard of living development in Sweden during the agricultural revolution, using evidence on the ability to overcome short-term economic stress. The results corroborate previous findings, based on a variety of indicators, that standard of living in Sweden increased for most people after the mid-nineteenth century, but also support a more negative view of the immediate effects of the agricultural transformation in the beginning of the nineteenth century on the landless groups in society.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter considers aspects of the policing of politics in the widest sense during the period. Municipal policemen took care to make sure that crowds were not transformed into “tumults” or even, ...
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This chapter considers aspects of the policing of politics in the widest sense during the period. Municipal policemen took care to make sure that crowds were not transformed into “tumults” or even, in the case of the silkworkers of Lyon, into insurrections. Markets and customs barriers (octrois) — where those bringing goods into town were assessed taxes — were particular points of police surveillance, particularly during times of grain riots in France, popular protest against the high price of grain. Commissaires de police routinely watched cafés, cabarets, and other public spaces, as well as occasions, in addition to grain riots, when ordinary people manifested support for what they considered popular justice.Less
This chapter considers aspects of the policing of politics in the widest sense during the period. Municipal policemen took care to make sure that crowds were not transformed into “tumults” or even, in the case of the silkworkers of Lyon, into insurrections. Markets and customs barriers (octrois) — where those bringing goods into town were assessed taxes — were particular points of police surveillance, particularly during times of grain riots in France, popular protest against the high price of grain. Commissaires de police routinely watched cafés, cabarets, and other public spaces, as well as occasions, in addition to grain riots, when ordinary people manifested support for what they considered popular justice.
Michael Decker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565283
- eISBN:
- 9780191721724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565283.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Chapter 8 details the trade in those products discussed above. As the conditions that rendered surplus production not only likely, but integral to the functioning of the late antique economy, the ...
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Chapter 8 details the trade in those products discussed above. As the conditions that rendered surplus production not only likely, but integral to the functioning of the late antique economy, the chapter turns to explore the scale and significance of that trade. Quantitative study based on ceramic finds is supplemented by textual sources that detail the sustained trade in grain, wine, and olive oil that flourished in overseas commerce and allowed large cities to sustain themselves.Less
Chapter 8 details the trade in those products discussed above. As the conditions that rendered surplus production not only likely, but integral to the functioning of the late antique economy, the chapter turns to explore the scale and significance of that trade. Quantitative study based on ceramic finds is supplemented by textual sources that detail the sustained trade in grain, wine, and olive oil that flourished in overseas commerce and allowed large cities to sustain themselves.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter focuses on how the obedientiaries' purchasing decisions were made, looking at the various factors that influenced or limited their choices and their behaviour as consumers. Three case ...
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This chapter focuses on how the obedientiaries' purchasing decisions were made, looking at the various factors that influenced or limited their choices and their behaviour as consumers. Three case studies illustrate the varying extent to which considerations of tradition, cost, social status, availability, and preference influenced choices in three very different commodities. Grain was a staple necessity with relatively inelastic demand, yet the priory needed strategies to cope with unreliable supply fluctuations due to the unpredictability of harvests and weather. Wine and spices, luxury imported goods, clearly show the effects of fashion and availability on the priory's purchasing. Much of the cloth bought by the priory was imbued with social significance, tangibly illustrating the social stratification and hierarchy of the monastery and of society: in some cases, this significance was the overriding factor in purchasing decisions.Less
This chapter focuses on how the obedientiaries' purchasing decisions were made, looking at the various factors that influenced or limited their choices and their behaviour as consumers. Three case studies illustrate the varying extent to which considerations of tradition, cost, social status, availability, and preference influenced choices in three very different commodities. Grain was a staple necessity with relatively inelastic demand, yet the priory needed strategies to cope with unreliable supply fluctuations due to the unpredictability of harvests and weather. Wine and spices, luxury imported goods, clearly show the effects of fashion and availability on the priory's purchasing. Much of the cloth bought by the priory was imbued with social significance, tangibly illustrating the social stratification and hierarchy of the monastery and of society: in some cases, this significance was the overriding factor in purchasing decisions.
Miranda Threlfall-Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253814
- eISBN:
- 9780191719813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253814.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham ...
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Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham Cathedral Priory's tenurial networks. This was especially important for basic foodstuffs such as grain, livestock, and some fish, as well as goods manufactured in the north-east of England. Such goods were mainly supplied by tenants of the priory, and were offset or credited against rents owing in the accounts. The analysis reveals the interrelationship between the priory as landlord and its tenants to have been exceptionally close, and to have been to both parties' advantage.Less
Two main patterns of purchasing emerge from this analysis of the priory's accounts, the ‘tenurial’ and ‘market’ methods. This chapter addresses the first of these — the purchasing of goods via Durham Cathedral Priory's tenurial networks. This was especially important for basic foodstuffs such as grain, livestock, and some fish, as well as goods manufactured in the north-east of England. Such goods were mainly supplied by tenants of the priory, and were offset or credited against rents owing in the accounts. The analysis reveals the interrelationship between the priory as landlord and its tenants to have been exceptionally close, and to have been to both parties' advantage.
Susan R. Holman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139129
- eISBN:
- 9780199834310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139127.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter provides a broad overview of the poor in the early Christian world, and especially considers their relationship to the liturgies (Greek “leitourgia”) of religious and civic practice. It ...
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This chapter provides a broad overview of the poor in the early Christian world, and especially considers their relationship to the liturgies (Greek “leitourgia”) of religious and civic practice. It explores examples from Graeco‐Roman euergetism, the Roman food schemes of annona (the grain dole) and alimenta, Jewish philanthropy, including soup kitchens, and early Christian texts about charity ranging from the New Testament to the sixth century. It concludes that early Christian responses to help the poor drew heavily from the general cultural concept of liturgy in late antiquity.Less
This chapter provides a broad overview of the poor in the early Christian world, and especially considers their relationship to the liturgies (Greek “leitourgia”) of religious and civic practice. It explores examples from Graeco‐Roman euergetism, the Roman food schemes of annona (the grain dole) and alimenta, Jewish philanthropy, including soup kitchens, and early Christian texts about charity ranging from the New Testament to the sixth century. It concludes that early Christian responses to help the poor drew heavily from the general cultural concept of liturgy in late antiquity.
