Vernon Bogdanor
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293347
- eISBN:
- 9780191598821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293348.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The office of private secretary to the sovereign is crucial to the working of constitutional monarchy. But it evolved in an unnoticed and unplanned way, almost by accident. The history of the ...
More
The office of private secretary to the sovereign is crucial to the working of constitutional monarchy. But it evolved in an unnoticed and unplanned way, almost by accident. The history of the development of the office is traced, and it is contrasted with the office of private secretary to the Governor‐General in Commonwealth monarchies. The private secretary needs to enjoy the confidence not only of the sovereign but also of the Prime Minister and of the Leader of the Opposition.Less
The office of private secretary to the sovereign is crucial to the working of constitutional monarchy. But it evolved in an unnoticed and unplanned way, almost by accident. The history of the development of the office is traced, and it is contrasted with the office of private secretary to the Governor‐General in Commonwealth monarchies. The private secretary needs to enjoy the confidence not only of the sovereign but also of the Prime Minister and of the Leader of the Opposition.
Vernon Bogdanor
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293347
- eISBN:
- 9780191598821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293348.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The sovereign's relationship with the Commonwealth derives from Britain's imperial history. For, nearly all of the members of the Commonwealth are formerly dependent territories of the Empire, which ...
More
The sovereign's relationship with the Commonwealth derives from Britain's imperial history. For, nearly all of the members of the Commonwealth are formerly dependent territories of the Empire, which chose to cooperate voluntarily on a basis of full constitutional equality. Since 1953, the Crown has been divisible, and the Queen of Britain is now also Queen of 15 other Commonwealth monarchies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc. In those countries, the functions of the sovereign are, in practice, undertaken by a Governor‐General, appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister of the country concerned. But, since 1949, it has been possible for members of the Commonwealth to become republics, and the majority of the member states are now republics. They must, however, recognize the sovereign as `the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth’. But the position of Head of the Commonwealth is not an office but rather an expression of a symbolic character without any separate constitutional standing or capacity.Less
The sovereign's relationship with the Commonwealth derives from Britain's imperial history. For, nearly all of the members of the Commonwealth are formerly dependent territories of the Empire, which chose to cooperate voluntarily on a basis of full constitutional equality. Since 1953, the Crown has been divisible, and the Queen of Britain is now also Queen of 15 other Commonwealth monarchies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc. In those countries, the functions of the sovereign are, in practice, undertaken by a Governor‐General, appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister of the country concerned. But, since 1949, it has been possible for members of the Commonwealth to become republics, and the majority of the member states are now republics. They must, however, recognize the sovereign as `the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth’. But the position of Head of the Commonwealth is not an office but rather an expression of a symbolic character without any separate constitutional standing or capacity.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The most important conclusion that can be reached about governors and prominent politicians who also were governors is that they have contributed significantly to diversifying the composition of ...
More
The most important conclusion that can be reached about governors and prominent politicians who also were governors is that they have contributed significantly to diversifying the composition of Mexico's national political elite. It is equally important to highlight the fact that governors have distinguished themselves from other politicians before and after the democratic transition; they have played this role for many decades. Without their presence among prominent political leaders, this distortion favorable to the capital would be even more exaggerated since nine times as many politicians as governors came originally from Mexico City. A surprising increase in governors from rural communities and villages has occurred in combination with governor composition having a more diverse regional distribution. Looking at Governors from the democratic era a reverse in this decline from the pre-democratic to the democratic transition period can be seen. Finally, governors can be distinguished from other politicians in the importance of terms of informal family ties, and governors were much more likely to have come from or been related to politically active families, thus increasing the importance of social networking.Less
The most important conclusion that can be reached about governors and prominent politicians who also were governors is that they have contributed significantly to diversifying the composition of Mexico's national political elite. It is equally important to highlight the fact that governors have distinguished themselves from other politicians before and after the democratic transition; they have played this role for many decades. Without their presence among prominent political leaders, this distortion favorable to the capital would be even more exaggerated since nine times as many politicians as governors came originally from Mexico City. A surprising increase in governors from rural communities and villages has occurred in combination with governor composition having a more diverse regional distribution. Looking at Governors from the democratic era a reverse in this decline from the pre-democratic to the democratic transition period can be seen. Finally, governors can be distinguished from other politicians in the importance of terms of informal family ties, and governors were much more likely to have come from or been related to politically active families, thus increasing the importance of social networking.
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198074083
- eISBN:
- 9780199080786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter describes how the expressions ‘Sadar-i-Riyasat’ and ‘Prime Minister’ were replaced with the terms ‘Governor’ and ‘Chief Minister’. The first section of this chapter presents the ...
More
This chapter describes how the expressions ‘Sadar-i-Riyasat’ and ‘Prime Minister’ were replaced with the terms ‘Governor’ and ‘Chief Minister’. The first section of this chapter presents the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (Sixth Amendment) Act of 1965. The second section presents the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir as amended. It details the Governor as the head of state, the terms of his office, the qualifications needed, and the conditions of office.Less
This chapter describes how the expressions ‘Sadar-i-Riyasat’ and ‘Prime Minister’ were replaced with the terms ‘Governor’ and ‘Chief Minister’. The first section of this chapter presents the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (Sixth Amendment) Act of 1965. The second section presents the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir as amended. It details the Governor as the head of state, the terms of his office, the qualifications needed, and the conditions of office.
Vanessa Barker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195370027
- eISBN:
- 9780199871315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370027.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high ...
More
This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high rates of community sanctions. It shows how high rates of civic engagement and norms of reciprocity and mutual obligation made polity members less willing to infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, creating a more inclusive political community, one that incorporated racial and ethnic minorities and criminal offenders. It analyzes how Washington's history of farmer cooperatives provided the cultural and institutional support for the use of community sanctions based on the disciplinary power of work and community service. The chapter also analyzes how the deliberative process moderated the harsh demands of an outraged crime victims movement.Less
This chapter details the case study of Washington State. It shows how a democratic process based on deliberative democracy led to relatively mild penal regime, with low rates of imprisonment and high rates of community sanctions. It shows how high rates of civic engagement and norms of reciprocity and mutual obligation made polity members less willing to infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, creating a more inclusive political community, one that incorporated racial and ethnic minorities and criminal offenders. It analyzes how Washington's history of farmer cooperatives provided the cultural and institutional support for the use of community sanctions based on the disciplinary power of work and community service. The chapter also analyzes how the deliberative process moderated the harsh demands of an outraged crime victims movement.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
This work is a completely rewritten version of The Fasti of Roman Britain (1981), with biographical entries for all senior officers and higher officials who served in the island from AD 43 to 409. ...
More
This work is a completely rewritten version of The Fasti of Roman Britain (1981), with biographical entries for all senior officers and higher officials who served in the island from AD 43 to 409. All new governors, legionary legates, senatorial tribunes, procurators, and fleet prefects discovered since 1981 are included, and the entries for those previously known are revised. Translations of all sources are also added in this edition. There are sections on local government; governor’s staff; the careers of senators and procurators in the principate; the subdivisions into Upper and Lower Britain, then into four, and finally five, provinces; and the late Roman civil and military system. Further, imperial visits or involvement in British affairs are discussed in detail. These include Claudius’ participation in the conquest and his victory celebrations; Hadrian’s visit in 122 and the building of his Wall; the building of the Antonine Wall; Severus’ expedition, 208-211; the usurpation of Carausius and Allectus; Constantius’ recovery of Britain and Pictish campaign; Constantine’s proclamation as emperor at York and possible later visits; Constans’ expedition in 343; Stilicho’s defence measures; and the end of Roman rule. This book offers a narrative history of Roman Britain, with full citation of sources. The analysis of the background and careers of hundreds of individuals sheds light on the way the Roman Empire worked during a period of over 360 years.Less
This work is a completely rewritten version of The Fasti of Roman Britain (1981), with biographical entries for all senior officers and higher officials who served in the island from AD 43 to 409. All new governors, legionary legates, senatorial tribunes, procurators, and fleet prefects discovered since 1981 are included, and the entries for those previously known are revised. Translations of all sources are also added in this edition. There are sections on local government; governor’s staff; the careers of senators and procurators in the principate; the subdivisions into Upper and Lower Britain, then into four, and finally five, provinces; and the late Roman civil and military system. Further, imperial visits or involvement in British affairs are discussed in detail. These include Claudius’ participation in the conquest and his victory celebrations; Hadrian’s visit in 122 and the building of his Wall; the building of the Antonine Wall; Severus’ expedition, 208-211; the usurpation of Carausius and Allectus; Constantius’ recovery of Britain and Pictish campaign; Constantine’s proclamation as emperor at York and possible later visits; Constans’ expedition in 343; Stilicho’s defence measures; and the end of Roman rule. This book offers a narrative history of Roman Britain, with full citation of sources. The analysis of the background and careers of hundreds of individuals sheds light on the way the Roman Empire worked during a period of over 360 years.
Sylvia Guendelman and Kate Cosby
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310122
- eISBN:
- 9780199865284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310122.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Children and Families
For many of those among the working poor who lack coverage by medical insurance, the biggest problem is gaining access to a physician. Immigrants constitute a disproportionate number of the working ...
More
For many of those among the working poor who lack coverage by medical insurance, the biggest problem is gaining access to a physician. Immigrants constitute a disproportionate number of the working poor families. Although progress had been made since the mid-1990s, this chapter reports that 44 percent of the immigrant children in working poor families were not covered by health insurance in 2001, along with 17 percent of the US born children of the working poor. The serious vulnerability of children in working poor families highlights the need for continued support of existing programs, such as Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, so that they might be extended to the approximately 6 million uninsured children who are currently eligible for coverage. In addition to support for these programs, the chapter recommends that states provide universal coverage for all children along the lines of Governor Schwarzenegger's proposal to expand health insurance coverage for all uninsured Californians.Less
For many of those among the working poor who lack coverage by medical insurance, the biggest problem is gaining access to a physician. Immigrants constitute a disproportionate number of the working poor families. Although progress had been made since the mid-1990s, this chapter reports that 44 percent of the immigrant children in working poor families were not covered by health insurance in 2001, along with 17 percent of the US born children of the working poor. The serious vulnerability of children in working poor families highlights the need for continued support of existing programs, such as Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, so that they might be extended to the approximately 6 million uninsured children who are currently eligible for coverage. In addition to support for these programs, the chapter recommends that states provide universal coverage for all children along the lines of Governor Schwarzenegger's proposal to expand health insurance coverage for all uninsured Californians.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter begins with an introduction covering the senatorial career in the principate, as well as having sections on governors’ staff, the ‘capital’ of the province, and local government. These ...
More
This chapter begins with an introduction covering the senatorial career in the principate, as well as having sections on governors’ staff, the ‘capital’ of the province, and local government. These are followed by biographies of all forty-one known governors, subdivided into five periods: Claudio-Neronian (AD 43-69); Flavian (AD 69-96); Nerva to Hadrian (AD 98-138); Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-92); and Severus and Caracalla (AD 197-c.213). Further sections cover the legions and their bases. Biographies of the following are provided: seventeen high-ranking companions (comites) of the emperors in Britain; forty-one known legionary commanders or legates; seven known senior law officers (iuridici); and thirty-two known senatorial tribunes (tribuni laticlavii). A section on the procuratorial career and subordinates of the procurators is followed by biographies of the fourteen known procurators and seven known praefecti classis, census-officials, and junior procurators.Less
This chapter begins with an introduction covering the senatorial career in the principate, as well as having sections on governors’ staff, the ‘capital’ of the province, and local government. These are followed by biographies of all forty-one known governors, subdivided into five periods: Claudio-Neronian (AD 43-69); Flavian (AD 69-96); Nerva to Hadrian (AD 98-138); Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-92); and Severus and Caracalla (AD 197-c.213). Further sections cover the legions and their bases. Biographies of the following are provided: seventeen high-ranking companions (comites) of the emperors in Britain; forty-one known legionary commanders or legates; seven known senior law officers (iuridici); and thirty-two known senatorial tribunes (tribuni laticlavii). A section on the procuratorial career and subordinates of the procurators is followed by biographies of the fourteen known procurators and seven known praefecti classis, census-officials, and junior procurators.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight ...
More
In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight after Severus’ defeat of Albinus (i.e., in AD 217), Herodian is shown to be unreliable. Additional evidence is presented which shows that a date of c.AD 213 more likely. The main part of the chapter covers the known governors of Britannia Superior and Inferior, and the small number of known legionary legates in Superior, arranged in chronological order. Evidence for events affecting Britain is presented such as transfers of troops from Britain to the continent — the ‘Gallic Empire’ — of which the British provinces formed part lasting from AD 260 to 274, and the attempted coup by a British governor under Probus.Less
In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight after Severus’ defeat of Albinus (i.e., in AD 217), Herodian is shown to be unreliable. Additional evidence is presented which shows that a date of c.AD 213 more likely. The main part of the chapter covers the known governors of Britannia Superior and Inferior, and the small number of known legionary legates in Superior, arranged in chronological order. Evidence for events affecting Britain is presented such as transfers of troops from Britain to the continent — the ‘Gallic Empire’ — of which the British provinces formed part lasting from AD 260 to 274, and the attempted coup by a British governor under Probus.
C. Kavin Rowe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195377873
- eISBN:
- 9780199869459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377873.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as ...
More
In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as sedition or treason. In order to counter such a perception, Luke explicitly raises these charges and repeatedly narrates the course of events so that the Christians—here in the mold of Jesus himself—are found “innocent” by the Romans of seditious criminal activity. In the terms of Roman jurisprudence, they are dikaios (iustus). Thus does Luke bring Paul, the representative of the Christians, before the Roman state in the officials that are its living agents: Gallio, Claudius Lysias, Felix, and Festus. With deft narrative development and considerable jurisprudential skill, Luke moves Paul through to Rome while concurrently negating the charges of his opponents on the basis of a revisionary reading of Roman law: the Christian mission is not a bid for political liberation or a movement that stands in direct opposition to the Roman government.Less
In light of the findings of Chapter 2, this chapter argues that the culturally destabilizing character of the Christian mission entails the potential for outsiders to construe Christianity as sedition or treason. In order to counter such a perception, Luke explicitly raises these charges and repeatedly narrates the course of events so that the Christians—here in the mold of Jesus himself—are found “innocent” by the Romans of seditious criminal activity. In the terms of Roman jurisprudence, they are dikaios (iustus). Thus does Luke bring Paul, the representative of the Christians, before the Roman state in the officials that are its living agents: Gallio, Claudius Lysias, Felix, and Festus. With deft narrative development and considerable jurisprudential skill, Luke moves Paul through to Rome while concurrently negating the charges of his opponents on the basis of a revisionary reading of Roman law: the Christian mission is not a bid for political liberation or a movement that stands in direct opposition to the Roman government.
Andrew Lintott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216444
- eISBN:
- 9780191712180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216444.003.0015
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter begins with a discussion of Cicero's appointment as governor of Cilicia. It then focuses on the escalating conflict between Pompey and Caesar, of which Cicero was kept appraised by ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of Cicero's appointment as governor of Cilicia. It then focuses on the escalating conflict between Pompey and Caesar, of which Cicero was kept appraised by letters from Caelius. According to Caelius, Pompey was worried that Caesar should wish to become consul while retaining the Gallic provinces — in the same way that he himself had retained those in Spain while consul. Caesar is, however, convinced that he cannot be secure if he has left his army; nevertheless he offers this arrangement, that both should hand over their armies.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of Cicero's appointment as governor of Cilicia. It then focuses on the escalating conflict between Pompey and Caesar, of which Cicero was kept appraised by letters from Caelius. According to Caelius, Pompey was worried that Caesar should wish to become consul while retaining the Gallic provinces — in the same way that he himself had retained those in Spain while consul. Caesar is, however, convinced that he cannot be secure if he has left his army; nevertheless he offers this arrangement, that both should hand over their armies.
Paul Younger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391640
- eISBN:
- 9780199866649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391640.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should ...
More
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.Less
A Council of Chiefs ceded the Fiji Islands to the British in 1874. Governor Farquhar immediately arranged for sugarcane plantations and Indian workers, but he insisted that Native‐Fijians should remain segregated from the Indians. All the plantations and sugar refineries were owned by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company of Australia, but Indian farmers were leased land on which they grew cane for the Company. Indians had to develop their own school systems, and these became the central pillars of their culture. Although South Indians were a distinct minority among the workers, they were all settled together near Nadi on the west coast and were able to build the grand Subrahmanya temple there in 1994. Tensions between the indigenous people and the Indians developed in the political realm after independence, and in spite of two coups nothing is resolved.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Rhode Island was a sanctuary for Quakers and others because of its freedom from civil enforcement of religion and its tradition of religious liberty. In 1672, a group of English Quakers including one ...
More
Rhode Island was a sanctuary for Quakers and others because of its freedom from civil enforcement of religion and its tradition of religious liberty. In 1672, a group of English Quakers including one of the founders of Quakerism, George Fox, visited Rhode Island. Fox preached and organized vigorously, strengthening the structure of Quaker meetings, taming the extreme individualism of Quaker belief, and establishing a system of internal discipline to temper individual revelation. In 1672 also, Quakers came to dominate the Rhode Island government, to Fox's delight. The duties of Quaker governors created new tensions with the requirements of the peace testimony.Less
Rhode Island was a sanctuary for Quakers and others because of its freedom from civil enforcement of religion and its tradition of religious liberty. In 1672, a group of English Quakers including one of the founders of Quakerism, George Fox, visited Rhode Island. Fox preached and organized vigorously, strengthening the structure of Quaker meetings, taming the extreme individualism of Quaker belief, and establishing a system of internal discipline to temper individual revelation. In 1672 also, Quakers came to dominate the Rhode Island government, to Fox's delight. The duties of Quaker governors created new tensions with the requirements of the peace testimony.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.009
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter introduces the nobility in England and the Netherlands, and the role of war in the relationship between the princes and noblemen. Though noble land-holding and political influence varied ...
More
This chapter introduces the nobility in England and the Netherlands, and the role of war in the relationship between the princes and noblemen. Though noble land-holding and political influence varied from region to region, both polities had an elite of wealthy lords — often influential at court — as provincial governors or lords lieutenant, and as the leaders of affinities among the gentry or lesser nobility. The Percy earls of Northumberland were great lords in the north of England, and the Howard dukes of Norfolk and earls of Surrey office-holders at court, with estates concentrated in the south. The Croÿ counts of Roeulx confronted the French as governors of Artois and Flanders, while the Egmond counts of Buren held lands on the borders of Holland and Brabant, and mostly campaigned against Guelders.Less
This chapter introduces the nobility in England and the Netherlands, and the role of war in the relationship between the princes and noblemen. Though noble land-holding and political influence varied from region to region, both polities had an elite of wealthy lords — often influential at court — as provincial governors or lords lieutenant, and as the leaders of affinities among the gentry or lesser nobility. The Percy earls of Northumberland were great lords in the north of England, and the Howard dukes of Norfolk and earls of Surrey office-holders at court, with estates concentrated in the south. The Croÿ counts of Roeulx confronted the French as governors of Artois and Flanders, while the Egmond counts of Buren held lands on the borders of Holland and Brabant, and mostly campaigned against Guelders.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.011
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter investigates the special position of noblemen who acted as leading military commanders. The appointment of provincial governors, lords lieutenant, wardens of the marches, and deputies in ...
More
This chapter investigates the special position of noblemen who acted as leading military commanders. The appointment of provincial governors, lords lieutenant, wardens of the marches, and deputies in Ireland might both focus the social power and military ambition of the nobility in the service of the prince and reinforce noble power with a framework of public authority, but incompetent exercise of such offices could wreck noble reputations. Skill in administration, firmness in disciplining troops, wisdom in taking counsel, and splendour in living nobly all contributed to effective generalship. Distant campaigns in Germany, Ireland, Italy, or Spain, and relations cultivated with foreign princes and their commanders could make or break careers as readily as defending one's neighbours and friends. Negotiating and collecting taxation or suppressing revolts could do as much for the war effort as front-line command.Less
This chapter investigates the special position of noblemen who acted as leading military commanders. The appointment of provincial governors, lords lieutenant, wardens of the marches, and deputies in Ireland might both focus the social power and military ambition of the nobility in the service of the prince and reinforce noble power with a framework of public authority, but incompetent exercise of such offices could wreck noble reputations. Skill in administration, firmness in disciplining troops, wisdom in taking counsel, and splendour in living nobly all contributed to effective generalship. Distant campaigns in Germany, Ireland, Italy, or Spain, and relations cultivated with foreign princes and their commanders could make or break careers as readily as defending one's neighbours and friends. Negotiating and collecting taxation or suppressing revolts could do as much for the war effort as front-line command.
Alison Games
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335545
- eISBN:
- 9780199869039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335545.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on English and Scottish recreational and educational travelers. It separates them from other people whom they would also have identified as travelers. One portion of their ...
More
This chapter focuses on English and Scottish recreational and educational travelers. It separates them from other people whom they would also have identified as travelers. One portion of their traveling lives is segregated from other stages of the life cycle in which these people would have characterized themselves as still traveling when they worked as merchants or consuls, ministers, or governors. It is argued that as educational travel became more common, it domesticated a world beyond England's shores. Travelers learned new languages, studied law, mastered different national styles of sociability, and took home with them not only their new knowledge of Europe but also their avid curiosity in the world beyond the shores of their island kingdoms.Less
This chapter focuses on English and Scottish recreational and educational travelers. It separates them from other people whom they would also have identified as travelers. One portion of their traveling lives is segregated from other stages of the life cycle in which these people would have characterized themselves as still traveling when they worked as merchants or consuls, ministers, or governors. It is argued that as educational travel became more common, it domesticated a world beyond England's shores. Travelers learned new languages, studied law, mastered different national styles of sociability, and took home with them not only their new knowledge of Europe but also their avid curiosity in the world beyond the shores of their island kingdoms.
John A. Kirk
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195177862
- eISBN:
- 9780199870189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177862.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter asserts that scholars who focus on the scenes of violent unrest precipitated by the political antics of Governor Orval Faubus misrepresent the real character of the crisis. It focuses ...
More
This chapter asserts that scholars who focus on the scenes of violent unrest precipitated by the political antics of Governor Orval Faubus misrepresent the real character of the crisis. It focuses less on the public scenes of massive resistance than on the policy of minimum compliance pursued by Arkansas’s superintendent of schools, Virgil T. Blossom. It discusses that although Blossom claimed to steer a politically moderate course between what he called the extremists on both sides of the integration issue, his strategy was simply a more insidious means of undermining implementation of the Supreme Court decision.Less
This chapter asserts that scholars who focus on the scenes of violent unrest precipitated by the political antics of Governor Orval Faubus misrepresent the real character of the crisis. It focuses less on the public scenes of massive resistance than on the policy of minimum compliance pursued by Arkansas’s superintendent of schools, Virgil T. Blossom. It discusses that although Blossom claimed to steer a politically moderate course between what he called the extremists on both sides of the integration issue, his strategy was simply a more insidious means of undermining implementation of the Supreme Court decision.
LARRY GRAGG
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199253890
- eISBN:
- 9780191719806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253890.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter provides a chronological account of the development of the colony to the Restoration of Charles II. Discord dominated the colony's earliest years. Conflicting proprietary patents ...
More
This chapter provides a chronological account of the development of the colony to the Restoration of Charles II. Discord dominated the colony's earliest years. Conflicting proprietary patents triggered a struggle between a merchant and a courtier, both of whom sent governors and shiploads of settlers and supplies to the island. Through the 1630s, surviving governors ruled with an iron hand. Two developments in the 1640s, however, permitted the planters to take control of their lives. Besides the appointment of Philip Bell, an accommodating governor, the planters enjoyed the neglect of imperial officials preoccupied by the struggle between Charles I and Parliament for supremacy at home. Only through the dispatch of substantial military forces were English authorities able to control the planters.Less
This chapter provides a chronological account of the development of the colony to the Restoration of Charles II. Discord dominated the colony's earliest years. Conflicting proprietary patents triggered a struggle between a merchant and a courtier, both of whom sent governors and shiploads of settlers and supplies to the island. Through the 1630s, surviving governors ruled with an iron hand. Two developments in the 1640s, however, permitted the planters to take control of their lives. Besides the appointment of Philip Bell, an accommodating governor, the planters enjoyed the neglect of imperial officials preoccupied by the struggle between Charles I and Parliament for supremacy at home. Only through the dispatch of substantial military forces were English authorities able to control the planters.
Greg Walker
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283330
- eISBN:
- 9780191712630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283330.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter looks at Sir Thomas Elyot’s best known work, the magisterial Boke Named the Governor, first published in 1531. It argues that the Boke, rather than being a work of merely general advice ...
More
This chapter looks at Sir Thomas Elyot’s best known work, the magisterial Boke Named the Governor, first published in 1531. It argues that the Boke, rather than being a work of merely general advice to noblemen and public servants, was in part also aimed directly at Henry VIII and intended as an extended speculum principis designed to counsel moderation in religious and diplomatic policy, and warn against the dangerous divisions in English society. Many of the examples and ideas discussed thus have a direct contemporary context as well as a more general moral or philosophical one. It is vitally important to read the work in the light of the events of 1531 to understand its full implications.Less
This chapter looks at Sir Thomas Elyot’s best known work, the magisterial Boke Named the Governor, first published in 1531. It argues that the Boke, rather than being a work of merely general advice to noblemen and public servants, was in part also aimed directly at Henry VIII and intended as an extended speculum principis designed to counsel moderation in religious and diplomatic policy, and warn against the dangerous divisions in English society. Many of the examples and ideas discussed thus have a direct contemporary context as well as a more general moral or philosophical one. It is vitally important to read the work in the light of the events of 1531 to understand its full implications.
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195065831
- eISBN:
- 9780199854899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195065831.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Governors rule for a limited term of office, then shift to other vocational outlets entirely after retirement. Despite their fairly graceful exits, the governors maintain very little ongoing contact ...
More
Governors rule for a limited term of office, then shift to other vocational outlets entirely after retirement. Despite their fairly graceful exits, the governors maintain very little ongoing contact with their firm once they have left. Retirement for them is often merely a career change as they turn to pursue outside interests. This chapter observes three common routes taken by departing governors: public service, starting of new enterprises, and turnaround challenges. As with the cases of leaders exemplifying a governor's exit in this chapter, governors have frequently built strong teams of successors and look with pride on the continuity of command. Unlike ambassadors, the entrepreneurial governors know they can re-create their old successes in a new situation. Looking at the data from consistent surveys, the chapter illustrates several factors that stand out about a governor's departure.Less
Governors rule for a limited term of office, then shift to other vocational outlets entirely after retirement. Despite their fairly graceful exits, the governors maintain very little ongoing contact with their firm once they have left. Retirement for them is often merely a career change as they turn to pursue outside interests. This chapter observes three common routes taken by departing governors: public service, starting of new enterprises, and turnaround challenges. As with the cases of leaders exemplifying a governor's exit in this chapter, governors have frequently built strong teams of successors and look with pride on the continuity of command. Unlike ambassadors, the entrepreneurial governors know they can re-create their old successes in a new situation. Looking at the data from consistent surveys, the chapter illustrates several factors that stand out about a governor's departure.
