M. B. HAYNE
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202707
- eISBN:
- 9780191675492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202707.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
How external individuals and groups were able bring an effective pressure to bear on the Quai d'Orsay and shape its governmental policy are explored in this chapter. The 1875 constitution entitled ...
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How external individuals and groups were able bring an effective pressure to bear on the Quai d'Orsay and shape its governmental policy are explored in this chapter. The 1875 constitution entitled presidents of the Republic to an important say in foreign policy matters. However, as the chapter demonstrates, only Raymond Poincaré legitimately exercised his role during this period. Subsequently, the premier's stamp was also rarely to be seen except for through Caillaux's role in bringing about the November 1911 treaty. These, among other events discussed in this chapter, showcase that the Quai d'Orsay was responsible for most of the foreign policy decisions made in the years of 1898–1914. Further, the chapter argues that it was the internalized, chaotic political system of the government at that time that sometimes allowed outside forces like the press, banks, and heavy industry to shape the thinking of the Quai d'Orsay.Less
How external individuals and groups were able bring an effective pressure to bear on the Quai d'Orsay and shape its governmental policy are explored in this chapter. The 1875 constitution entitled presidents of the Republic to an important say in foreign policy matters. However, as the chapter demonstrates, only Raymond Poincaré legitimately exercised his role during this period. Subsequently, the premier's stamp was also rarely to be seen except for through Caillaux's role in bringing about the November 1911 treaty. These, among other events discussed in this chapter, showcase that the Quai d'Orsay was responsible for most of the foreign policy decisions made in the years of 1898–1914. Further, the chapter argues that it was the internalized, chaotic political system of the government at that time that sometimes allowed outside forces like the press, banks, and heavy industry to shape the thinking of the Quai d'Orsay.
Zeila de Brito Fabri Demartini
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388138
- eISBN:
- 9780199863440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388138.003.0027
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
The paper deals with the phenomenon of immigration in Brazil, in the 19th and 20th centuries, explaining the factors that had favored that as well as the positioning of the Brazilian state with ...
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The paper deals with the phenomenon of immigration in Brazil, in the 19th and 20th centuries, explaining the factors that had favored that as well as the positioning of the Brazilian state with regard to the entry of immigrants with different origins. It focuses on the insertion and experiences from the main groups of immigrants in the state of São Paulo: the Germans, the Italians, the Japanese, and the Portuguese. São Paulo was the Brazilian region that received the greater contingent of immigrants in this period because of its economic development. Also, it traces in general terms the current politics of the Brazilian government with regard to immigrants and the programs that can meet their needs. Although a poor country, Brazil has been attracting immigrants for well over a century and is able to contribute to international discussions about the conditions of immigrants worldwide.Less
The paper deals with the phenomenon of immigration in Brazil, in the 19th and 20th centuries, explaining the factors that had favored that as well as the positioning of the Brazilian state with regard to the entry of immigrants with different origins. It focuses on the insertion and experiences from the main groups of immigrants in the state of São Paulo: the Germans, the Italians, the Japanese, and the Portuguese. São Paulo was the Brazilian region that received the greater contingent of immigrants in this period because of its economic development. Also, it traces in general terms the current politics of the Brazilian government with regard to immigrants and the programs that can meet their needs. Although a poor country, Brazil has been attracting immigrants for well over a century and is able to contribute to international discussions about the conditions of immigrants worldwide.
Paul Davies and Mark Freedland
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217878
- eISBN:
- 9780191712326
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217878.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This book deals with the development of employment legislation and policy in the United Kingdom during the period from the early 1990s until 2006. The core of the work consists of a critical analysis ...
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This book deals with the development of employment legislation and policy in the United Kingdom during the period from the early 1990s until 2006. The core of the work consists of a critical analysis of the policy and legislation of the ‘New Labour’ governments headed by Tony Blair, and considers both domestically-driven initiatives and those governments' responses to employment initiatives stemming from the social policy of the European Community. The book constitutes a successor volume to the same authors' Labour Legislation and Public Policy (OUP, 1992), which covered the period from the end of the Second World War to the early 1990s, but it is also a free-standing book in its own right. The work argues for an understanding of this body of legislation and regulatory activity as being directed towards the realisation of a flexible labour market. It shows how the flexibility objective has been pursued in three intersecting areas: regulating personal employment relations; promoting a collective ‘voice’ for employees at work; and maximising levels of employment. The book assesses how far the goal of flexibility has been achieved and also analyses the regulatory techniques generated by this policy and the strengths and limitations of making labour market flexibility the cornerstone of employment legislation and policy.Less
This book deals with the development of employment legislation and policy in the United Kingdom during the period from the early 1990s until 2006. The core of the work consists of a critical analysis of the policy and legislation of the ‘New Labour’ governments headed by Tony Blair, and considers both domestically-driven initiatives and those governments' responses to employment initiatives stemming from the social policy of the European Community. The book constitutes a successor volume to the same authors' Labour Legislation and Public Policy (OUP, 1992), which covered the period from the end of the Second World War to the early 1990s, but it is also a free-standing book in its own right. The work argues for an understanding of this body of legislation and regulatory activity as being directed towards the realisation of a flexible labour market. It shows how the flexibility objective has been pursued in three intersecting areas: regulating personal employment relations; promoting a collective ‘voice’ for employees at work; and maximising levels of employment. The book assesses how far the goal of flexibility has been achieved and also analyses the regulatory techniques generated by this policy and the strengths and limitations of making labour market flexibility the cornerstone of employment legislation and policy.
Louis Hyman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140681
- eISBN:
- 9781400838400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140681.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter provides a history of debt. While personal lending had always existed, before 1917 it had never been legal to charge interest rates high enough to turn a profit and, equally ...
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This introductory chapter provides a history of debt. While personal lending had always existed, before 1917 it had never been legal to charge interest rates high enough to turn a profit and, equally important, lenders had never been able to resell their consumers' debts or borrow against them. In short, personal debt had never been able to be a normal business. However, personal debt assumed a new role within American capitalism once it became legal, sellable, and profitable. These developments did not occur all at once, but happened over the course of the twentieth century, beginning after World War I, and resulting as much from entrepreneurial innovation as governmental policy. Common to all these shifts were new ways of regulating and reselling debt. Indeed, regulation made legal lending possible, but its relative strength and enforcement propelled lending in some unexpected directions.Less
This introductory chapter provides a history of debt. While personal lending had always existed, before 1917 it had never been legal to charge interest rates high enough to turn a profit and, equally important, lenders had never been able to resell their consumers' debts or borrow against them. In short, personal debt had never been able to be a normal business. However, personal debt assumed a new role within American capitalism once it became legal, sellable, and profitable. These developments did not occur all at once, but happened over the course of the twentieth century, beginning after World War I, and resulting as much from entrepreneurial innovation as governmental policy. Common to all these shifts were new ways of regulating and reselling debt. Indeed, regulation made legal lending possible, but its relative strength and enforcement propelled lending in some unexpected directions.
Diane Singerman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774162886
- eISBN:
- 9781617970351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774162886.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that African migrant groups are marginalized on the level of governmental policies, national discourse, and daily life yet, despite these exclusionary policies and economic ...
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This chapter argues that African migrant groups are marginalized on the level of governmental policies, national discourse, and daily life yet, despite these exclusionary policies and economic hardships, Cairo's spaces of illegality, informality and (transnational) kinship networks, and community solidarity can make it a “more fluid and thus safer urban space” than that experienced by refugees in many other nations. It also covers the ways in which Somali and Sudanese communities, fleeing civil war and violence in their own countries, rebuilt their communities in Egypt, yet, when Sudanese refugees grew frustrated by very slow resettlement programs and the diminishing possibilities to gain refugee status, over 1,200 men, women, and children staged a sit-in. In general, Egypt, with its rigid citizenship laws and its public discourse of exclusionary nationalism and its simultaneous commitment to the protection of refugees and the cosmopolitan daily realities of its urban spaces, seems to be a host society that is both closed and open to refugees.Less
This chapter argues that African migrant groups are marginalized on the level of governmental policies, national discourse, and daily life yet, despite these exclusionary policies and economic hardships, Cairo's spaces of illegality, informality and (transnational) kinship networks, and community solidarity can make it a “more fluid and thus safer urban space” than that experienced by refugees in many other nations. It also covers the ways in which Somali and Sudanese communities, fleeing civil war and violence in their own countries, rebuilt their communities in Egypt, yet, when Sudanese refugees grew frustrated by very slow resettlement programs and the diminishing possibilities to gain refugee status, over 1,200 men, women, and children staged a sit-in. In general, Egypt, with its rigid citizenship laws and its public discourse of exclusionary nationalism and its simultaneous commitment to the protection of refugees and the cosmopolitan daily realities of its urban spaces, seems to be a host society that is both closed and open to refugees.
Brian Bercusson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199287994
- eISBN:
- 9780191700477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287994.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter addresses the recurrent question of justiciability, and, relatedly, indivisibility, tackling the question of social rights under the new, although now ill-fated European Union ...
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This chapter addresses the recurrent question of justiciability, and, relatedly, indivisibility, tackling the question of social rights under the new, although now ill-fated European Union Constitution, and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. It provides a critical account of the debates which led to the provision of the Charter distinguishing between ‘principles’ and other rights, and moves on to consider several different ways in which the various social rights contained in the Charter may come to be given domestic effect, whether through indirect interpretative methods, or non-judicial methods, or through varying ‘equilibria’ of these mechanisms. The chapter identifies at least three groups of social rights: those that are clearly justiciable and simply need effective implementation, those that are moving towards greater justiciability as positive enforceable rights, and finally those that are programmatic in nature and that require greater ongoing monitoring of governmental policy together with a form of ‘consistency’ review.Less
This chapter addresses the recurrent question of justiciability, and, relatedly, indivisibility, tackling the question of social rights under the new, although now ill-fated European Union Constitution, and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. It provides a critical account of the debates which led to the provision of the Charter distinguishing between ‘principles’ and other rights, and moves on to consider several different ways in which the various social rights contained in the Charter may come to be given domestic effect, whether through indirect interpretative methods, or non-judicial methods, or through varying ‘equilibria’ of these mechanisms. The chapter identifies at least three groups of social rights: those that are clearly justiciable and simply need effective implementation, those that are moving towards greater justiciability as positive enforceable rights, and finally those that are programmatic in nature and that require greater ongoing monitoring of governmental policy together with a form of ‘consistency’ review.
Jocelyn Elise Crowley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451751
- eISBN:
- 9780801467455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451751.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of ...
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This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of whether or not mothers tend to support various workplace flexibility initiatives. It also examines the levels of support that exist for governmental policies promoting workplace flexibility—ranging from educating firms about the benefits of such options, to tax breaks for companies that offer such plans, to mandatory requirements that organizations offer employees processes through which they can receive such arrangements. In doing so, the chapter offers possible parameters for policy makers as they develop reforms to generate the widest levels of public support.Less
This chapter explains workplace flexibility as a unifying concept for bringing all mothers together. Exploring across groups and the work-for-pay/stay-at-home dichotomy, it addresses the question of whether or not mothers tend to support various workplace flexibility initiatives. It also examines the levels of support that exist for governmental policies promoting workplace flexibility—ranging from educating firms about the benefits of such options, to tax breaks for companies that offer such plans, to mandatory requirements that organizations offer employees processes through which they can receive such arrangements. In doing so, the chapter offers possible parameters for policy makers as they develop reforms to generate the widest levels of public support.
Matthew D. Adler
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190643027
- eISBN:
- 9780190643065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190643027.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter is a brief introduction to Measuring Social Welfare. The book provides an overview of the social welfare function (SWF) framework for assessing governmental policy. This introductory ...
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This chapter is a brief introduction to Measuring Social Welfare. The book provides an overview of the social welfare function (SWF) framework for assessing governmental policy. This introductory chapter motivates the framework via some stylized examples of policy choices involving environmental protection, redistributive taxation, infrastructure planning, climate change, and health policy. These examples illustrate recurring features of policy choice: that policies affect multiple dimensions of individual well-being; have “losers” as well as “winners”; produce a range of well-being changes (losses or gains) to individuals starting at a range of well-being levels; and may require a tradeoff between overall well-being and inequality. The SWF framework is able to take account of these recurring features of policy choice, and is applicable to a wide range of policy domains.Less
This chapter is a brief introduction to Measuring Social Welfare. The book provides an overview of the social welfare function (SWF) framework for assessing governmental policy. This introductory chapter motivates the framework via some stylized examples of policy choices involving environmental protection, redistributive taxation, infrastructure planning, climate change, and health policy. These examples illustrate recurring features of policy choice: that policies affect multiple dimensions of individual well-being; have “losers” as well as “winners”; produce a range of well-being changes (losses or gains) to individuals starting at a range of well-being levels; and may require a tradeoff between overall well-being and inequality. The SWF framework is able to take account of these recurring features of policy choice, and is applicable to a wide range of policy domains.
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226446998
- eISBN:
- 9780226447018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226447018.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Between 1892, when she first emerged on the national stage, and 1898, Jane Addams would become increasingly engaged in shaping governmental policy. In retrospect, Addams saw this broadening of her ...
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Between 1892, when she first emerged on the national stage, and 1898, Jane Addams would become increasingly engaged in shaping governmental policy. In retrospect, Addams saw this broadening of her agenda as an inevitable consequence of the times. In Twenty Years at Hull-House she presents herself as “the personality upon whom various social and industrial movements in Chicago reacted.” When she was sixty-nine she recalled the urgency she and others felt. “There was something in [those years],” she wrote, “that was very overwhelming. I am sure if it caught us again it would make us do what we could moment by moment because we felt under pressure to do something.”Less
Between 1892, when she first emerged on the national stage, and 1898, Jane Addams would become increasingly engaged in shaping governmental policy. In retrospect, Addams saw this broadening of her agenda as an inevitable consequence of the times. In Twenty Years at Hull-House she presents herself as “the personality upon whom various social and industrial movements in Chicago reacted.” When she was sixty-nine she recalled the urgency she and others felt. “There was something in [those years],” she wrote, “that was very overwhelming. I am sure if it caught us again it would make us do what we could moment by moment because we felt under pressure to do something.”
Zohar Amar and Efraim Lev
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748697816
- eISBN:
- 9781474430418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697816.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter draws some conclusions from the researches laid out in the previous chapter. It considers the extent of the Indian contribution to the inventory of medicinal substances in the early ...
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This chapter draws some conclusions from the researches laid out in the previous chapter. It considers the extent of the Indian contribution to the inventory of medicinal substances in the early Islamic period, as well as how evidence of such contributions seems so scarce in comparison. The chapter also discusses the distribution of these drugs and how they were spurred on by ‘strong market forces’ — namely, the new trading routes and economic conditions created by the Arab conquests and their governmental policies. Literature and translations were just one way to transmit medical knowledge from the Classical to the Arab world and from there to the West; others were trade, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and waves of conquests. The chapter thus shows how the Arabs rendered a transformation of the entire medieval world, including the comprehensive dominance of Greek pharmacology along with Persian and Ayurvedic drugs.Less
This chapter draws some conclusions from the researches laid out in the previous chapter. It considers the extent of the Indian contribution to the inventory of medicinal substances in the early Islamic period, as well as how evidence of such contributions seems so scarce in comparison. The chapter also discusses the distribution of these drugs and how they were spurred on by ‘strong market forces’ — namely, the new trading routes and economic conditions created by the Arab conquests and their governmental policies. Literature and translations were just one way to transmit medical knowledge from the Classical to the Arab world and from there to the West; others were trade, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and waves of conquests. The chapter thus shows how the Arabs rendered a transformation of the entire medieval world, including the comprehensive dominance of Greek pharmacology along with Persian and Ayurvedic drugs.
Gary D. Libecap and Richard H. Steckel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226479880
- eISBN:
- 9780226479903
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226479903.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The book responds to proceedings of the past couple of decades, especially the efficacy of collective action in light of reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The types of ...
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The book responds to proceedings of the past couple of decades, especially the efficacy of collective action in light of reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The types of adaptation to climate that are described in this volume have received less attention in the economics literature than have policies for mitigation of emissions. The chapters in this volume provide important new empirical information on and analyses of the economics of climate change. They examine responses to past climatic events and in so doing indicate the range of possible future adaptations. This knowledge is critical for understanding how society has reacted to similar occurrences in the past and for developing effective, new private and governmental policies to address them. The chapters describe research findings regarding historical climate-related events as they have been faced in the American economy; the responses of individuals, organizations, and government institutions to those climate challenges; and assessments of their successes in addressing potential disruptions and in promoting the continued economic growth and welfare. The chapters also provide new data sources for measuring and evaluating how economic agents have adjusted to and progressed even in light of formidable environmental concerns.Less
The book responds to proceedings of the past couple of decades, especially the efficacy of collective action in light of reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The types of adaptation to climate that are described in this volume have received less attention in the economics literature than have policies for mitigation of emissions. The chapters in this volume provide important new empirical information on and analyses of the economics of climate change. They examine responses to past climatic events and in so doing indicate the range of possible future adaptations. This knowledge is critical for understanding how society has reacted to similar occurrences in the past and for developing effective, new private and governmental policies to address them. The chapters describe research findings regarding historical climate-related events as they have been faced in the American economy; the responses of individuals, organizations, and government institutions to those climate challenges; and assessments of their successes in addressing potential disruptions and in promoting the continued economic growth and welfare. The chapters also provide new data sources for measuring and evaluating how economic agents have adjusted to and progressed even in light of formidable environmental concerns.