Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter considers what happens after parties negotiate a government. How far do they succeed in carrying out their original intentions and thereby effectuating the preferences of the median ...
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This chapter considers what happens after parties negotiate a government. How far do they succeed in carrying out their original intentions and thereby effectuating the preferences of the median voter? The analysis of government declarations gives mixed signals about who is in control of policy. On a general Left-Right orientation, the policy position marked by a country's median voter is the most reliably consistent indicator of what a government intends to do. If this effect is causal, it would have to be due to parliaments and governments looking over their shoulders at what the election communicated about the median voter Left–Right position and anticipating policy benefits at the next election, as opposed to the median voter effectively selecting a median parliamentary position that then takes control of the general tenor of policy. If the parliamentary median were the major influence, it would be the variable that withstood controls for the government and electorate. It does not come close to this however. And, while the government's Left–Right position nearly withstands statistical controls, the magnitude of its effect pales in comparison to that of the electorate's position.Less
This chapter considers what happens after parties negotiate a government. How far do they succeed in carrying out their original intentions and thereby effectuating the preferences of the median voter? The analysis of government declarations gives mixed signals about who is in control of policy. On a general Left-Right orientation, the policy position marked by a country's median voter is the most reliably consistent indicator of what a government intends to do. If this effect is causal, it would have to be due to parliaments and governments looking over their shoulders at what the election communicated about the median voter Left–Right position and anticipating policy benefits at the next election, as opposed to the median voter effectively selecting a median parliamentary position that then takes control of the general tenor of policy. If the parliamentary median were the major influence, it would be the variable that withstood controls for the government and electorate. It does not come close to this however. And, while the government's Left–Right position nearly withstands statistical controls, the magnitude of its effect pales in comparison to that of the electorate's position.
Masahiko Aoki, Kevin Murdock, and Masahiro Okuno‐Fujiwara
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the relevant parts of the contributions included in this volume. A summary ofThe East Asian Miraclepublished by the World Bank in 1993 is presented. The potential role of ...
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This chapter discusses the relevant parts of the contributions included in this volume. A summary ofThe East Asian Miraclepublished by the World Bank in 1993 is presented. The potential role of government in resolving coordination failures; how government policy can complement decentralized coordination; the use of contingent rents versus the use of direct policies; a framework for analyzing the roles of the private sector and government in coordinating economic activity; the political-economy structures of East Asian economies; and the motivations of government and the bureaucracy are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the relevant parts of the contributions included in this volume. A summary ofThe East Asian Miraclepublished by the World Bank in 1993 is presented. The potential role of government in resolving coordination failures; how government policy can complement decentralized coordination; the use of contingent rents versus the use of direct policies; a framework for analyzing the roles of the private sector and government in coordinating economic activity; the political-economy structures of East Asian economies; and the motivations of government and the bureaucracy are discussed.
Lawrence J. Lau
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy ...
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This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy instruments the governments used in mobilizing resource inputs, allocating them more efficiently, and shifting the production frontier outwards. The issues involved in the use of each instrument are illustrated with rich facts from the greater Chinese economic zone.Less
This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy instruments the governments used in mobilizing resource inputs, allocating them more efficiently, and shifting the production frontier outwards. The issues involved in the use of each instrument are illustrated with rich facts from the greater Chinese economic zone.
Hyung‐Ki Kim and Jun Ma
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government ...
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This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.Less
This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.
Yoon Je Cho
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses how economic rent was created and distributed in the course of economic development in Korea, focusing on government intervention in the financial market. The Korean experience ...
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This chapter discusses how economic rent was created and distributed in the course of economic development in Korea, focusing on government intervention in the financial market. The Korean experience shows that it is possible for governments to intervene productively and effectively in the early stages of economic development. The balance between the role of government and market forces should reflect the financial market, industrial organization, market structure, and political and international environment facing the country. However, as economic development advances, the role and scope of government intervention must be reappraised with a view towards greater reliance on market forces.Less
This chapter discusses how economic rent was created and distributed in the course of economic development in Korea, focusing on government intervention in the financial market. The Korean experience shows that it is possible for governments to intervene productively and effectively in the early stages of economic development. The balance between the role of government and market forces should reflect the financial market, industrial organization, market structure, and political and international environment facing the country. However, as economic development advances, the role and scope of government intervention must be reappraised with a view towards greater reliance on market forces.
Richard Coopey
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the three major trends affecting the major industrialized nations following the Second World War. It then discusses the success of American manufacturers in ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the three major trends affecting the major industrialized nations following the Second World War. It then discusses the success of American manufacturers in IT, and the attempts of European and Japanese governments to construct a national champion to compete against IBM. Factors affecting IT policy are then assessed.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the three major trends affecting the major industrialized nations following the Second World War. It then discusses the success of American manufacturers in IT, and the attempts of European and Japanese governments to construct a national champion to compete against IBM. Factors affecting IT policy are then assessed.
Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Manifestoes and declarations state priorities for policy rather than getting down to the nitty-gritty. Actual decision-making involves the allocation of scarce resources, and this is examined in this ...
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Manifestoes and declarations state priorities for policy rather than getting down to the nitty-gritty. Actual decision-making involves the allocation of scarce resources, and this is examined in this chapter. The policies selected are those that square with those investigated in government declarations. One involves two sets of indicators of the size of a country's public economy — one for 1982 and another for 1992 — measured by central government spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). These are analyzed in relationship both to the Left–Right positions of electorates, parliaments, and governments as well as to the planning versus market orientation of parliaments, governments, and finance ministries. A second set comes from two indicators of support for welfare. One is Esping–Anderson's (1990) scoring of welfare provision from the early 1980s; the other is the level of social spending as a percentage of GDP from the early 1990s. The third policy is covered by another two indicators, of a peaceful versus militarist orientation to international affairs. One is the level of foreign economic aid as a percentage of GDP from the early 1980s, and the other the ratio of foreign economic aid to defence spending from the early 1990s.Less
Manifestoes and declarations state priorities for policy rather than getting down to the nitty-gritty. Actual decision-making involves the allocation of scarce resources, and this is examined in this chapter. The policies selected are those that square with those investigated in government declarations. One involves two sets of indicators of the size of a country's public economy — one for 1982 and another for 1992 — measured by central government spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). These are analyzed in relationship both to the Left–Right positions of electorates, parliaments, and governments as well as to the planning versus market orientation of parliaments, governments, and finance ministries. A second set comes from two indicators of support for welfare. One is Esping–Anderson's (1990) scoring of welfare provision from the early 1980s; the other is the level of social spending as a percentage of GDP from the early 1990s. The third policy is covered by another two indicators, of a peaceful versus militarist orientation to international affairs. One is the level of foreign economic aid as a percentage of GDP from the early 1980s, and the other the ratio of foreign economic aid to defence spending from the early 1990s.
Masahiko Aoki, Hyung-Ki Kim, and Masahiro Okuno-Fujiwara (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The role of government in East Asian economic development has been a contentious issue. Two competing views have shaped enquiries into the source of the rapid growth of the high-performing Asian ...
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The role of government in East Asian economic development has been a contentious issue. Two competing views have shaped enquiries into the source of the rapid growth of the high-performing Asian economies and attempts to derive a general lesson for other developing economies: the market-friendly view, according to which government intervenes little in the market, and the developmental state view, in which it governs the market. What these views share in common is a conception of market and government as alternative mechanisms for resource allocation. They are distinct only in their judgement of the extent to which market failures have been, and ought to be, remedied by direct government intervention. This collection of essays suggests a breakthrough, third view: the market-enhancing view. Instead of viewing government and the market as mutually exclusive substitutes, it examines the capacity of government policy to facilitate or complement private sector co-ordination. The book starts from the premise that private sector institutions have important comparative advantages over government, in particular in their ability to process information available on site. At the same time, it recognizes that the capabilities of the private sector are more limited in developing economies. The market-enhancing view thus stresses the mechanisms whereby government policy is directed at improving the ability of the private sector to solve coordination problems and overcome other market imperfections. In presenting the market-enhancing view, the book recognizes the wide diversity of the roles of government across various East Asian economies including Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and China, and its path-dependent and developmental stage nature.Less
The role of government in East Asian economic development has been a contentious issue. Two competing views have shaped enquiries into the source of the rapid growth of the high-performing Asian economies and attempts to derive a general lesson for other developing economies: the market-friendly view, according to which government intervenes little in the market, and the developmental state view, in which it governs the market. What these views share in common is a conception of market and government as alternative mechanisms for resource allocation. They are distinct only in their judgement of the extent to which market failures have been, and ought to be, remedied by direct government intervention. This collection of essays suggests a breakthrough, third view: the market-enhancing view. Instead of viewing government and the market as mutually exclusive substitutes, it examines the capacity of government policy to facilitate or complement private sector co-ordination. The book starts from the premise that private sector institutions have important comparative advantages over government, in particular in their ability to process information available on site. At the same time, it recognizes that the capabilities of the private sector are more limited in developing economies. The market-enhancing view thus stresses the mechanisms whereby government policy is directed at improving the ability of the private sector to solve coordination problems and overcome other market imperfections. In presenting the market-enhancing view, the book recognizes the wide diversity of the roles of government across various East Asian economies including Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and China, and its path-dependent and developmental stage nature.
Roger Undy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199544943
- eISBN:
- 9780191719936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544943.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
Union strategies, both formal and ‘realized’, are defined before setting them in the British context by reference to economic, political, and social factors. The effect of the environment on unions' ...
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Union strategies, both formal and ‘realized’, are defined before setting them in the British context by reference to economic, political, and social factors. The effect of the environment on unions' aggregate membership and on thirty-two unions extant between 1979 and 2004 (while making allowances for numbers added by mergers) is discussed. Unions' non‐merger strategies, including their organizing strategy and servicing strategy, are assessed. Particular attention is paid to those unions driving the British merger movement. It is concluded that British unions are both eclectic and pragmatic in their choice of strategies.Less
Union strategies, both formal and ‘realized’, are defined before setting them in the British context by reference to economic, political, and social factors. The effect of the environment on unions' aggregate membership and on thirty-two unions extant between 1979 and 2004 (while making allowances for numbers added by mergers) is discussed. Unions' non‐merger strategies, including their organizing strategy and servicing strategy, are assessed. Particular attention is paid to those unions driving the British merger movement. It is concluded that British unions are both eclectic and pragmatic in their choice of strategies.
K. S. Jomo and Edmund Terence Gomez
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the trade-offs involved between two types of rents in the context of resource-rich, ethnically diverse Malaysia: one primarily generated for postcolonial industrial development ...
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This chapter discusses the trade-offs involved between two types of rents in the context of resource-rich, ethnically diverse Malaysia: one primarily generated for postcolonial industrial development and the other generated for redistributive goals, mainly along interethnic lines. How the two types of rents have interacted with each other, alternated in influence, and affected the efficiency of the development process is discussed. It is shown that while redistributive policy has enhanced human capital accumulation among Malays or Bumiputras and reduced political tension, redistributive rents have induced various unproductive renter behaviours.Less
This chapter discusses the trade-offs involved between two types of rents in the context of resource-rich, ethnically diverse Malaysia: one primarily generated for postcolonial industrial development and the other generated for redistributive goals, mainly along interethnic lines. How the two types of rents have interacted with each other, alternated in influence, and affected the efficiency of the development process is discussed. It is shown that while redistributive policy has enhanced human capital accumulation among Malays or Bumiputras and reduced political tension, redistributive rents have induced various unproductive renter behaviours.
Arthur L. Norberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the ...
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This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the historical appreciation of the role of government in R&D for computing. This 50-year analysis also illustrates similarities in approach to selecting problems and funding R&D over the three phases. The changes discussed resulted both from sophistication within computing and from altered attitudes and circumstances in the society around the computing enterprise.Less
This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the historical appreciation of the role of government in R&D for computing. This 50-year analysis also illustrates similarities in approach to selecting problems and funding R&D over the three phases. The changes discussed resulted both from sophistication within computing and from altered attitudes and circumstances in the society around the computing enterprise.
William Aspray
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter presents the history of policies and practices in the supply of IT workers, especially as they relate to policy for higher education and computing research, in the United States. There ...
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This chapter presents the history of policies and practices in the supply of IT workers, especially as they relate to policy for higher education and computing research, in the United States. There is no direct worker policy that mandates how many workers of various types need to be trained. Instead, policy about the supply of IT workers is vested in other kinds of policy: national research output, education, defence, social welfare, immigration, national economic competitiveness, and taxation. Concerns about the national supply of IT workers is tied directly to scientific research and higher education policy, and these are the topics that are investigated most extensively in this chapter. Both the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Academies of Science and Engineering have been key players in this.Less
This chapter presents the history of policies and practices in the supply of IT workers, especially as they relate to policy for higher education and computing research, in the United States. There is no direct worker policy that mandates how many workers of various types need to be trained. Instead, policy about the supply of IT workers is vested in other kinds of policy: national research output, education, defence, social welfare, immigration, national economic competitiveness, and taxation. Concerns about the national supply of IT workers is tied directly to scientific research and higher education policy, and these are the topics that are investigated most extensively in this chapter. Both the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Academies of Science and Engineering have been key players in this.
Kiminori Matsuyama
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the fundamental difficulty of coordination problems in the context of economic development. It argues that coordination failure arises because no one can know the exact nature ...
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This chapter discusses the fundamental difficulty of coordination problems in the context of economic development. It argues that coordination failure arises because no one can know the exact nature of the problem being solved. Because of this lack of knowledge, the logic of coordination failures does not justify centralized policy activities. The greatest threat posed by centralized coordination is interfering with private experiments to discover an even better way of coordination.Less
This chapter discusses the fundamental difficulty of coordination problems in the context of economic development. It argues that coordination failure arises because no one can know the exact nature of the problem being solved. Because of this lack of knowledge, the logic of coordination failures does not justify centralized policy activities. The greatest threat posed by centralized coordination is interfering with private experiments to discover an even better way of coordination.
Steven W. Usselman
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The fortunes of the American computer industry illustrates a remarkable economic success story in terms of global performance. What is especially striking about the industry is its resilience — its ...
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The fortunes of the American computer industry illustrates a remarkable economic success story in terms of global performance. What is especially striking about the industry is its resilience — its ability to sustain dominance across a series of technical watersheds. Proponents of virtually every theory on economic activity and from every school of political economy have found some basis for support in the experiences of the computer industry. This chapter adds one more element to the story: government competition policy, specifically antitrust, and its close cousin, intellectual property law.Less
The fortunes of the American computer industry illustrates a remarkable economic success story in terms of global performance. What is especially striking about the industry is its resilience — its ability to sustain dominance across a series of technical watersheds. Proponents of virtually every theory on economic activity and from every school of political economy have found some basis for support in the experiences of the computer industry. This chapter adds one more element to the story: government competition policy, specifically antitrust, and its close cousin, intellectual property law.
Richard G. Lipsey
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The view of globalization taken in this chapter is that it is but a subset of the immense number of structural adjustments that the world is undergoing as a result of the evolution of a related group ...
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The view of globalization taken in this chapter is that it is but a subset of the immense number of structural adjustments that the world is undergoing as a result of the evolution of a related group of new technologies usually referred to as information and communications technologies (ICT). Since the ICT revolution is causing many structural adjustments, including globalization, and since the rethinking of the role of governments is to a great extent driven by all of these structural changes, it is often hard to know what is due to globalization and what is due to other aspects of the adjustments wrought by the ICT revolution. So, the scope of this chapter is the nature of the ICT revolution, the deep structural adjustments that it is inducing, including globalization, and the rethinking of the place of the government in the economy—one major driving force of which is globalization. Sect. 2 of the chapter looks at technological and structural change in general and ends with globalization in particular, and Sect. 3 deals with what economists have traditionally regarded as the functions of the nation state. Sect. 4 develops the chapter's main theme,i.e., how technological change and globalization are altering views about the place of government in the economy and, in the process, leading to a new clash of ideologies.Less
The view of globalization taken in this chapter is that it is but a subset of the immense number of structural adjustments that the world is undergoing as a result of the evolution of a related group of new technologies usually referred to as information and communications technologies (ICT). Since the ICT revolution is causing many structural adjustments, including globalization, and since the rethinking of the role of governments is to a great extent driven by all of these structural changes, it is often hard to know what is due to globalization and what is due to other aspects of the adjustments wrought by the ICT revolution. So, the scope of this chapter is the nature of the ICT revolution, the deep structural adjustments that it is inducing, including globalization, and the rethinking of the place of the government in the economy—one major driving force of which is globalization. Sect. 2 of the chapter looks at technological and structural change in general and ends with globalization in particular, and Sect. 3 deals with what economists have traditionally regarded as the functions of the nation state. Sect. 4 develops the chapter's main theme,i.e., how technological change and globalization are altering views about the place of government in the economy and, in the process, leading to a new clash of ideologies.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.00011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
The empirical evidence examined in this book is highly supportive of the idea that economic rents play a key role in determining the degree of association between partisanship and corporate ...
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The empirical evidence examined in this book is highly supportive of the idea that economic rents play a key role in determining the degree of association between partisanship and corporate governance change in nonliberal market economies. Economic rents are the key factor that mould the preferences of political parties vis‐à‐vis corporate governance policy, and determine the ability of such policy to translate into changes in firm‐level corporate governance outcomes.Less
The empirical evidence examined in this book is highly supportive of the idea that economic rents play a key role in determining the degree of association between partisanship and corporate governance change in nonliberal market economies. Economic rents are the key factor that mould the preferences of political parties vis‐à‐vis corporate governance policy, and determine the ability of such policy to translate into changes in firm‐level corporate governance outcomes.
Peter A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195150896
- eISBN:
- 9780199834938
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195150899.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The overall levels of social capital in Great Britain appear to have remained robust since the 1950s. However, disparities in the social capital available to the working and middle classes appear to ...
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The overall levels of social capital in Great Britain appear to have remained robust since the 1950s. However, disparities in the social capital available to the working and middle classes appear to have widened. Government policies on education and social service delivery have been central to sustaining levels of social capital.Less
The overall levels of social capital in Great Britain appear to have remained robust since the 1950s. However, disparities in the social capital available to the working and middle classes appear to have widened. Government policies on education and social service delivery have been central to sustaining levels of social capital.
James E. Vestal
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290278
- eISBN:
- 9780191684814
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290278.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
What has been the role of government industrial policy in Japan's extraordinary post-war development? How has the role changed in successive phases of growth? What ‘lessons’ can be learnt from this ...
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What has been the role of government industrial policy in Japan's extraordinary post-war development? How has the role changed in successive phases of growth? What ‘lessons’ can be learnt from this experience by other nations, be they in the West, or developing countries or economies in transition attempting to introduce competitive market structures? These are some of the main questions addressed in this study. Dividing the period into three main phases, the book shows that policy played a crucial role in the initial period of post-war recovery. It did so not by ‘picking winners’ but by creating a stable base from which development could occur by spreading the cost of introducing market competition over time. In the succeeding high growth period, and more recently, Japan's industrial policy attempts only to promote the development of new technology, and smooth the decline of sectors that are no longer globally competitive. That Japan itself no longer practices industrial policy on a wide scale is an irony little appreciated by those advocating the adoption of a ‘Japan-style’ industrial policy elsewhere.Less
What has been the role of government industrial policy in Japan's extraordinary post-war development? How has the role changed in successive phases of growth? What ‘lessons’ can be learnt from this experience by other nations, be they in the West, or developing countries or economies in transition attempting to introduce competitive market structures? These are some of the main questions addressed in this study. Dividing the period into three main phases, the book shows that policy played a crucial role in the initial period of post-war recovery. It did so not by ‘picking winners’ but by creating a stable base from which development could occur by spreading the cost of introducing market competition over time. In the succeeding high growth period, and more recently, Japan's industrial policy attempts only to promote the development of new technology, and smooth the decline of sectors that are no longer globally competitive. That Japan itself no longer practices industrial policy on a wide scale is an irony little appreciated by those advocating the adoption of a ‘Japan-style’ industrial policy elsewhere.
Anthony B. Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The recent rise in inequality in the distribution of disposable income in many, although not all, countries has led to a search for explanations, particularly since for much of the postwar period ...
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The recent rise in inequality in the distribution of disposable income in many, although not all, countries has led to a search for explanations, particularly since for much of the postwar period falling income inequality has been the norm. In the OECD countries, on which this chapter concentrates, the cause has been identified as rising wage dispersion, coupled with persistent unemployment in Europe. However, a number of factors need to be brought into any explanation of the extent and timing of changes in income distribution, including movements in factor shares, changes in real interest rates, and the impact of the government budget. This chapter focusses on the last of these. It has five sections: Introduction; Redistributive Impact of the Government Budget in selected OECD countries—a review of the statistical evidence from five OECD countries where a time series of studies covering the 1980s and the 1990s is available (UK, Canada, West Germany, Finland, Sweden; The Government Budget in Principle and Policy Reaction to Demographic Shifts—a simple framework within which the distributional implications of different government policy responses to changes in economic conditions and the different elements influencing the choice of response are explored; Policy Changes in Redistributive Taxes and Transfers: Case Studies of Unemployment Benefit and Personal Taxation—in the five European countries already studied, and in the US; and Summary of Conclusions.Less
The recent rise in inequality in the distribution of disposable income in many, although not all, countries has led to a search for explanations, particularly since for much of the postwar period falling income inequality has been the norm. In the OECD countries, on which this chapter concentrates, the cause has been identified as rising wage dispersion, coupled with persistent unemployment in Europe. However, a number of factors need to be brought into any explanation of the extent and timing of changes in income distribution, including movements in factor shares, changes in real interest rates, and the impact of the government budget. This chapter focusses on the last of these. It has five sections: Introduction; Redistributive Impact of the Government Budget in selected OECD countries—a review of the statistical evidence from five OECD countries where a time series of studies covering the 1980s and the 1990s is available (UK, Canada, West Germany, Finland, Sweden; The Government Budget in Principle and Policy Reaction to Demographic Shifts—a simple framework within which the distributional implications of different government policy responses to changes in economic conditions and the different elements influencing the choice of response are explored; Policy Changes in Redistributive Taxes and Transfers: Case Studies of Unemployment Benefit and Personal Taxation—in the five European countries already studied, and in the US; and Summary of Conclusions.
Amitava Krishna Dutt and J. Mohan Rao
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195145465
- eISBN:
- 9780199783960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145465.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the historical record with a view of assessing the diverse views about India's economic reforms, which have aimed to liberalize and globalize its economy. First, the content of ...
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This chapter examines the historical record with a view of assessing the diverse views about India's economic reforms, which have aimed to liberalize and globalize its economy. First, the content of reforms undertaken are briefly examined and then an account is given of how the effects of globalization are to be explored in the following sections. The third section looks at some macroeconomic dimensions of performance, including the realized effects of openness on external transactions, on economic growth, and on trends in the rural sector, which remains the mainstay of employment. The fourth section summarizes trends in employment and unemployment, and the changing commodity composition of employment and its distribution across the formal/informal divide. The fifth section delves into some controversies surrounding the assessment of changes in income distribution and poverty under the impact of reforms, and the sixth turns to the government policy toward social safety nets.Less
This chapter examines the historical record with a view of assessing the diverse views about India's economic reforms, which have aimed to liberalize and globalize its economy. First, the content of reforms undertaken are briefly examined and then an account is given of how the effects of globalization are to be explored in the following sections. The third section looks at some macroeconomic dimensions of performance, including the realized effects of openness on external transactions, on economic growth, and on trends in the rural sector, which remains the mainstay of employment. The fourth section summarizes trends in employment and unemployment, and the changing commodity composition of employment and its distribution across the formal/informal divide. The fifth section delves into some controversies surrounding the assessment of changes in income distribution and poverty under the impact of reforms, and the sixth turns to the government policy toward social safety nets.
