Jean Charlot
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280354
- eISBN:
- 9780191599422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280351.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Despite the rise in electoral abstention, decline in party identification, and lack of trust in political elites, representative democracy is not in crisis, although the economic policies of ...
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Despite the rise in electoral abstention, decline in party identification, and lack of trust in political elites, representative democracy is not in crisis, although the economic policies of governments have been frequently ineffective. European leaders have used opinion polls, which are effective in reaching more than the active minorities, to remain in touch with what the electors desire. Between elections, public opinion, as polls reveal it, as the media present, and as the politicians respond to it, exerts increasing pressure on government decision‐making.Less
Despite the rise in electoral abstention, decline in party identification, and lack of trust in political elites, representative democracy is not in crisis, although the economic policies of governments have been frequently ineffective. European leaders have used opinion polls, which are effective in reaching more than the active minorities, to remain in touch with what the electors desire. Between elections, public opinion, as polls reveal it, as the media present, and as the politicians respond to it, exerts increasing pressure on government decision‐making.
Matthew S. Seligmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261505
- eISBN:
- 9780191718618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261505.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter assesses the impact of the many reports and memoranda sent by the service attachés in Berlin to their superiors in London. It shows that their dispatches were taken very seriously in the ...
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This chapter assesses the impact of the many reports and memoranda sent by the service attachés in Berlin to their superiors in London. It shows that their dispatches were taken very seriously in the three departments concerned with Britain's foreign and defence policy — the Admiralty, War Office, and Foreign Office — that received them; that they were also read by senior figures in government from the king and Prime Minister downwards; that they were often circulated to the cabinet and discussed in the Committee of Imperial Defence; and that they were the basis of a considerable amount of private correspondence among senior officials. Case studies of British aviation policy and British shipbuilding policy during the 1909 naval scare also reveal the considerable input that the intelligence provided by the attachés had on Government decision-making.Less
This chapter assesses the impact of the many reports and memoranda sent by the service attachés in Berlin to their superiors in London. It shows that their dispatches were taken very seriously in the three departments concerned with Britain's foreign and defence policy — the Admiralty, War Office, and Foreign Office — that received them; that they were also read by senior figures in government from the king and Prime Minister downwards; that they were often circulated to the cabinet and discussed in the Committee of Imperial Defence; and that they were the basis of a considerable amount of private correspondence among senior officials. Case studies of British aviation policy and British shipbuilding policy during the 1909 naval scare also reveal the considerable input that the intelligence provided by the attachés had on Government decision-making.
Ho-Fung Hung
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231152037
- eISBN:
- 9780231525459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231152037.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on the first of the three waves of protest in mid-Qing China. It delves into the strategies, ideologies, and collective identities underlying the wave of protest in 1740–1759 by ...
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This chapter focuses on the first of the three waves of protest in mid-Qing China. It delves into the strategies, ideologies, and collective identities underlying the wave of protest in 1740–1759 by examining the details of select episodes of each of the three common types of state-engaging protests—protests seeking paternalist care from the state, attempting to shape governmental decisions, and requesting governmental intervention in social conflicts—as well as two cases of state-resisting protest. The cases selected are typical rather than exceptional and are well documented in the archival materials. Most of the selected cases are from Jiangsu province, which is a reflection of the geographical distribution of all documented protests for the period.Less
This chapter focuses on the first of the three waves of protest in mid-Qing China. It delves into the strategies, ideologies, and collective identities underlying the wave of protest in 1740–1759 by examining the details of select episodes of each of the three common types of state-engaging protests—protests seeking paternalist care from the state, attempting to shape governmental decisions, and requesting governmental intervention in social conflicts—as well as two cases of state-resisting protest. The cases selected are typical rather than exceptional and are well documented in the archival materials. Most of the selected cases are from Jiangsu province, which is a reflection of the geographical distribution of all documented protests for the period.
R.V. Vaidyanatha Ayyar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199463473
- eISBN:
- 9780199087129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463473.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter describes how at a time of fiscal austerity when funds had to be curtailed even for ongoing programmes an unexpected opportunity arose to operationalize the new strategy for ...
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This chapter describes how at a time of fiscal austerity when funds had to be curtailed even for ongoing programmes an unexpected opportunity arose to operationalize the new strategy for universalizing elementary education when the World Bank offered to provide a Social Safety Net (SSN) Credit to tide over the adverse effects of the ongoing adjustment on basic services like elementary education. It throws light on the decision-making process through which the government developed a package for funding by the Bank; it also outlines the informal and formal negotiations with the World Bank as well as the organizational politics within the World Bank. It concludes by explaining the offer of the European Community to assist the District Primary Education back to back to the SSN Credit offered by the World Bank.Less
This chapter describes how at a time of fiscal austerity when funds had to be curtailed even for ongoing programmes an unexpected opportunity arose to operationalize the new strategy for universalizing elementary education when the World Bank offered to provide a Social Safety Net (SSN) Credit to tide over the adverse effects of the ongoing adjustment on basic services like elementary education. It throws light on the decision-making process through which the government developed a package for funding by the Bank; it also outlines the informal and formal negotiations with the World Bank as well as the organizational politics within the World Bank. It concludes by explaining the offer of the European Community to assist the District Primary Education back to back to the SSN Credit offered by the World Bank.
