Alice H. Amsden
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195076035
- eISBN:
- 9780199870691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195076036.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
This chapter, within the context of the shipbuilding industry in the acutely competitive decade of the 1970s, examines the hypothesis that the diversified business (industrial) group provides a ...
More
This chapter, within the context of the shipbuilding industry in the acutely competitive decade of the 1970s, examines the hypothesis that the diversified business (industrial) group provides a multitude of capabilities and a protective cover to latecomers wishing to enter world trade. The whole chapter is devoted to Hyundai Heavy Industries of South Korea, a subsidiary of the Hyundai Group, which began building its first ship (a very large crude carrier) in March 1973. Aspects discussed are the competitive challenge, government assistance, foreign technical assistance, the acquisition of design capability, investment in the formation of the Hyundai Engine and Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Company, intermarginal changes (quality, and time and motion studies and cost control), and organization (chaebol membership).Less
This chapter, within the context of the shipbuilding industry in the acutely competitive decade of the 1970s, examines the hypothesis that the diversified business (industrial) group provides a multitude of capabilities and a protective cover to latecomers wishing to enter world trade. The whole chapter is devoted to Hyundai Heavy Industries of South Korea, a subsidiary of the Hyundai Group, which began building its first ship (a very large crude carrier) in March 1973. Aspects discussed are the competitive challenge, government assistance, foreign technical assistance, the acquisition of design capability, investment in the formation of the Hyundai Engine and Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Company, intermarginal changes (quality, and time and motion studies and cost control), and organization (chaebol membership).
Alice H. Amsden
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195076035
- eISBN:
- 9780199870691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195076036.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the hypothesis that climbing the ladder of comparative advantage is a matter of creating competitiveness, usually with government assistance, rather than stepping into it. The ...
More
This chapter examines the hypothesis that climbing the ladder of comparative advantage is a matter of creating competitiveness, usually with government assistance, rather than stepping into it. The evidence comes from South Korea's integrated iron‐ and steel‐maker (the Pohang Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., POSCO), which is the centerpiece of basic industry and a public enterprise. The chapter discusses POSCO's founding in 1968; its profitability and subsidization; international competition; foreign technical assistance and the nature of steel‐making technology; POSCO's initial prioritization of increasing volume production, and the later shift to improving product quality and introducing new products; shop‐floor focus; and cross‐subsidization.Less
This chapter examines the hypothesis that climbing the ladder of comparative advantage is a matter of creating competitiveness, usually with government assistance, rather than stepping into it. The evidence comes from South Korea's integrated iron‐ and steel‐maker (the Pohang Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., POSCO), which is the centerpiece of basic industry and a public enterprise. The chapter discusses POSCO's founding in 1968; its profitability and subsidization; international competition; foreign technical assistance and the nature of steel‐making technology; POSCO's initial prioritization of increasing volume production, and the later shift to improving product quality and introducing new products; shop‐floor focus; and cross‐subsidization.
Jill Duerr Berrick
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195113754
- eISBN:
- 9780199893546
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113754.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Social Policy
Most Americans are insulated from the poor; it is hard to imagine the challenges of poverty, the daily fears of crime and victimization, the frustration of not being able to provide for a child. ...
More
Most Americans are insulated from the poor; it is hard to imagine the challenges of poverty, the daily fears of crime and victimization, the frustration of not being able to provide for a child. Instead, we are often exposed to the rhetoric and hyperbole about the excesses of the American welfare system. These messages color our perception of the welfare problem in the United States and they close the American mind to a full understanding of the complexity of family poverty. But who are these poor families? What do we know about how they arrived in such desperate straits? Is poverty their fate for a lifetime or for only a brief period? Faces of Poverty answers these questions as it dispels the misconceptions and myths about welfare and the welfare population that have clouded the true picture of poverty in America. Over the course of a year, the author spent numerous hours as a participant-observer with five women and their families, documenting their daily activities, thoughts, and fears as they managed the strains of poverty. We meet Ana, Sandy, Rebecca, Darlene, and Cora, all of whom, at some point, have turned to welfare for support. Each represents a wider segment of the welfare population, ranging from Ana (who lost a business, injured her back, and temporarily lost her job, all in a short period of time) to Cora (who was raised in poverty, spent ten years in an abusive relationship, and now struggles to raise six children in a drug-infested neighborhood). As the author documents these women's experiences, she also debunks many of the myths about welfare: she reveals that welfare is not generous (welfare families remain below the poverty line, even with government assistance); that the majority of women on welfare are not long-term welfare dependents; that welfare does not run in families; that “welfare mothers” do not keep having children in order to increase their payments (women on welfare have, on average, two children); and that almost half of all women on welfare turned to it after a divorce. At a time when welfare has become a hotly debated political issue, Faces of Poverty gives us the facts. The debate surrounding welfare will continue as each of the 50 states struggles to reform their welfare programs, and this debate will turn on the public's perception of the welfare population. The author offers insight into each of the reforms under consideration, and starkly demonstrates their implications for poor women and children. She provides a window into these women's lives, portraying their hopes and fears, and their struggle to live with dignity.Less
Most Americans are insulated from the poor; it is hard to imagine the challenges of poverty, the daily fears of crime and victimization, the frustration of not being able to provide for a child. Instead, we are often exposed to the rhetoric and hyperbole about the excesses of the American welfare system. These messages color our perception of the welfare problem in the United States and they close the American mind to a full understanding of the complexity of family poverty. But who are these poor families? What do we know about how they arrived in such desperate straits? Is poverty their fate for a lifetime or for only a brief period? Faces of Poverty answers these questions as it dispels the misconceptions and myths about welfare and the welfare population that have clouded the true picture of poverty in America. Over the course of a year, the author spent numerous hours as a participant-observer with five women and their families, documenting their daily activities, thoughts, and fears as they managed the strains of poverty. We meet Ana, Sandy, Rebecca, Darlene, and Cora, all of whom, at some point, have turned to welfare for support. Each represents a wider segment of the welfare population, ranging from Ana (who lost a business, injured her back, and temporarily lost her job, all in a short period of time) to Cora (who was raised in poverty, spent ten years in an abusive relationship, and now struggles to raise six children in a drug-infested neighborhood). As the author documents these women's experiences, she also debunks many of the myths about welfare: she reveals that welfare is not generous (welfare families remain below the poverty line, even with government assistance); that the majority of women on welfare are not long-term welfare dependents; that welfare does not run in families; that “welfare mothers” do not keep having children in order to increase their payments (women on welfare have, on average, two children); and that almost half of all women on welfare turned to it after a divorce. At a time when welfare has become a hotly debated political issue, Faces of Poverty gives us the facts. The debate surrounding welfare will continue as each of the 50 states struggles to reform their welfare programs, and this debate will turn on the public's perception of the welfare population. The author offers insight into each of the reforms under consideration, and starkly demonstrates their implications for poor women and children. She provides a window into these women's lives, portraying their hopes and fears, and their struggle to live with dignity.
Ken Geiser
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262012522
- eISBN:
- 9780262327015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012522.003.0014
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
A safer chemical policy framework can be built from the older chemical control policy framework by modifying some of the building blocks and adding sections on national goals and plans and government ...
More
A safer chemical policy framework can be built from the older chemical control policy framework by modifying some of the building blocks and adding sections on national goals and plans and government response. While there have been national goals and plans for clean water and climate change, there has never been a national goal or plan for chemicals. Adding together the elements of a safer chemical framework does not negate the value of government initiatives. A chemical conversion strategy could be greatly assisted with government responses such as regulations, economic incentives, technical assistance, government investments and surveillance, monitoring and evaluation.Less
A safer chemical policy framework can be built from the older chemical control policy framework by modifying some of the building blocks and adding sections on national goals and plans and government response. While there have been national goals and plans for clean water and climate change, there has never been a national goal or plan for chemicals. Adding together the elements of a safer chemical framework does not negate the value of government initiatives. A chemical conversion strategy could be greatly assisted with government responses such as regulations, economic incentives, technical assistance, government investments and surveillance, monitoring and evaluation.
Robert D. Bullard and Beverly Wright
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814799932
- eISBN:
- 9780814763841
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814799932.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it ...
More
When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it came to government assistance. This book places the government response to natural and human-induced disasters in historical context over the past eight decades. It compares and contrasts how the government responded to emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies, toxic contamination, industrial accidents, and bioterrorism threats and show that African Americans are disproportionately affected. It argues that uncovering and eliminating disparate disaster response can mean the difference between life and death for those most vulnerable in disastrous times.Less
When the images of desperate, hungry, thirsty, sick, mostly black people circulated in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it became apparent to the whole country that race did indeed matter when it came to government assistance. This book places the government response to natural and human-induced disasters in historical context over the past eight decades. It compares and contrasts how the government responded to emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies, toxic contamination, industrial accidents, and bioterrorism threats and show that African Americans are disproportionately affected. It argues that uncovering and eliminating disparate disaster response can mean the difference between life and death for those most vulnerable in disastrous times.
Touré F. Reed
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807832233
- eISBN:
- 9781469605708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807888544_reed.12
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter discusses the Urban League's continued perception of government assistance as essential to achieving its traditional goals of helping blacks obtain employment while adjusting them to the ...
More
This chapter discusses the Urban League's continued perception of government assistance as essential to achieving its traditional goals of helping blacks obtain employment while adjusting them to the economic realities of the day. The combination of expanding employment opportunities and the swelling tide of left-wing politics ultimately strengthened the League's commitment to a kind of militancy that generally muted the class implications of the group's program through the first half of the decade. Even so, Urban Leaguers shed neither their concerns about social disorganization nor their special interest in the plight of the black middle class. The Urban League's calls for state intervention on behalf of Afro-Americans in this period were, as was the case during the New Deal, consistent with the group's general emphasis on the proficient performance of black labor and the integrity of the Afro-American community.Less
This chapter discusses the Urban League's continued perception of government assistance as essential to achieving its traditional goals of helping blacks obtain employment while adjusting them to the economic realities of the day. The combination of expanding employment opportunities and the swelling tide of left-wing politics ultimately strengthened the League's commitment to a kind of militancy that generally muted the class implications of the group's program through the first half of the decade. Even so, Urban Leaguers shed neither their concerns about social disorganization nor their special interest in the plight of the black middle class. The Urban League's calls for state intervention on behalf of Afro-Americans in this period were, as was the case during the New Deal, consistent with the group's general emphasis on the proficient performance of black labor and the integrity of the Afro-American community.
Melina Pappademos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834909
- eISBN:
- 9781469602769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869178_pappademos.7
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses Domingo Julia and Leon Escobar's use of newly granted constitutional rights to petition the governor of Santa Clara province. At the heart of Julia and Escobar's request was a ...
More
This chapter discusses Domingo Julia and Leon Escobar's use of newly granted constitutional rights to petition the governor of Santa Clara province. At the heart of Julia and Escobar's request was a plan to repatriate to the African continent with government assistance. The two claimed to represent about one hundred Africans living in and around the central coastal towns of Remedios and Caibarien in Santa Clara province, a historic stronghold of sugar production since the mid-nineteenth century. African laborers, brought throughout much of the nineteenth century to work the region's cane fields, had increased the population of African descent. The 1899 census, for example, reports that about a third of remedianos were the descendants of Africans, while significantly fewer were African-born. The men's petition, submitted to local officials on the heels of Cuba's shift from colony to nation, suggests that for these diasporans, one's political identity was newly subject to negotiation.Less
This chapter discusses Domingo Julia and Leon Escobar's use of newly granted constitutional rights to petition the governor of Santa Clara province. At the heart of Julia and Escobar's request was a plan to repatriate to the African continent with government assistance. The two claimed to represent about one hundred Africans living in and around the central coastal towns of Remedios and Caibarien in Santa Clara province, a historic stronghold of sugar production since the mid-nineteenth century. African laborers, brought throughout much of the nineteenth century to work the region's cane fields, had increased the population of African descent. The 1899 census, for example, reports that about a third of remedianos were the descendants of Africans, while significantly fewer were African-born. The men's petition, submitted to local officials on the heels of Cuba's shift from colony to nation, suggests that for these diasporans, one's political identity was newly subject to negotiation.
E. Kushinga Makombe
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719091803
- eISBN:
- 9781781706824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091803.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter analyses the realisations, transformations and effects of development concepts and policies throughout various stages of the history of government assistance in Zimbabwe from 1944 to ...
More
This chapter analyses the realisations, transformations and effects of development concepts and policies throughout various stages of the history of government assistance in Zimbabwe from 1944 to 1979. The “development” that was rolled out in colonial Zimbabwe was more or less equated to Europeanisation of both space and culture. As time went by there was a tacit resignation, however, as to the ability of the “modern” to imbricate on the “traditional” and as such many of the grandiose aims and objectives of earlier development plans of the 1940s and 1950s became minimalist in nature. Drawing on a variety of sources – from colonial records and missionary literature to film, academic texts and personal testimonies – Makombe argues that “development” and development policies in colonial Zimbabwe up to independence had a strong leaning towards controlling the black population and towards the division of a modern, white sector and a traditionalised, rural, black sector.Less
This chapter analyses the realisations, transformations and effects of development concepts and policies throughout various stages of the history of government assistance in Zimbabwe from 1944 to 1979. The “development” that was rolled out in colonial Zimbabwe was more or less equated to Europeanisation of both space and culture. As time went by there was a tacit resignation, however, as to the ability of the “modern” to imbricate on the “traditional” and as such many of the grandiose aims and objectives of earlier development plans of the 1940s and 1950s became minimalist in nature. Drawing on a variety of sources – from colonial records and missionary literature to film, academic texts and personal testimonies – Makombe argues that “development” and development policies in colonial Zimbabwe up to independence had a strong leaning towards controlling the black population and towards the division of a modern, white sector and a traditionalised, rural, black sector.
Cong Ellen Zhang
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833992
- eISBN:
- 9780824870522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833992.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter focuses on travel-related bureaucratic formalities. Before they could embark on their new assignments, Song civil servants were subject to many formal procedures. In addition to the pro ...
More
This chapter focuses on travel-related bureaucratic formalities. Before they could embark on their new assignments, Song civil servants were subject to many formal procedures. In addition to the pro forma memorials of gratitude, they were responsible for reporting at various government offices and for attending imperial audiences. Only once these requirements were met could they schedule their departures and become eligible for government assistance on the road. Song travelers rarely wrote about these routines with much excitement. But such bureaucratic procedures are fundamentally important to our understanding of Song official travel. To successfully manage the dispatch of thousands of civil servants to their offices required that various government organs closely cooperate in overseeing the dismissal or transfer of incumbents and the appointment of their successors.Less
This chapter focuses on travel-related bureaucratic formalities. Before they could embark on their new assignments, Song civil servants were subject to many formal procedures. In addition to the pro forma memorials of gratitude, they were responsible for reporting at various government offices and for attending imperial audiences. Only once these requirements were met could they schedule their departures and become eligible for government assistance on the road. Song travelers rarely wrote about these routines with much excitement. But such bureaucratic procedures are fundamentally important to our understanding of Song official travel. To successfully manage the dispatch of thousands of civil servants to their offices required that various government organs closely cooperate in overseeing the dismissal or transfer of incumbents and the appointment of their successors.
Victor V. Ramraj (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197553831
- eISBN:
- 9780197553862
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197553831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts is an edited collection of original essays on Asia’s legal and policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, which, in a matter of months, swept around the ...
More
Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts is an edited collection of original essays on Asia’s legal and policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, which, in a matter of months, swept around the globe, infecting millions. In a matter of weeks, the unimaginable became ordinary: lockdowns of cities and entire countries, physical distancing and quarantines, travel restrictions and border controls, movement-tracking technology, mandatory closures of all but essential services, economic devastation and mass unemployment, and government assistance programs on record-breaking scales. Yet a pandemic on this scale, under contemporary conditions of globalization, has left governments and their advisors scrambling to improvise solutions, often themselves unprecedented in modern times, such as the initial lockdown of Wuhan. Identifying cross-cutting themes and challenges, this collection of essays taps the collective knowledge of an interdisciplinary team of sixty-one researchers. Beginning with an epidemiological overview and survey of the law and policy themes, it covers five topics: first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability.Less
Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts is an edited collection of original essays on Asia’s legal and policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, which, in a matter of months, swept around the globe, infecting millions. In a matter of weeks, the unimaginable became ordinary: lockdowns of cities and entire countries, physical distancing and quarantines, travel restrictions and border controls, movement-tracking technology, mandatory closures of all but essential services, economic devastation and mass unemployment, and government assistance programs on record-breaking scales. Yet a pandemic on this scale, under contemporary conditions of globalization, has left governments and their advisors scrambling to improvise solutions, often themselves unprecedented in modern times, such as the initial lockdown of Wuhan. Identifying cross-cutting themes and challenges, this collection of essays taps the collective knowledge of an interdisciplinary team of sixty-one researchers. Beginning with an epidemiological overview and survey of the law and policy themes, it covers five topics: first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability.
