Arthur L. Norberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the ...
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This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the historical appreciation of the role of government in R&D for computing. This 50-year analysis also illustrates similarities in approach to selecting problems and funding R&D over the three phases. The changes discussed resulted both from sophistication within computing and from altered attitudes and circumstances in the society around the computing enterprise.Less
This chapter examines the dominant role of government agencies in providing support for computing during the last four decades. By extending the discussion over three phases, the chapter enlarges the historical appreciation of the role of government in R&D for computing. This 50-year analysis also illustrates similarities in approach to selecting problems and funding R&D over the three phases. The changes discussed resulted both from sophistication within computing and from altered attitudes and circumstances in the society around the computing enterprise.
David Schlosberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199256419
- eISBN:
- 9780191600203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256411.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
An exploration is made of how the environmental justice movement in the United States has taken on some of the communicative and participatory demands and practices of critical pluralism. The ...
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An exploration is made of how the environmental justice movement in the United States has taken on some of the communicative and participatory demands and practices of critical pluralism. The movement has been critical of the communicative methods of the mainstream – the top-down organizational structure and its one-way nature of communication, and the lack of attention to issues of public participation in policy-making – and issues of communication have been a central focus in the development and demands of environmental justice. Accepting the diversity and the situated experiences of individuals and cultures has fostered the use of, and demand for, a variety of innovative communicative processes. Internally, the movement has attempted to employ more open discursive processes, paying particular attention to communication within and across diverse groups. Externally, the movement has made demands with regard to issues of communication and more discursive and participatory policy-making on government agencies, particularly the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Less
An exploration is made of how the environmental justice movement in the United States has taken on some of the communicative and participatory demands and practices of critical pluralism. The movement has been critical of the communicative methods of the mainstream – the top-down organizational structure and its one-way nature of communication, and the lack of attention to issues of public participation in policy-making – and issues of communication have been a central focus in the development and demands of environmental justice. Accepting the diversity and the situated experiences of individuals and cultures has fostered the use of, and demand for, a variety of innovative communicative processes. Internally, the movement has attempted to employ more open discursive processes, paying particular attention to communication within and across diverse groups. Externally, the movement has made demands with regard to issues of communication and more discursive and participatory policy-making on government agencies, particularly the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Vernon Bogdanor
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263334
- eISBN:
- 9780191734564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263334.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
‘Joined-up government’ has been a topic of important discussion in the early twenty-first century as much as it was in the end of the twentieth century. Reinventing government was a move towards the ...
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‘Joined-up government’ has been a topic of important discussion in the early twenty-first century as much as it was in the end of the twentieth century. Reinventing government was a move towards the ‘new public management’ which revolved on the importance to stimulate a business situation in the government and to apply the disciplines of the market to the public sector. The joined-up government on the other hand advocated a more holistic approach. It not only sought to apply the logic of economics but also the insights of other social sciences such as sociology and cultural theory to reform and change public service. This book focuses on the joined-up government strategy of the UK government. This strategy sought not only to bring together the government departments and agencies but also a number of various private and voluntary bodies for a common goal. The chapters in this book discusses the various barriers to the joined-up government such as contrasting perspectives of the central and local government, the conflicting departmental interests, and the diverging interests of the professionals.Less
‘Joined-up government’ has been a topic of important discussion in the early twenty-first century as much as it was in the end of the twentieth century. Reinventing government was a move towards the ‘new public management’ which revolved on the importance to stimulate a business situation in the government and to apply the disciplines of the market to the public sector. The joined-up government on the other hand advocated a more holistic approach. It not only sought to apply the logic of economics but also the insights of other social sciences such as sociology and cultural theory to reform and change public service. This book focuses on the joined-up government strategy of the UK government. This strategy sought not only to bring together the government departments and agencies but also a number of various private and voluntary bodies for a common goal. The chapters in this book discusses the various barriers to the joined-up government such as contrasting perspectives of the central and local government, the conflicting departmental interests, and the diverging interests of the professionals.
Geoff Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263334
- eISBN:
- 9780191734564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263334.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The idea of ‘joined-up’ government which was first used by Tony Blair in 1997 has become a significant aspect of modern UK government. It has changed and influenced how structures are organized, how ...
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The idea of ‘joined-up’ government which was first used by Tony Blair in 1997 has become a significant aspect of modern UK government. It has changed and influenced how structures are organized, how targets are set, how budgets are allocated and how the daily work of local agencies and professions are performed. The main reason for the interest in the concept of ‘joined-up’ government has been the recognition that some problems of the government do not fit into the neat departmental boundaries of good government. However ‘joined-up’ government has brought some changes; it is still in its infancy. Most departments of the government are still arranged in a vertical manner and this has been the case for almost fifty years and most of the joining-up of government agencies is the result of existing coordination between these departments rather than changes in the radical structure. This chapter discusses the background of British ‘joined-up’ government. It also discusses reforms the UK government has undertaken since 1997 to achieve the goal of a new government through integration and coordination. The chapter concludes with the possible direction of the future reforms on ‘joined-up’ government.Less
The idea of ‘joined-up’ government which was first used by Tony Blair in 1997 has become a significant aspect of modern UK government. It has changed and influenced how structures are organized, how targets are set, how budgets are allocated and how the daily work of local agencies and professions are performed. The main reason for the interest in the concept of ‘joined-up’ government has been the recognition that some problems of the government do not fit into the neat departmental boundaries of good government. However ‘joined-up’ government has brought some changes; it is still in its infancy. Most departments of the government are still arranged in a vertical manner and this has been the case for almost fifty years and most of the joining-up of government agencies is the result of existing coordination between these departments rather than changes in the radical structure. This chapter discusses the background of British ‘joined-up’ government. It also discusses reforms the UK government has undertaken since 1997 to achieve the goal of a new government through integration and coordination. The chapter concludes with the possible direction of the future reforms on ‘joined-up’ government.
Patrick Dunleavy, Helen Margetts, Simon Bastow, and Jane Tinkler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199296194
- eISBN:
- 9780191700750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296194.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Political Economy
This chapter assesses the comparative performance of government IT systems in seven countries: United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Netherlands, United States, and Canada. The ...
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This chapter assesses the comparative performance of government IT systems in seven countries: United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Netherlands, United States, and Canada. The comparative analysis is made in terms of the scrap rate of government IT projects, the costs of IT in the public sector compared to the private sector, and the relative modernity of government IT systems. Given the complexity of making such assessments, a ‘fuzzy set’ social science perspective is used to categorize countries' performance in terms of very rich data and qualitative judgements. The chapter then explores how the patterning of countries' performance can be explained in terms of two sets of explanatory variables — government institutional arrangements and the power of the IT industry in its dealings with government agencies.Less
This chapter assesses the comparative performance of government IT systems in seven countries: United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Netherlands, United States, and Canada. The comparative analysis is made in terms of the scrap rate of government IT projects, the costs of IT in the public sector compared to the private sector, and the relative modernity of government IT systems. Given the complexity of making such assessments, a ‘fuzzy set’ social science perspective is used to categorize countries' performance in terms of very rich data and qualitative judgements. The chapter then explores how the patterning of countries' performance can be explained in terms of two sets of explanatory variables — government institutional arrangements and the power of the IT industry in its dealings with government agencies.
Ian Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091726
- eISBN:
- 9789882207578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091726.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Political History
The public sector is generally comprised of government agencies and related agencies that are funded by taxes, fees, and charges or profits from the sale of state-owned assets. These public agencies ...
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The public sector is generally comprised of government agencies and related agencies that are funded by taxes, fees, and charges or profits from the sale of state-owned assets. These public agencies include bureaus, departments, the judiciary, funded statutory bodies, publicly-owned corporations, fully or partly-subsidised organisations such as social welfare agencies, schools, and universities. The public sector does not include privately-owned companies or voluntary organisations. In Hong Kong, government agencies or the civil service comprise the Chief Executive, the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice, twelve bureaus, and almost sixty departments. This chapter provides an overview of the organisation and functions of the public sector in Hong Kong including issues concerning autonomy, legitimacy, accountability, and policy making processes of these sectors. In this chapter, the focus is on the organisation and functions of the Hong Kong public sector during the colonial period to the country's freedom from British rule in 1997.Less
The public sector is generally comprised of government agencies and related agencies that are funded by taxes, fees, and charges or profits from the sale of state-owned assets. These public agencies include bureaus, departments, the judiciary, funded statutory bodies, publicly-owned corporations, fully or partly-subsidised organisations such as social welfare agencies, schools, and universities. The public sector does not include privately-owned companies or voluntary organisations. In Hong Kong, government agencies or the civil service comprise the Chief Executive, the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice, twelve bureaus, and almost sixty departments. This chapter provides an overview of the organisation and functions of the public sector in Hong Kong including issues concerning autonomy, legitimacy, accountability, and policy making processes of these sectors. In this chapter, the focus is on the organisation and functions of the Hong Kong public sector during the colonial period to the country's freedom from British rule in 1997.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This final chapter of the book recommends some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific ...
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This final chapter of the book recommends some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research, such as ethical leadership, education and training in responsible conduct of research, policy development, compliance activities, and international cooperation.Less
This final chapter of the book recommends some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research, such as ethical leadership, education and training in responsible conduct of research, policy development, compliance activities, and international cooperation.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter defines open data and describes the inception, evolution and vision of open data programs in the US and worldwide. The chapter then presents a thorough empirical analysis of the US open ...
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The chapter defines open data and describes the inception, evolution and vision of open data programs in the US and worldwide. The chapter then presents a thorough empirical analysis of the US open data program’s performance. It is found that whilst US agencies appeared to support the program, a closer look reveals that their participation was underwhelming: most data was supplied by a tiny number of agencies; data was not updated; data was of low quality or already available elsewhere. The chapter then examines the participation of government agencies in open data programs outside the US, finding a similar pattern of resistance to provide free access to high-quality data. The chapter concludes by suggesting that agencies did not fully cooperate with the open data program because information is a precious asset that they work hard to accumulate and are reluctant to release without compensation.Less
The chapter defines open data and describes the inception, evolution and vision of open data programs in the US and worldwide. The chapter then presents a thorough empirical analysis of the US open data program’s performance. It is found that whilst US agencies appeared to support the program, a closer look reveals that their participation was underwhelming: most data was supplied by a tiny number of agencies; data was not updated; data was of low quality or already available elsewhere. The chapter then examines the participation of government agencies in open data programs outside the US, finding a similar pattern of resistance to provide free access to high-quality data. The chapter concludes by suggesting that agencies did not fully cooperate with the open data program because information is a precious asset that they work hard to accumulate and are reluctant to release without compensation.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was ...
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The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.Less
The chapter explains the concept of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). It then presents a detailed case study of a supply-chain PSIE model: the Australian CrimTrac program that was established to streamline information sharing among Australian police organizations. The chapter then explores the potential for an exchange PSIE model to be implemented in a US public sector agency in the environmental domain. Economic, legal and technical challenges to an exchange-model PSIE are outlined in detail. A case study of the deNovis project shows how semantic interoperability challenges could be overcome.
Christian Bason
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426345
- eISBN:
- 9781447302681
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426345.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Organizations
In a time of unprecedented turbulence, how can public sector organisations increase their ability to find innovative solutions to society's problems? This book shows how government agencies can use ...
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In a time of unprecedented turbulence, how can public sector organisations increase their ability to find innovative solutions to society's problems? This book shows how government agencies can use co-creation to overcome barriers and deliver more value, at lower cost, to citizens and business. The book is prescriptive. It shapes around the framework of an innovation ecosystem, encompassing the four Cs of consciousness, capacity, co-creation and courage. Through global case studies and practical examples, the book addresses the key triggers of public sector innovation. It shares new tools for citizen involvement through design thinking and ethnographic research, and pinpoints the leadership roles needed to drive innovation at all levels of government.Less
In a time of unprecedented turbulence, how can public sector organisations increase their ability to find innovative solutions to society's problems? This book shows how government agencies can use co-creation to overcome barriers and deliver more value, at lower cost, to citizens and business. The book is prescriptive. It shapes around the framework of an innovation ecosystem, encompassing the four Cs of consciousness, capacity, co-creation and courage. Through global case studies and practical examples, the book addresses the key triggers of public sector innovation. It shares new tools for citizen involvement through design thinking and ethnographic research, and pinpoints the leadership roles needed to drive innovation at all levels of government.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter acknowledges that information assets are a precious resource for government agencies and maps existing data trade patterns in the US public sector. US agencies trade in three types of ...
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The chapter acknowledges that information assets are a precious resource for government agencies and maps existing data trade patterns in the US public sector. US agencies trade in three types of information products (primary data, secondary information products, and information services) using four data trade payment mechanisms. Examples of public sector data trade outside the US are also examined. The limits and costs of the US public sector’s current bilateral data sharing arrangements are outlined. The potential of multilateral incentives-driven information sharing is shown through a case study of the Australian Public Sector Mapping Agencies (PSMA) organization.Less
The chapter acknowledges that information assets are a precious resource for government agencies and maps existing data trade patterns in the US public sector. US agencies trade in three types of information products (primary data, secondary information products, and information services) using four data trade payment mechanisms. Examples of public sector data trade outside the US are also examined. The limits and costs of the US public sector’s current bilateral data sharing arrangements are outlined. The potential of multilateral incentives-driven information sharing is shown through a case study of the Australian Public Sector Mapping Agencies (PSMA) organization.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Information sharing failures in the public sector present a critical challenge to the modern information state that costs lives and billions of dollars annually. The book presents a thorough ...
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Information sharing failures in the public sector present a critical challenge to the modern information state that costs lives and billions of dollars annually. The book presents a thorough investigation of current information sharing approaches and their weaknesses. The book analyses the popular US open data program, including a rigorous, empirical study of the program that reveals its poor performance. Peled examines current data exchange practices in the public sector and concludes that information is a valuable asset that public sector agencies are not often willing to release without compensation. Peled proposes to consider public data as a contested commodity and exchange it using restricted commoditization arrangements in a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). The book includes a detailed review of two PSIE models including addressing legal, economic, and technical challenges. Peled engages with key ethical and political debate regarding the interaction of PSIE and democratic values, privacy, data ownership and intellectual property, and freedom of information. The book concludes with insights for politicians, public sector officials, technologists and citizens.Less
Information sharing failures in the public sector present a critical challenge to the modern information state that costs lives and billions of dollars annually. The book presents a thorough investigation of current information sharing approaches and their weaknesses. The book analyses the popular US open data program, including a rigorous, empirical study of the program that reveals its poor performance. Peled examines current data exchange practices in the public sector and concludes that information is a valuable asset that public sector agencies are not often willing to release without compensation. Peled proposes to consider public data as a contested commodity and exchange it using restricted commoditization arrangements in a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). The book includes a detailed review of two PSIE models including addressing legal, economic, and technical challenges. Peled engages with key ethical and political debate regarding the interaction of PSIE and democratic values, privacy, data ownership and intellectual property, and freedom of information. The book concludes with insights for politicians, public sector officials, technologists and citizens.
Ken Geiser
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262012522
- eISBN:
- 9780262327015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012522.003.0015
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Government initiatives could be one of the elements of a chemical conversion strategy and could do so without new laws. Government agencies could work with economic sectors, states, non-government ...
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Government initiatives could be one of the elements of a chemical conversion strategy and could do so without new laws. Government agencies could work with economic sectors, states, non-government organizations and foreign and international governments to promote shifts towards safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals. Restructuring government agencies to create a central chemicals agency such as the European Chemicals Agency would create a central focus for chemical policy. Effectively reforming the existing chemical control laws or passing new statutes could be helpful, but is currently unlikely.Less
Government initiatives could be one of the elements of a chemical conversion strategy and could do so without new laws. Government agencies could work with economic sectors, states, non-government organizations and foreign and international governments to promote shifts towards safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals. Restructuring government agencies to create a central chemicals agency such as the European Chemicals Agency would create a central focus for chemical policy. Effectively reforming the existing chemical control laws or passing new statutes could be helpful, but is currently unlikely.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter illustrates the severity of public sector information sharing failures with five tragic events where information sharing failure was decisive: the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion; the ...
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The chapter illustrates the severity of public sector information sharing failures with five tragic events where information sharing failure was decisive: the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion; the 9/11 terror attacks; Hurricane Katrina; the 2010 Haiti earthquake; and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. The chapter defines public agencies as big data owners and shows that the volume of big data processed and stored in the public sector far surpasses that of the private sector. The chapter then describes the massive cost of public sector information sharing failures in terms of wasted funds, lives lost, fraud, low data quality, and ineffective governance.Less
The chapter illustrates the severity of public sector information sharing failures with five tragic events where information sharing failure was decisive: the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion; the 9/11 terror attacks; Hurricane Katrina; the 2010 Haiti earthquake; and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. The chapter defines public agencies as big data owners and shows that the volume of big data processed and stored in the public sector far surpasses that of the private sector. The chapter then describes the massive cost of public sector information sharing failures in terms of wasted funds, lives lost, fraud, low data quality, and ineffective governance.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Chapter seven addresses four political and ethical dilemmas associated with the implementation of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). (1) The democracy challenge presents a trade-off between ...
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Chapter seven addresses four political and ethical dilemmas associated with the implementation of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). (1) The democracy challenge presents a trade-off between public data as a public good that cannot be traded, and efficient sharing of government information that furthers democratic ideals of transparency, accountability, and service delivery (via e-Government). This dilemma is examined through a case study of Iceland’s genome commoditization debate. (2) The privacy challenge concerns the trade-off between citizens’ right to privacy and efficient governance. (3) The data ownership and intellectual property challenge addresses the inherent tension in agencies’ ownership claim over public data: Can agencies own data that is essentially a public good? This challenge is examined through a case study of the Dutch RINIS public sector information commons project. (4) The freedom of information challenge concerns the dilemma between trading public data for profit, and making data freely accessible to citizens.Less
Chapter seven addresses four political and ethical dilemmas associated with the implementation of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE). (1) The democracy challenge presents a trade-off between public data as a public good that cannot be traded, and efficient sharing of government information that furthers democratic ideals of transparency, accountability, and service delivery (via e-Government). This dilemma is examined through a case study of Iceland’s genome commoditization debate. (2) The privacy challenge concerns the trade-off between citizens’ right to privacy and efficient governance. (3) The data ownership and intellectual property challenge addresses the inherent tension in agencies’ ownership claim over public data: Can agencies own data that is essentially a public good? This challenge is examined through a case study of the Dutch RINIS public sector information commons project. (4) The freedom of information challenge concerns the dilemma between trading public data for profit, and making data freely accessible to citizens.
Andrew J. Kirkendall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834190
- eISBN:
- 9781469606309
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899533_kirkendall
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In the twentieth century, illiteracy and its elimination were political issues important enough to figure in the fall of governments (as in Brazil in 1964), the building of nations (in newly ...
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In the twentieth century, illiteracy and its elimination were political issues important enough to figure in the fall of governments (as in Brazil in 1964), the building of nations (in newly independent African countries in the 1970s), and the construction of a revolutionary order (Nicaragua in 1980). This political biography of Paulo Freire, who played a crucial role in shaping international literacy education, also presents a thoughtful examination of the volatile politics of literacy during the Cold War. A native of Brazil's impoverished northeast, Freire developed adult literacy training techniques that involved consciousness-raising, encouraging peasants and newly urban peoples to see themselves as active citizens who could transform their own lives. His work for state and national government agencies in Brazil in the early 1960s eventually aroused the suspicion of the Brazilian military, as well as of U.S. government aid programs. Political pressures led to Freire's brief imprisonment, following the military coup of 1964, and then to more than a decade and a half in exile. During this period, Freire continued his work in Chile, Nicaragua, and post-independence African countries, as well as in Geneva with the World Council of Churches, and in the United States at Harvard University.Less
In the twentieth century, illiteracy and its elimination were political issues important enough to figure in the fall of governments (as in Brazil in 1964), the building of nations (in newly independent African countries in the 1970s), and the construction of a revolutionary order (Nicaragua in 1980). This political biography of Paulo Freire, who played a crucial role in shaping international literacy education, also presents a thoughtful examination of the volatile politics of literacy during the Cold War. A native of Brazil's impoverished northeast, Freire developed adult literacy training techniques that involved consciousness-raising, encouraging peasants and newly urban peoples to see themselves as active citizens who could transform their own lives. His work for state and national government agencies in Brazil in the early 1960s eventually aroused the suspicion of the Brazilian military, as well as of U.S. government aid programs. Political pressures led to Freire's brief imprisonment, following the military coup of 1964, and then to more than a decade and a half in exile. During this period, Freire continued his work in Chile, Nicaragua, and post-independence African countries, as well as in Geneva with the World Council of Churches, and in the United States at Harvard University.
Benjamin Ginsberg and Kathryn Wagner Hill
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300220537
- eISBN:
- 9780300249613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300220537.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter concerns how Congress deals with bureaucratic power. Much of today's federal bureaucracy can trace its origins to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Under FDR's leadership, the federal ...
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This chapter concerns how Congress deals with bureaucratic power. Much of today's federal bureaucracy can trace its origins to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Under FDR's leadership, the federal government began to take responsibility for management of the economy, provision of social services, protection of the public's health, maintenance of employment opportunities, promotion of social equality, protection of the environment, and a host of other tasks. As the government's responsibilities and ambitions grew, Congress assigned more and more complex tasks to the agencies of the executive branch, which sometimes were only too happy to expand their own power and autonomy. Executive agencies came to be tasked with the responsibility for analyzing and acting upon economic data; assessing the environmental impact of programs and projects; responding to fluctuations in the labor market; safeguarding the food supply; regulating the stock market; supervising telecommunications and air, sea, and land transport; and, in recent years, protecting the nation from terrorist plots.Less
This chapter concerns how Congress deals with bureaucratic power. Much of today's federal bureaucracy can trace its origins to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Under FDR's leadership, the federal government began to take responsibility for management of the economy, provision of social services, protection of the public's health, maintenance of employment opportunities, promotion of social equality, protection of the environment, and a host of other tasks. As the government's responsibilities and ambitions grew, Congress assigned more and more complex tasks to the agencies of the executive branch, which sometimes were only too happy to expand their own power and autonomy. Executive agencies came to be tasked with the responsibility for analyzing and acting upon economic data; assessing the environmental impact of programs and projects; responding to fluctuations in the labor market; safeguarding the food supply; regulating the stock market; supervising telecommunications and air, sea, and land transport; and, in recent years, protecting the nation from terrorist plots.
Gary Alan Fine
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226249520
- eISBN:
- 9780226249544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226249544.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter focuses on the organizational features of meteorology, particularly the position of operational meteorology as government-sponsored activity. The organization of operational meteorology ...
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This chapter focuses on the organizational features of meteorology, particularly the position of operational meteorology as government-sponsored activity. The organization of operational meteorology highlights the tension between autonomy and control. Scientific domains are integrated into society and cannot be separated from the organizational infrastructure that they help create. Not only do sciences have managers, but they also have audiences. The presence of an audience produces demands for expertise. The chapter examines the implications of the organization of the National Weather Service as a governmental agency devoted to public science. It then explores how this occupation is linked to a set of clients on the output boundary of government meteorology—the public, the media, and private firms.Less
This chapter focuses on the organizational features of meteorology, particularly the position of operational meteorology as government-sponsored activity. The organization of operational meteorology highlights the tension between autonomy and control. Scientific domains are integrated into society and cannot be separated from the organizational infrastructure that they help create. Not only do sciences have managers, but they also have audiences. The presence of an audience produces demands for expertise. The chapter examines the implications of the organization of the National Weather Service as a governmental agency devoted to public science. It then explores how this occupation is linked to a set of clients on the output boundary of government meteorology—the public, the media, and private firms.
Cristina Almeida Cunha Filgueiras and Carlos Alberto Vasconcelos Rocha
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447306849
- eISBN:
- 9781447310976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447306849.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
The chapter examines the state government agencies tasked with producing analysis, planning and providing data and economic indicators. These agencies’ development is examined in historical ...
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The chapter examines the state government agencies tasked with producing analysis, planning and providing data and economic indicators. These agencies’ development is examined in historical perspective and associated with political and economic cycles, as a response to federal government inducement, as an endogenous strategy by state governments to strengthen local development or as a result of support from international institutions leveraged especially by public universities in Brazil. With re-democratisation, these agencies’ expectations of power gains were frustrated by the leading role that experts came to play in policymaking and also by state governments’ federative conflicts with the federal government, formerly the base from which these agencies drew local legitimacy.Less
The chapter examines the state government agencies tasked with producing analysis, planning and providing data and economic indicators. These agencies’ development is examined in historical perspective and associated with political and economic cycles, as a response to federal government inducement, as an endogenous strategy by state governments to strengthen local development or as a result of support from international institutions leveraged especially by public universities in Brazil. With re-democratisation, these agencies’ expectations of power gains were frustrated by the leading role that experts came to play in policymaking and also by state governments’ federative conflicts with the federal government, formerly the base from which these agencies drew local legitimacy.
Alon Peled
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027878
- eISBN:
- 9780262319867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027878.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter examines the three key approaches to improve public sector information sharing that dominate both literature and legislation: coerce, consent, and coax. A case study of the ...
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The chapter examines the three key approaches to improve public sector information sharing that dominate both literature and legislation: coerce, consent, and coax. A case study of the coerce-approach Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) program shows this approach’s limitations. Three coax-approach case studies illustrate this approach’s strengths and shortcomings (a consent-approach case study is examined in chapter 3). It is concluded that, whilst each approach has advantages, not one of the approaches has satisfactorily dealt with the problem of public sector information sharing failures. A novel approach is introduced that proposes the use of selective incentives to nudge agencies to exchange information.Less
The chapter examines the three key approaches to improve public sector information sharing that dominate both literature and legislation: coerce, consent, and coax. A case study of the coerce-approach Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) program shows this approach’s limitations. Three coax-approach case studies illustrate this approach’s strengths and shortcomings (a consent-approach case study is examined in chapter 3). It is concluded that, whilst each approach has advantages, not one of the approaches has satisfactorily dealt with the problem of public sector information sharing failures. A novel approach is introduced that proposes the use of selective incentives to nudge agencies to exchange information.
