Jukka Snell
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199250097
- eISBN:
- 9780191697883
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250097.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The book examines the law of the free movement of goods and services. These two freedoms are fundamental to the European Community's internal market and form the basis for an ever-increasing number ...
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The book examines the law of the free movement of goods and services. These two freedoms are fundamental to the European Community's internal market and form the basis for an ever-increasing number of economic transactions as the markets of the Member States become more integrated. The book focuses in particular on the relationship between freedoms, asking whether the same principles can be applied in both fields. The book begins by analyzing the economics of trade in goods and services, and the general legal background. The aim is to establish whether goods and services ought, as a matter of principle, to be treated similarly by Community economic law. The book then moves on to investigate whether the European Court of Justice has in practice applied similar principles in both areas. This is examined in three contexts: the scope of the freedoms, the author of the restrictions, and the issue of the justifications are all analyzed. In the case of a divergent approach, the reasons for the differences are explored, and the possibilities for a uniform solution are investigated. The book also tackles some general questions of EC law. The nature of the internal market is discussed in the context of the scope of the freedoms. The questions posed are whether the internal market is unitary or federal in character and how the theory of regulatory competition should affect the interpretation of the Treaty free movement rules. The relationship between competition law and free movement provisions is addressed in the context of private restrictions to free movement of goods and services. The discussion of the proportionality of restrictions offers a chance to examine the division of power between the courts and legislatures.Less
The book examines the law of the free movement of goods and services. These two freedoms are fundamental to the European Community's internal market and form the basis for an ever-increasing number of economic transactions as the markets of the Member States become more integrated. The book focuses in particular on the relationship between freedoms, asking whether the same principles can be applied in both fields. The book begins by analyzing the economics of trade in goods and services, and the general legal background. The aim is to establish whether goods and services ought, as a matter of principle, to be treated similarly by Community economic law. The book then moves on to investigate whether the European Court of Justice has in practice applied similar principles in both areas. This is examined in three contexts: the scope of the freedoms, the author of the restrictions, and the issue of the justifications are all analyzed. In the case of a divergent approach, the reasons for the differences are explored, and the possibilities for a uniform solution are investigated. The book also tackles some general questions of EC law. The nature of the internal market is discussed in the context of the scope of the freedoms. The questions posed are whether the internal market is unitary or federal in character and how the theory of regulatory competition should affect the interpretation of the Treaty free movement rules. The relationship between competition law and free movement provisions is addressed in the context of private restrictions to free movement of goods and services. The discussion of the proportionality of restrictions offers a chance to examine the division of power between the courts and legislatures.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0023
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses the microeconomic concept of technological change. This term refers to the alteration in the stock of knowledge relevant to producing goods and services. Technological research ...
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This chapter discusses the microeconomic concept of technological change. This term refers to the alteration in the stock of knowledge relevant to producing goods and services. Technological research and progress produce scientific ideas that lead to the creation a public good. The development of new products for sale is usually motivated by an expectation of using copyright or patent law to create intellectual property rights. This chapter provides several relevant computational exercises and solutions.Less
This chapter discusses the microeconomic concept of technological change. This term refers to the alteration in the stock of knowledge relevant to producing goods and services. Technological research and progress produce scientific ideas that lead to the creation a public good. The development of new products for sale is usually motivated by an expectation of using copyright or patent law to create intellectual property rights. This chapter provides several relevant computational exercises and solutions.
John Hicks
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287247
- eISBN:
- 9780191596407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287240.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
It will no doubt be taken for granted that in the markets that have been discussed so far, the typical transaction is an exchange of some article (good or service) for something that is recognized as ...
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It will no doubt be taken for granted that in the markets that have been discussed so far, the typical transaction is an exchange of some article (good or service) for something that is recognized as being money. It may also have been taken that the money is simply handed over, as one does when one buys a newspaper in a shop. This chapter calls into question these two assumptions, asking how far they are justified.Less
It will no doubt be taken for granted that in the markets that have been discussed so far, the typical transaction is an exchange of some article (good or service) for something that is recognized as being money. It may also have been taken that the money is simply handed over, as one does when one buys a newspaper in a shop. This chapter calls into question these two assumptions, asking how far they are justified.
Adrian Cadbury
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199252008
- eISBN:
- 9780191698088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252008.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Strategy
This chapter focuses on company policy on social responsibility. The broadest way of defining social responsibility is to say that the continued existence of companies is based on an implied ...
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This chapter focuses on company policy on social responsibility. The broadest way of defining social responsibility is to say that the continued existence of companies is based on an implied agreement between business and society. In effect, companies are licensed by society to provide the goods and services which society needs. The freedom of operation of companies is, therefore, dependent on their delivering whatever balance of economic and social benefits society currently expects of them.Less
This chapter focuses on company policy on social responsibility. The broadest way of defining social responsibility is to say that the continued existence of companies is based on an implied agreement between business and society. In effect, companies are licensed by society to provide the goods and services which society needs. The freedom of operation of companies is, therefore, dependent on their delivering whatever balance of economic and social benefits society currently expects of them.
Peter Vincent-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199291274
- eISBN:
- 9780191700606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291274.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter begins with a brief account of the key public sector reforms, tracing the genealogy of the New Public Contracting from the early 1980s through to the present day. It explores the ...
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This chapter begins with a brief account of the key public sector reforms, tracing the genealogy of the New Public Contracting from the early 1980s through to the present day. It explores the relationship between the New Public Contracting and the New Public Management. It suggests that the UK has been particularly influenced by a market/competition model of public management reform, in comparison with a more restricted ‘managerialist contractualist’ conception that has been dominant in other countries. The chapter shows how the separate administrative and economic functions of the New Public Contracting have nevertheless been brought within a coherent overall policy framework governing public services, through guidance in the form of Better Quality Services (BQS) in central government and the statutory regime of best value in local government. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the external constraints on UK policy imposed under international treaty obligations, showing how they relate to fundamental economic rationales for the public contracting policies currently being pursued by New Labour.Less
This chapter begins with a brief account of the key public sector reforms, tracing the genealogy of the New Public Contracting from the early 1980s through to the present day. It explores the relationship between the New Public Contracting and the New Public Management. It suggests that the UK has been particularly influenced by a market/competition model of public management reform, in comparison with a more restricted ‘managerialist contractualist’ conception that has been dominant in other countries. The chapter shows how the separate administrative and economic functions of the New Public Contracting have nevertheless been brought within a coherent overall policy framework governing public services, through guidance in the form of Better Quality Services (BQS) in central government and the statutory regime of best value in local government. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the external constraints on UK policy imposed under international treaty obligations, showing how they relate to fundamental economic rationales for the public contracting policies currently being pursued by New Labour.
Hugh Collins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258017
- eISBN:
- 9780191717857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258017.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter considers the problem of disappointments arising from poor quality in goods and services. Although no one doubts that poor quality sometimes occurs, the question of whether any type of ...
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This chapter considers the problem of disappointments arising from poor quality in goods and services. Although no one doubts that poor quality sometimes occurs, the question of whether any type of regulation can prevent disappointments is more contested. In particular, private law is often regarded as ineffective in imposing reasonable standards of quality. The chapter closely examines how private law can achieve the capacity to achieve efficacious and efficient styles of regulation of quality.Less
This chapter considers the problem of disappointments arising from poor quality in goods and services. Although no one doubts that poor quality sometimes occurs, the question of whether any type of regulation can prevent disappointments is more contested. In particular, private law is often regarded as ineffective in imposing reasonable standards of quality. The chapter closely examines how private law can achieve the capacity to achieve efficacious and efficient styles of regulation of quality.
Kate Morris, Marian Barnes, and Paul Mason
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349668
- eISBN:
- 9781447301806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349668.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter looks at different ways of understanding prevention, based on the previous analysis of the National Evaluation of the Children's Fund (NECF) in practice, and relates these to the ...
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This chapter looks at different ways of understanding prevention, based on the previous analysis of the National Evaluation of the Children's Fund (NECF) in practice, and relates these to the dynamics of social exclusion. It describes a new categorisation of preventative activity and analyses the underlying assumptions about the relationship between children, families, and the state that are contained within different ways of working. The chapter also discusses the material, cultural, and spatial dimensions of social exclusion, along with access to goods and services, the impact of social exclusion on child health and well being, and self-determination and decision making. The growing emphasis on highly targeted initiatives that has characterised the latter stages of New Labour's child and family policy suggests further implications for the way in which prevention is being conceptualised to address social exclusion.Less
This chapter looks at different ways of understanding prevention, based on the previous analysis of the National Evaluation of the Children's Fund (NECF) in practice, and relates these to the dynamics of social exclusion. It describes a new categorisation of preventative activity and analyses the underlying assumptions about the relationship between children, families, and the state that are contained within different ways of working. The chapter also discusses the material, cultural, and spatial dimensions of social exclusion, along with access to goods and services, the impact of social exclusion on child health and well being, and self-determination and decision making. The growing emphasis on highly targeted initiatives that has characterised the latter stages of New Labour's child and family policy suggests further implications for the way in which prevention is being conceptualised to address social exclusion.
Evelyn Ellis and Philippa Watson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199698462
- eISBN:
- 9780191745904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698462.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The eighth chapter focuses on non-workplace discrimination. The relevant provisions of the Race Directive and the Goods and Services Directive are examined, as well as the Test-Achats judgment and ...
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The eighth chapter focuses on non-workplace discrimination. The relevant provisions of the Race Directive and the Goods and Services Directive are examined, as well as the Test-Achats judgment and the Commission's 2011 Guidelines on the meaning of that judgment. The Commission's 2008 proposal to implement the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation outside the workplace is analysed in detail.Less
The eighth chapter focuses on non-workplace discrimination. The relevant provisions of the Race Directive and the Goods and Services Directive are examined, as well as the Test-Achats judgment and the Commission's 2011 Guidelines on the meaning of that judgment. The Commission's 2008 proposal to implement the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation outside the workplace is analysed in detail.
Alan Mittleman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199297153
- eISBN:
- 9780191700835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297153.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion, Religion and Society
This concluding chapter reflects on the potential role that the Jewish and Christian constructions of biblical hope could play in the liberal societies, particularly in the United States. Modern ...
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This concluding chapter reflects on the potential role that the Jewish and Christian constructions of biblical hope could play in the liberal societies, particularly in the United States. Modern liberal politics is very much a politics of hope. It seeks to secure the support and consent of the governed not through the prospect of self-government but through the provision of goods and services, entitlements, and expanding rights. Citizens' assumptions of the duties of self-governance are exchanged for presumptive rights to benefits, entitlements, and liberties to pursue the project of selfhood within expansive borders of privacy. What sort of hope is appropriate and necessary to persons living in such a social world? Can a reengagement with the sources of hope renew the prospects for responsible citizenship and life-sustaining civil society? Can hope count not only as a private virtue but as a civic virtue for democratic citizens? This chapter argues that a chastened, non-eschatological hope, which focuses on conserving meaning-preserving institutions, is most appropriate to democratic civil society.Less
This concluding chapter reflects on the potential role that the Jewish and Christian constructions of biblical hope could play in the liberal societies, particularly in the United States. Modern liberal politics is very much a politics of hope. It seeks to secure the support and consent of the governed not through the prospect of self-government but through the provision of goods and services, entitlements, and expanding rights. Citizens' assumptions of the duties of self-governance are exchanged for presumptive rights to benefits, entitlements, and liberties to pursue the project of selfhood within expansive borders of privacy. What sort of hope is appropriate and necessary to persons living in such a social world? Can a reengagement with the sources of hope renew the prospects for responsible citizenship and life-sustaining civil society? Can hope count not only as a private virtue but as a civic virtue for democratic citizens? This chapter argues that a chastened, non-eschatological hope, which focuses on conserving meaning-preserving institutions, is most appropriate to democratic civil society.
Joanne Roberts and John Armitage
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474402613
- eISBN:
- 9781474422291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474402613.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter is concerned with the epistemology — or the nature and scope of knowledge — about luxury. The purpose here is not merely to define luxury but, rather, to explore how luxury is known and ...
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This chapter is concerned with the epistemology — or the nature and scope of knowledge — about luxury. The purpose here is not merely to define luxury but, rather, to explore how luxury is known and how this knowing is influenced by the rise to dominance of markets in the neoliberal era. Following an examination of the various meanings of luxury evident in current debates, the nature of knowledge and knowing is considered before knowing luxury goods and services is explored. Two distinct forms of knowing luxury are identified in this chapter: the first based on socio-cultural practice-based understandings and the second on market valuations. The chapter then argues that the privileging of the market under neoliberalism is leading to a shift in the nature of knowing luxury from the first to the second of these two forms.Less
This chapter is concerned with the epistemology — or the nature and scope of knowledge — about luxury. The purpose here is not merely to define luxury but, rather, to explore how luxury is known and how this knowing is influenced by the rise to dominance of markets in the neoliberal era. Following an examination of the various meanings of luxury evident in current debates, the nature of knowledge and knowing is considered before knowing luxury goods and services is explored. Two distinct forms of knowing luxury are identified in this chapter: the first based on socio-cultural practice-based understandings and the second on market valuations. The chapter then argues that the privileging of the market under neoliberalism is leading to a shift in the nature of knowing luxury from the first to the second of these two forms.
Tsung-mei Cheng and Uwe E. Reinhardt (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108569
- eISBN:
- 9780300133189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108569.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
American health policy is a paradox: it is extremely generous—as reflected by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—yet neglects hard-working, low-income families such as those of poorly paid ...
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American health policy is a paradox: it is extremely generous—as reflected by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—yet neglects hard-working, low-income families such as those of poorly paid soldiers. This is probably the reason why Americans seem reluctant to debate social ethics head-on. The problems facing Medicare are tied to the wider issue of rapidly escalating health care costs that affect not only the aging but also middle-class families. Trends in health care costs could price an increasing number of American middle-class families out of the market for basic health insurance under existing policies. This chapter explores the ethics underlying the health care debate in the United States. It first provides an overview of health spending and gross domestic product (GDP) trends as well as the growth and distribution of earnings and income before turning to premiums for private health insurance. It then discusses health care for the uninsured, the social dimensions of goods and services, and externalities in health care.Less
American health policy is a paradox: it is extremely generous—as reflected by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—yet neglects hard-working, low-income families such as those of poorly paid soldiers. This is probably the reason why Americans seem reluctant to debate social ethics head-on. The problems facing Medicare are tied to the wider issue of rapidly escalating health care costs that affect not only the aging but also middle-class families. Trends in health care costs could price an increasing number of American middle-class families out of the market for basic health insurance under existing policies. This chapter explores the ethics underlying the health care debate in the United States. It first provides an overview of health spending and gross domestic product (GDP) trends as well as the growth and distribution of earnings and income before turning to premiums for private health insurance. It then discusses health care for the uninsured, the social dimensions of goods and services, and externalities in health care.
Jane Calderwood Norton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199689682
- eISBN:
- 9780191769467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689682.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Religious organizations are often actively involved in providing goods and services to both their members and the wider public. As with membership admission and employment, however, the activities of ...
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Religious organizations are often actively involved in providing goods and services to both their members and the wider public. As with membership admission and employment, however, the activities of religious organization in providing goods and services may conflict with discrimination law. Again, we see that religious organizations in England may seek exemptions from discrimination law protections, most notably from that prohibiting discrimination because of sexual orientation. With reference to several recent well-publicized cases and previous case law, this chapter examines how discrimination legislation responds to the provision of goods and services by religious organizations. It then considers whether this approach can be justified.Less
Religious organizations are often actively involved in providing goods and services to both their members and the wider public. As with membership admission and employment, however, the activities of religious organization in providing goods and services may conflict with discrimination law. Again, we see that religious organizations in England may seek exemptions from discrimination law protections, most notably from that prohibiting discrimination because of sexual orientation. With reference to several recent well-publicized cases and previous case law, this chapter examines how discrimination legislation responds to the provision of goods and services by religious organizations. It then considers whether this approach can be justified.
Apostolis Philippopoulos (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034449
- eISBN:
- 9780262332361
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034449.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The public sector has grown substantially in the last fifty years. In the euro area total government expenditures have been around 50% of GDP since the early 2000s, resulting in a growing tax burden, ...
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The public sector has grown substantially in the last fifty years. In the euro area total government expenditures have been around 50% of GDP since the early 2000s, resulting in a growing tax burden, high public debt or both. All while government intervened in all aspects of economic life, from the provision of public goods and services to product and labor market regulation. Research shows that the effect of government size on economic performance is positive in countries where the public sector is efficient but negative in countries where it is inefficient. In this book, experts from academe and central banking discuss reforms that would make the public sector more efficient and/or more equitable. After a review of the public sector reform policy agenda, with attention to the role of the public sector and how to improve the provision of public goods and services, the contributors offer perspectives on some specific policy topics. These include public wage and employment policy, the role of international institutions such as the World Bank in promoting public sector reforms, the optimal mix of tax policy, the measurement of public sector efficiency, and the study of fiscal sustainability. The contributors relate these topics to such issues as individual incentives, policy debates over privatization, and austerity. Contributors Konstantinos Angelopoulos, Stylianos Asimakopoulos, Danilo Ballanti, Roberto A. De Santis, Roberto Dispotico, George Economides, Pedro Gomes, Gabriella Legrenzi, James Malley, Costas Milas, Ilaria Petrarca, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Francesco Porcelli, Roberto Ricciuti, Lodewijk Smets, Peter Birch Sørensen, Petros Varthalitis, Francesco VidoliLess
The public sector has grown substantially in the last fifty years. In the euro area total government expenditures have been around 50% of GDP since the early 2000s, resulting in a growing tax burden, high public debt or both. All while government intervened in all aspects of economic life, from the provision of public goods and services to product and labor market regulation. Research shows that the effect of government size on economic performance is positive in countries where the public sector is efficient but negative in countries where it is inefficient. In this book, experts from academe and central banking discuss reforms that would make the public sector more efficient and/or more equitable. After a review of the public sector reform policy agenda, with attention to the role of the public sector and how to improve the provision of public goods and services, the contributors offer perspectives on some specific policy topics. These include public wage and employment policy, the role of international institutions such as the World Bank in promoting public sector reforms, the optimal mix of tax policy, the measurement of public sector efficiency, and the study of fiscal sustainability. The contributors relate these topics to such issues as individual incentives, policy debates over privatization, and austerity. Contributors Konstantinos Angelopoulos, Stylianos Asimakopoulos, Danilo Ballanti, Roberto A. De Santis, Roberto Dispotico, George Economides, Pedro Gomes, Gabriella Legrenzi, James Malley, Costas Milas, Ilaria Petrarca, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Francesco Porcelli, Roberto Ricciuti, Lodewijk Smets, Peter Birch Sørensen, Petros Varthalitis, Francesco Vidoli
Ritwika Sen
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198851172
- eISBN:
- 9780191885914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198851172.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses policy options to promote local content in Uganda as it transitions to an oil-producing country. It contends that productive linkages between oil and gas exporters and domestic ...
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This chapter analyses policy options to promote local content in Uganda as it transitions to an oil-producing country. It contends that productive linkages between oil and gas exporters and domestic suppliers in a range of ‘connected’ goods and services sectors can be a source of broad-based economic growth. However, the success of policy initiatives or extensive regulatory requirements will ultimately hinge on domestic firm capabilities to overcome barriers to entry into the global industry. The analysis comprises an evaluation of existing local content policies in Uganda, a mapping of the natural resource value chain, and an assessment of domestic firm capabilities to supply the anticipated demand for goods and services from the oil and gas industry.Less
This chapter analyses policy options to promote local content in Uganda as it transitions to an oil-producing country. It contends that productive linkages between oil and gas exporters and domestic suppliers in a range of ‘connected’ goods and services sectors can be a source of broad-based economic growth. However, the success of policy initiatives or extensive regulatory requirements will ultimately hinge on domestic firm capabilities to overcome barriers to entry into the global industry. The analysis comprises an evaluation of existing local content policies in Uganda, a mapping of the natural resource value chain, and an assessment of domestic firm capabilities to supply the anticipated demand for goods and services from the oil and gas industry.
Bruno S. Frey
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062770
- eISBN:
- 9780262273213
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062770.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Revolutionary developments in economics are rare. The conservative bias of the field and its enshrined knowledge make it difficult to introduce new ideas not in line with received theory. Happiness ...
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Revolutionary developments in economics are rare. The conservative bias of the field and its enshrined knowledge make it difficult to introduce new ideas not in line with received theory. Happiness research, however, has the potential to change economics substantially in the future. Its findings, which are gradually being taken into account in standard economics, can be considered revolutionary in three respects: the measurement of experienced utility using psychologists’ tools for measuring subjective well-being; new insights into how human beings value goods and services and social conditions that include consideration of such non-material values as autonomy and social relations; and policy consequences of these new insights that suggest different ways for government to affect individual well-being. This book, emphasizing empirical evidence rather than theoretical conjectures, substantiates these three revolutionary claims for happiness research. After tracing the major developments of happiness research in economics and demonstrating that we have gained important new insights into how income, unemployment, inflation, and income demonstration affect well-being, it examines such wide-ranging topics as democracy and federalism, self-employment and volunteer work, marriage, terrorism, and watching television from the new perspective of happiness research. Turning to policy implications, the book describes how government can provide the conditions for people to achieve well-being, arguing that a crucial role is played by adequate political institutions and decentralized decision making. Happiness demonstrates the achievements of the economic happiness revolution and points the way to future research.Less
Revolutionary developments in economics are rare. The conservative bias of the field and its enshrined knowledge make it difficult to introduce new ideas not in line with received theory. Happiness research, however, has the potential to change economics substantially in the future. Its findings, which are gradually being taken into account in standard economics, can be considered revolutionary in three respects: the measurement of experienced utility using psychologists’ tools for measuring subjective well-being; new insights into how human beings value goods and services and social conditions that include consideration of such non-material values as autonomy and social relations; and policy consequences of these new insights that suggest different ways for government to affect individual well-being. This book, emphasizing empirical evidence rather than theoretical conjectures, substantiates these three revolutionary claims for happiness research. After tracing the major developments of happiness research in economics and demonstrating that we have gained important new insights into how income, unemployment, inflation, and income demonstration affect well-being, it examines such wide-ranging topics as democracy and federalism, self-employment and volunteer work, marriage, terrorism, and watching television from the new perspective of happiness research. Turning to policy implications, the book describes how government can provide the conditions for people to achieve well-being, arguing that a crucial role is played by adequate political institutions and decentralized decision making. Happiness demonstrates the achievements of the economic happiness revolution and points the way to future research.
Baldev Raj Nayar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195693034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693034.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter explains how economic globalization refers to the integration of different regional markets into a world market in which goods and services are exchanged at the local community or ...
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This chapter explains how economic globalization refers to the integration of different regional markets into a world market in which goods and services are exchanged at the local community or neighbourhood level, and in which individuals and communities find it more beneficial to engage in this exchange than produce everything they require themselves. The author then discusses the distinctive aspects of present-day globalization: the level of trade flows, the composition of the trade, FDI inflows, the transnationalization of production, and the scale of foreign exchange trading. The author concludes by discussing the mobility of labour, and compares international migration trends before World War I with those current today. Whether the deep integration of the market will lead to the retreat of the state remains open as an empirical question.Less
This chapter explains how economic globalization refers to the integration of different regional markets into a world market in which goods and services are exchanged at the local community or neighbourhood level, and in which individuals and communities find it more beneficial to engage in this exchange than produce everything they require themselves. The author then discusses the distinctive aspects of present-day globalization: the level of trade flows, the composition of the trade, FDI inflows, the transnationalization of production, and the scale of foreign exchange trading. The author concludes by discussing the mobility of labour, and compares international migration trends before World War I with those current today. Whether the deep integration of the market will lead to the retreat of the state remains open as an empirical question.
Julie A. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226572024
- eISBN:
- 9780226572055
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226572055.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
At its core, an economy is about providing goods and services for human well-being. But many economists and critics preach that an economy is something far different: a cold and heartless system that ...
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At its core, an economy is about providing goods and services for human well-being. But many economists and critics preach that an economy is something far different: a cold and heartless system that operates outside of human control. This work asks a compelling question: If our economic world is something that we as humans create, aren't ethics and human relationships—dimensions of a full and rich life—intrinsically part of the picture? Is it possible to take this thing we call economics and give it a body and a soul? The book argues against the well-ingrained notion that economics is immune to moral values and distant from human relationships. Here, the book locates the impediment to envisioning a more considerate economic world in an assumption that is shared by both neoliberals and the political left. Despite their seemingly insurmountable differences, it notes that they both make use of the metaphor, first proposed by Adam Smith, that the economy is a machine. This pervasive idea, the book argues, has blinded us to the qualities that make us work and care for one another—qualities that also make businesses thrive and markets grow. We can wed our interest in money with our justifiable concerns about ethics and social well-being. And we can do so if we recognize that an economy is not a machine, but a living, beating heart that circulates blood to all parts of the body while also serving as an emblem of compassion and care.Less
At its core, an economy is about providing goods and services for human well-being. But many economists and critics preach that an economy is something far different: a cold and heartless system that operates outside of human control. This work asks a compelling question: If our economic world is something that we as humans create, aren't ethics and human relationships—dimensions of a full and rich life—intrinsically part of the picture? Is it possible to take this thing we call economics and give it a body and a soul? The book argues against the well-ingrained notion that economics is immune to moral values and distant from human relationships. Here, the book locates the impediment to envisioning a more considerate economic world in an assumption that is shared by both neoliberals and the political left. Despite their seemingly insurmountable differences, it notes that they both make use of the metaphor, first proposed by Adam Smith, that the economy is a machine. This pervasive idea, the book argues, has blinded us to the qualities that make us work and care for one another—qualities that also make businesses thrive and markets grow. We can wed our interest in money with our justifiable concerns about ethics and social well-being. And we can do so if we recognize that an economy is not a machine, but a living, beating heart that circulates blood to all parts of the body while also serving as an emblem of compassion and care.
Alan Roulstone and Colin Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346261
- eISBN:
- 9781447304333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346261.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter presents selected findings from some recent studies of the working of the Disability Discrimination Act. It focuses on the third of a series of studies that looked at the Act's ...
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This chapter presents selected findings from some recent studies of the working of the Disability Discrimination Act. It focuses on the third of a series of studies that looked at the Act's implementation through in-depth case studies of participants in cases and potential cases, although some findings are incorporated from the first two studies. The chapter notes that the DDA came into force in December 1996, and under the employment provisions (Part Two of the Act) it is unlawful to treat a disabled employee less favourably than a non-disabled one for a reason related to their disability, without justification. It also focuses on the findings that relate to the employment provisions of the DDA, although the study also covered cases which were taken under the DDA provisions relating to goods and services.Less
This chapter presents selected findings from some recent studies of the working of the Disability Discrimination Act. It focuses on the third of a series of studies that looked at the Act's implementation through in-depth case studies of participants in cases and potential cases, although some findings are incorporated from the first two studies. The chapter notes that the DDA came into force in December 1996, and under the employment provisions (Part Two of the Act) it is unlawful to treat a disabled employee less favourably than a non-disabled one for a reason related to their disability, without justification. It also focuses on the findings that relate to the employment provisions of the DDA, although the study also covered cases which were taken under the DDA provisions relating to goods and services.
Janet Blake
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198723516
- eISBN:
- 9780191790300
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723516.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This book explores the international (including regional) law currently governing the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage in peacetime and related international cultural policy-making. ...
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This book explores the international (including regional) law currently governing the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage in peacetime and related international cultural policy-making. Its scope, therefore, is not limited to the international law per se and an important aspect of this publication is the emphasis placed on broader policy and other contexts within which, and in response to which, this law has developed. Following this approach, the book is organized into nine substantive chapters, each of which deals with a particular topic related to the protection of cultural heritage in peacetime and with an emphasis on the wider policy environment (including political, economic, and social issues) within which the law develops. The specific topics dealt with in these nine chapters are: introducing international cultural heritage law and its place in international law generally; the illicit excavation, export, and trade in cultural objects; cultural heritage located underwater; cultural heritage and the environment; intangible aspects of cultural heritage; protection of cultural products, goods, and services; intellectual property law and heritage; cultural heritage and human rights; and regional approaches and developments in cultural heritage policy- and law-making. In addition, newly emerging topics and challenges are addressed, including the relationship between cultural heritage and sustainable development and the gender dynamics of cultural heritage.Less
This book explores the international (including regional) law currently governing the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage in peacetime and related international cultural policy-making. Its scope, therefore, is not limited to the international law per se and an important aspect of this publication is the emphasis placed on broader policy and other contexts within which, and in response to which, this law has developed. Following this approach, the book is organized into nine substantive chapters, each of which deals with a particular topic related to the protection of cultural heritage in peacetime and with an emphasis on the wider policy environment (including political, economic, and social issues) within which the law develops. The specific topics dealt with in these nine chapters are: introducing international cultural heritage law and its place in international law generally; the illicit excavation, export, and trade in cultural objects; cultural heritage located underwater; cultural heritage and the environment; intangible aspects of cultural heritage; protection of cultural products, goods, and services; intellectual property law and heritage; cultural heritage and human rights; and regional approaches and developments in cultural heritage policy- and law-making. In addition, newly emerging topics and challenges are addressed, including the relationship between cultural heritage and sustainable development and the gender dynamics of cultural heritage.
Vijay Joshi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190610135
- eISBN:
- 9780190610166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610135.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter is concerned with the pervasive inefficiencies in the Indian economy that impede rapid productivity growth, and the reforms needed. A major distortion is the presence of price controls ...
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This chapter is concerned with the pervasive inefficiencies in the Indian economy that impede rapid productivity growth, and the reforms needed. A major distortion is the presence of price controls and associated subsidies, explicit and hidden, for several key commodities. The subsidies have dire effects on the efficiency of resource allocation, in addition to being highly regressive. Subsidy abolition is recommended (accompanied by protection of the real incomes of poor people). There are various other distortions: in indirect taxation; in the market for land; in capital markets, bankruptcy arrangements, and access to finance; and in broad sectors such as agriculture, and industry and services. These are examined and remedies suggested. For example, the chapter advocates a uniform goods and services tax. It calls for turning upside down the existing mix of subsidies and public investment in agriculture. It argues against industrial-policy interventions that attempt to ‘pick winners’.Less
This chapter is concerned with the pervasive inefficiencies in the Indian economy that impede rapid productivity growth, and the reforms needed. A major distortion is the presence of price controls and associated subsidies, explicit and hidden, for several key commodities. The subsidies have dire effects on the efficiency of resource allocation, in addition to being highly regressive. Subsidy abolition is recommended (accompanied by protection of the real incomes of poor people). There are various other distortions: in indirect taxation; in the market for land; in capital markets, bankruptcy arrangements, and access to finance; and in broad sectors such as agriculture, and industry and services. These are examined and remedies suggested. For example, the chapter advocates a uniform goods and services tax. It calls for turning upside down the existing mix of subsidies and public investment in agriculture. It argues against industrial-policy interventions that attempt to ‘pick winners’.
