Roy F Baumeister
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189636
- eISBN:
- 9780199868605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189636.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter points to a view of free will as a complex form of action control that is used (sometimes) by humans to achieve self-control and rational, intelligence decision-making, as well as making ...
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This chapter points to a view of free will as a complex form of action control that is used (sometimes) by humans to achieve self-control and rational, intelligence decision-making, as well as making and following ad hoc plans. Research suggests that these activities deplete a common but limited energy resource, so the capacity for free will is limited and biologically expensive. Blood glucose (brain fuel) maybe a major part of the common resource. Rational choice, self-control, and planful behavior are more useful forms of free will than random action. Psychologists may profitably focus more on how this mechanism works than on debating whether it fits various philosophical or theological definitions of free will. The broader context is that free will can be understood as an evolutionary adaptation to enable humans to function in the increasingly complex social world afforded by culture.Less
This chapter points to a view of free will as a complex form of action control that is used (sometimes) by humans to achieve self-control and rational, intelligence decision-making, as well as making and following ad hoc plans. Research suggests that these activities deplete a common but limited energy resource, so the capacity for free will is limited and biologically expensive. Blood glucose (brain fuel) maybe a major part of the common resource. Rational choice, self-control, and planful behavior are more useful forms of free will than random action. Psychologists may profitably focus more on how this mechanism works than on debating whether it fits various philosophical or theological definitions of free will. The broader context is that free will can be understood as an evolutionary adaptation to enable humans to function in the increasingly complex social world afforded by culture.
Thomas R. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the ...
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Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the extensive applications of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) mapping of glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The widespread zone of interictal metabolic dysfunction is highly associated with sites of ictal onset and propagation in TLE. Interictal FDG PET is used in correlation with ictal electrophysiologic and structural magnetic resonance findings for the purposes of: 1) increasing certainty that the ictal onset zone has been accurately determined by noninvasive studies prior to therapeutic temporal lobe ablation, 2) optimizing selection of intracranial electrode placement sites for ictal monitoring, and 3) prognostication for epilepsy surgery with regard to seizure control.Less
Epilepsy poses unique problems and opportunities for cerebral imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). After reviewing PET methods in epilepsy applications, this chapter addresses the extensive applications of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) mapping of glucose metabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The widespread zone of interictal metabolic dysfunction is highly associated with sites of ictal onset and propagation in TLE. Interictal FDG PET is used in correlation with ictal electrophysiologic and structural magnetic resonance findings for the purposes of: 1) increasing certainty that the ictal onset zone has been accurately determined by noninvasive studies prior to therapeutic temporal lobe ablation, 2) optimizing selection of intracranial electrode placement sites for ictal monitoring, and 3) prognostication for epilepsy surgery with regard to seizure control.
Aimee F. Luat and Harry T. Chugani
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric ...
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The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.Less
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.
Karl Herholz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Assessment of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by FDG-PET at the resting state is a standard functional technique to assess cerebral function. An increasing body of evidence indicates that ...
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Assessment of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by FDG-PET at the resting state is a standard functional technique to assess cerebral function. An increasing body of evidence indicates that substantial impairment of FDG uptake in temporo-parietal association cortices is a reliable predictor of rapid progression to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The definition of affected and reference regions, the methods for quantitative analysis, and other methodological issues that are relevant for use of the method in clinical studies are being addressed. Effects of aging, the selection of normal controls, and interaction with age and genetic risk factors are important factors that also need to be considered in designing and interpreting studies.Less
Assessment of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by FDG-PET at the resting state is a standard functional technique to assess cerebral function. An increasing body of evidence indicates that substantial impairment of FDG uptake in temporo-parietal association cortices is a reliable predictor of rapid progression to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The definition of affected and reference regions, the methods for quantitative analysis, and other methodological issues that are relevant for use of the method in clinical studies are being addressed. Effects of aging, the selection of normal controls, and interaction with age and genetic risk factors are important factors that also need to be considered in designing and interpreting studies.
David C. Klonoff
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0029
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The current technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels has been well established since the 1980s. This practice is beneficial to patients with diabetes from both a clinical and an ...
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The current technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels has been well established since the 1980s. This practice is beneficial to patients with diabetes from both a clinical and an economic standpoint. Knowledge of their blood glucose levels can allow patients to select appropriate doses of insulin to regulate these levels. This chapter analyzes the technology, benefits, economic aspects, problems, and controversies associated with SMBG, continuous glucose monitoring, and the artificial pancreas as well as telemonitoring technology for diabetes management.Less
The current technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels has been well established since the 1980s. This practice is beneficial to patients with diabetes from both a clinical and an economic standpoint. Knowledge of their blood glucose levels can allow patients to select appropriate doses of insulin to regulate these levels. This chapter analyzes the technology, benefits, economic aspects, problems, and controversies associated with SMBG, continuous glucose monitoring, and the artificial pancreas as well as telemonitoring technology for diabetes management.
Bernd Hamprecht, Stephan Verleysdonk, and Heinrich Wiesinger
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in glial cells. These include enzymes of glucose metabolism, enzymes of glycogen metabolism, carbonic anhydrases, and enzymes of ...
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This chapter discusses enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in glial cells. These include enzymes of glucose metabolism, enzymes of glycogen metabolism, carbonic anhydrases, and enzymes of cellular energization.Less
This chapter discusses enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in glial cells. These include enzymes of glucose metabolism, enzymes of glycogen metabolism, carbonic anhydrases, and enzymes of cellular energization.
Jerome O. Nriagu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029193
- eISBN:
- 9780262327619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029193.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Trace metals are required in small quantities for a wide array of metabolic functions in the body. In terms of obesity, they can enhance insulin action through activating insulin receptor sites, ...
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Trace metals are required in small quantities for a wide array of metabolic functions in the body. In terms of obesity, they can enhance insulin action through activating insulin receptor sites, serve as cofactors or components for enzyme systems involved in glucose metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity, and act as antioxidants to prevent tissue oxidation. Chronic hyperglycemia causes significant alterations in the status of many trace metals in the body and consequently increases the oxidative stress which can contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Whether obese individuals with trace metal deficiency (or toxicity) are at increased risk for infection is a matter of concern in many developing countries, where a growing segment of the population (exposed to traditional health risks) has embraced Western dietary habits. A better understanding of the roles of different trace metals will undoubtedly facilitate the development of new treatment and prevention strategies that can more effectively reduce the silent burden of comorbid obesity and infectious diseases.Less
Trace metals are required in small quantities for a wide array of metabolic functions in the body. In terms of obesity, they can enhance insulin action through activating insulin receptor sites, serve as cofactors or components for enzyme systems involved in glucose metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity, and act as antioxidants to prevent tissue oxidation. Chronic hyperglycemia causes significant alterations in the status of many trace metals in the body and consequently increases the oxidative stress which can contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Whether obese individuals with trace metal deficiency (or toxicity) are at increased risk for infection is a matter of concern in many developing countries, where a growing segment of the population (exposed to traditional health risks) has embraced Western dietary habits. A better understanding of the roles of different trace metals will undoubtedly facilitate the development of new treatment and prevention strategies that can more effectively reduce the silent burden of comorbid obesity and infectious diseases.
J. Broussard and K.L. Knutson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199566594
- eISBN:
- 9780191595066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566594.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The epidemics of obesity and diabetes are increasing rapidly world-wide. Due to the potentially devastating consequences of these metabolic diseases, it is imperative that modifiable causes of both ...
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The epidemics of obesity and diabetes are increasing rapidly world-wide. Due to the potentially devastating consequences of these metabolic diseases, it is imperative that modifiable causes of both diabetes and obesity be identified as potential areas of intervention. Although changes in diet and exercise have played an important role, another possible explanation for the epidemic is reduced sleep duration and quality. Sleep loss may be the result of either a voluntary restriction of time spent in bed or as a result of a sleep disorder. This chapter presents potential pathways leading from insufficient or disturbed sleep to diabetes and obesity, including impaired glucose metabolism, increases in appetite, and reduction in energy expenditure following reductions in sleep duration and/or quality. It explores the evidence for an association between metabolic diseases and sleep duration and quality.Less
The epidemics of obesity and diabetes are increasing rapidly world-wide. Due to the potentially devastating consequences of these metabolic diseases, it is imperative that modifiable causes of both diabetes and obesity be identified as potential areas of intervention. Although changes in diet and exercise have played an important role, another possible explanation for the epidemic is reduced sleep duration and quality. Sleep loss may be the result of either a voluntary restriction of time spent in bed or as a result of a sleep disorder. This chapter presents potential pathways leading from insufficient or disturbed sleep to diabetes and obesity, including impaired glucose metabolism, increases in appetite, and reduction in energy expenditure following reductions in sleep duration and/or quality. It explores the evidence for an association between metabolic diseases and sleep duration and quality.
Amanda I. Adler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory ...
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This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.Less
This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.
Joachim Frank
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195182187
- eISBN:
- 9780199893416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182187.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
Following an outline of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and its working principles, this chapter starts with a description of specimen preparation methods for EM imaging, including ...
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Following an outline of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and its working principles, this chapter starts with a description of specimen preparation methods for EM imaging, including negative staining, glucose embedment and ice embedment. The principle of image formation in the TEM is described as it pertains to biological weak phase objects, and in the process, the contrast transfer function (CTF) is introduced. It shows that EM images are effectively projections of the Coulomb potential distribution of the biological object, convoluted with that function. The chapter closes by describing methods for the determination and computational correction of the CTF.Less
Following an outline of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and its working principles, this chapter starts with a description of specimen preparation methods for EM imaging, including negative staining, glucose embedment and ice embedment. The principle of image formation in the TEM is described as it pertains to biological weak phase objects, and in the process, the contrast transfer function (CTF) is introduced. It shows that EM images are effectively projections of the Coulomb potential distribution of the biological object, convoluted with that function. The chapter closes by describing methods for the determination and computational correction of the CTF.
Sir David Weatherall and Elizabeth A. Letsky
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192628268
- eISBN:
- 9780191723605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192628268.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This main focus of this chapter is on genetic disorders of the structure or synthesis of haemoglobin — especially sickle cell disease and the thalassaemias, which are common enough in many ...
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This main focus of this chapter is on genetic disorders of the structure or synthesis of haemoglobin — especially sickle cell disease and the thalassaemias, which are common enough in many populations to justify antenatal and neonatal screening. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency also merits screening in certain populations where it commonly causes neonatal jaundice and kernicterus; and screening for hereditary bleeding diseases is indicated if there is a history of a previously affected child.Less
This main focus of this chapter is on genetic disorders of the structure or synthesis of haemoglobin — especially sickle cell disease and the thalassaemias, which are common enough in many populations to justify antenatal and neonatal screening. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency also merits screening in certain populations where it commonly causes neonatal jaundice and kernicterus; and screening for hereditary bleeding diseases is indicated if there is a history of a previously affected child.
Suzanne C. Segerstrom, Timothy W. Smith, and Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373585
- eISBN:
- 9780199893263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
Self-regulation refers to control over one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Failure of self-regulation contributes to many important individual and societal problems, including problems with ...
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Self-regulation refers to control over one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Failure of self-regulation contributes to many important individual and societal problems, including problems with eating, spending, interpersonal violence, sexual promiscuity, and alcohol and drug use. Evidence points to a general pool of self-regulatory capacity. This chapter suggests that this capacity depends on, is reflected in, and affects physiology. That is, self-regulation is literally embodied. This assertion seems obvious with regard to the central nervous system, but less so with regard to peripheral physiology. Nonetheless, there is evidence that peripheral regulation of physiological parameters such as blood glucose and heart rate is intertwined with central regulation of the self. The chapter presents a brief overview of physiological systems involved in self-regulation, reviews the empirical links between self-regulation and physiology in several domains, and then suggests directions for future research.Less
Self-regulation refers to control over one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Failure of self-regulation contributes to many important individual and societal problems, including problems with eating, spending, interpersonal violence, sexual promiscuity, and alcohol and drug use. Evidence points to a general pool of self-regulatory capacity. This chapter suggests that this capacity depends on, is reflected in, and affects physiology. That is, self-regulation is literally embodied. This assertion seems obvious with regard to the central nervous system, but less so with regard to peripheral physiology. Nonetheless, there is evidence that peripheral regulation of physiological parameters such as blood glucose and heart rate is intertwined with central regulation of the self. The chapter presents a brief overview of physiological systems involved in self-regulation, reviews the empirical links between self-regulation and physiology in several domains, and then suggests directions for future research.
Debbie A Lawlor and Rebecca Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in ...
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The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and non-invasive assessments of vascular structure and function and, explores differences between males and females and by ethnic group. It reviews evidence regarding the associations of pre-adult risk factors with these trajectories, explores whether puberty, pregnancy, and the perimenopause are key periods when the trajectories show distinct changes, and describes how changes in the trajectories relate to cardiovascular disease. Higher blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose in adolescence and early adulthood are associated with adverse cardiometabolic events in older age. Despite cohort studies in children and adults often repeatedly measuring cardiometabolic markers, few have appropriately modelled change with age in relation to risk factors, or explored how different patterns of change relate to future disease risk.Less
The pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis, which ultimately leads to cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood and young adulthood. This chapter describes the life course trajectories in blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, and non-invasive assessments of vascular structure and function and, explores differences between males and females and by ethnic group. It reviews evidence regarding the associations of pre-adult risk factors with these trajectories, explores whether puberty, pregnancy, and the perimenopause are key periods when the trajectories show distinct changes, and describes how changes in the trajectories relate to cardiovascular disease. Higher blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose in adolescence and early adulthood are associated with adverse cardiometabolic events in older age. Despite cohort studies in children and adults often repeatedly measuring cardiometabolic markers, few have appropriately modelled change with age in relation to risk factors, or explored how different patterns of change relate to future disease risk.
Markku Linnoila and Matti Virkkunen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192620118
- eISBN:
- 9780191724725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192620118.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
Many animal and human studies have explored biochemical concomitants of aggressive and self-destructive behaviours. A small number of these studies have used pharmacological manipulations to provoke ...
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Many animal and human studies have explored biochemical concomitants of aggressive and self-destructive behaviours. A small number of these studies have used pharmacological manipulations to provoke or reduce such behaviours. A common factor in these investigations is central nervous system (CNS) serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT); decreasing serotonergic functioning is conducive of aggressive and impulsive behaviours, increasing it reduces such behaviours. Another factor associated with impulsive, violent offences in some humans is a tendency to become mildly hypoglycaemic after an oral glucose load. Such mild hypoglycaemia is a state associated with irritability and impulsivity. This review develops the arguments that CNS serotonin metabolism may, to some extent, control glucose metabolism and that reduced central serotonin turnover may be causally linked to hypoglycaemic tendency in impulsive violent offenders and fire-setters.Less
Many animal and human studies have explored biochemical concomitants of aggressive and self-destructive behaviours. A small number of these studies have used pharmacological manipulations to provoke or reduce such behaviours. A common factor in these investigations is central nervous system (CNS) serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT); decreasing serotonergic functioning is conducive of aggressive and impulsive behaviours, increasing it reduces such behaviours. Another factor associated with impulsive, violent offences in some humans is a tendency to become mildly hypoglycaemic after an oral glucose load. Such mild hypoglycaemia is a state associated with irritability and impulsivity. This review develops the arguments that CNS serotonin metabolism may, to some extent, control glucose metabolism and that reduced central serotonin turnover may be causally linked to hypoglycaemic tendency in impulsive violent offenders and fire-setters.
Paul E. Gold
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195082944
- eISBN:
- 9780199847877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082944.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter integrates and organizes pharmacological studies of memory by searching for generalizations or “rules” about the roles of hormonal and neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of ...
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This chapter integrates and organizes pharmacological studies of memory by searching for generalizations or “rules” about the roles of hormonal and neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of learning and memory processes. In doing so, it is important to examine carefully the extent to which these generalizations are similar and different for results obtained with systemic injections and those obtained with direct brain injections. Consistently, systemic injections of epinephrine or of glucose, which may contribute to epinephrine effects on memory, enhance memory when administered near the time of training. Similarly, systemically administered drugs that promote the functions of central cholinergic, glutaminergic, or noradrenergic systems enhance memory on later tests. Moreover, diminished release of the neurotransmitters or pharmacological blockade of their receptors can impair memory. There also appear to be some neurochemical systems, for example, opioid and GABA, for which activation impairs, and inactivation enhances, learning and memory.Less
This chapter integrates and organizes pharmacological studies of memory by searching for generalizations or “rules” about the roles of hormonal and neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of learning and memory processes. In doing so, it is important to examine carefully the extent to which these generalizations are similar and different for results obtained with systemic injections and those obtained with direct brain injections. Consistently, systemic injections of epinephrine or of glucose, which may contribute to epinephrine effects on memory, enhance memory when administered near the time of training. Similarly, systemically administered drugs that promote the functions of central cholinergic, glutaminergic, or noradrenergic systems enhance memory on later tests. Moreover, diminished release of the neurotransmitters or pharmacological blockade of their receptors can impair memory. There also appear to be some neurochemical systems, for example, opioid and GABA, for which activation impairs, and inactivation enhances, learning and memory.
Daniel E. Dykhuizen and Anthony M. Dean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247666
- eISBN:
- 9780520944473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247666.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter focuses on the bottom-up approach used to understand the nature of natural selection, and begins by discussing a bottom-up analysis of the lactose system. The study of lactose metabolism ...
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This chapter focuses on the bottom-up approach used to understand the nature of natural selection, and begins by discussing a bottom-up analysis of the lactose system. The study of lactose metabolism by Escherichia coli provides a tractable experimental system where mechanistic predictions about the direction and intensity of selection can be tested decisively. The chapter also illustrates other ways in which bottom-up experiments in evolution can be done. They can be used to study glucose metabolism in Drosophila and the genotype-phenotype map for single genes. The bottom-up approach can also be used to examine the similarities and differences in vision for organisms in different environments.Less
This chapter focuses on the bottom-up approach used to understand the nature of natural selection, and begins by discussing a bottom-up analysis of the lactose system. The study of lactose metabolism by Escherichia coli provides a tractable experimental system where mechanistic predictions about the direction and intensity of selection can be tested decisively. The chapter also illustrates other ways in which bottom-up experiments in evolution can be done. They can be used to study glucose metabolism in Drosophila and the genotype-phenotype map for single genes. The bottom-up approach can also be used to examine the similarities and differences in vision for organisms in different environments.
Robert G. Shulman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199838721
- eISBN:
- 9780199345373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199838721.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The original claims of cognitive neuroscience, an offshoot of computer science and psychology, were of a logical brain in which mental concepts could be identified and localized. Reviews of the ...
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The original claims of cognitive neuroscience, an offshoot of computer science and psychology, were of a logical brain in which mental concepts could be identified and localized. Reviews of the imaging studies of two popular cognitive neuroscience concepts, “working memory” and “willed action,” show that these expectations are not fulfilled, while in a Pragmatist understanding of such generalizations they cannot be found. Instead, neuroimages are shown to determine the values of cerebral blood flow and energy consumption, which can create a neurophysiological, bottom-up basis of brain function.Less
The original claims of cognitive neuroscience, an offshoot of computer science and psychology, were of a logical brain in which mental concepts could be identified and localized. Reviews of the imaging studies of two popular cognitive neuroscience concepts, “working memory” and “willed action,” show that these expectations are not fulfilled, while in a Pragmatist understanding of such generalizations they cannot be found. Instead, neuroimages are shown to determine the values of cerebral blood flow and energy consumption, which can create a neurophysiological, bottom-up basis of brain function.
Robert G. Shulman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199838721
- eISBN:
- 9780199345373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199838721.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging methods, fMRI, MRS, as well as positron emission tomography (PET), measure the rates of brain consumption of glucose and oxygen and of cerebral blood flow. In a single experiment MRS ...
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Neuroimaging methods, fMRI, MRS, as well as positron emission tomography (PET), measure the rates of brain consumption of glucose and oxygen and of cerebral blood flow. In a single experiment MRS measures the rate of glucose oxidation and the flow of the neurotransmitter glutamate to glutamine, a step in the release and recycling of the neurotransmitter. Results in rats and humans show that nearly all the energy from the oxidation of glucose is devoted to this work of neuronal firing, evidenced by the neurotransmitter cycling. This thermodynamic understanding allows neuroimaging results to be quantitatively interpreted as neuronal activities, which can be shown to be necessary for human behaviors. The objective nature of the imaging results is maintained in the following chapters by identifying brain activity that is required for certain observable behaviors.Less
Neuroimaging methods, fMRI, MRS, as well as positron emission tomography (PET), measure the rates of brain consumption of glucose and oxygen and of cerebral blood flow. In a single experiment MRS measures the rate of glucose oxidation and the flow of the neurotransmitter glutamate to glutamine, a step in the release and recycling of the neurotransmitter. Results in rats and humans show that nearly all the energy from the oxidation of glucose is devoted to this work of neuronal firing, evidenced by the neurotransmitter cycling. This thermodynamic understanding allows neuroimaging results to be quantitatively interpreted as neuronal activities, which can be shown to be necessary for human behaviors. The objective nature of the imaging results is maintained in the following chapters by identifying brain activity that is required for certain observable behaviors.
Andreas Caduff and Marks Talary
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199686513
- eISBN:
- 9780191766398
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686513.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
This chapter describes a biomedical application of dielectric spectroscopy for glucose detection from skin measurements. The chapter begins with a brief overview of diabetes as a disease and its ...
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This chapter describes a biomedical application of dielectric spectroscopy for glucose detection from skin measurements. The chapter begins with a brief overview of diabetes as a disease and its long- and short-term effects on the human body. We describe the physiological effects of glucose changes. This is given to highlight the biophysical changes that are associated with the disease and how dielectric spectroscopy can be utilized to monitor the impact of such changes. Then, requirements that measurement sensors need to meet are reviewed. This includes details of frequency range and sensor characteristic geometry required in order to permit non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using such dielectric-based sensor systems. Finally, we describe a roadmap to future developments for such a system.Less
This chapter describes a biomedical application of dielectric spectroscopy for glucose detection from skin measurements. The chapter begins with a brief overview of diabetes as a disease and its long- and short-term effects on the human body. We describe the physiological effects of glucose changes. This is given to highlight the biophysical changes that are associated with the disease and how dielectric spectroscopy can be utilized to monitor the impact of such changes. Then, requirements that measurement sensors need to meet are reviewed. This includes details of frequency range and sensor characteristic geometry required in order to permit non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using such dielectric-based sensor systems. Finally, we describe a roadmap to future developments for such a system.
Pamela M. Greenwood and Raja Parasuraman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017145
- eISBN:
- 9780262301336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017145.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The results of studies which examined the idea that a decline in physical functioning does not necessarily result in a decline in mental functioning are presented. Magnetic-resonance imaging studies ...
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The results of studies which examined the idea that a decline in physical functioning does not necessarily result in a decline in mental functioning are presented. Magnetic-resonance imaging studies show that the brain loses volume with age, although this shrinkage is seen as part of the brain’s overall growth. The studies presented in this chapter suggest that regional brain shrinkage is not associated with cognitive decline. The chapter explores the relationship of aging with changes in neurons, dendrites, and synapses. Studies show that aging does not affect the hippocampal electrophysiology, which is the ability of the neuron to charge at rest and fire normally. Memory performance and hypertension’s association with glucose regulation and dentate gyrus function in humans are also explored, along with the role of chronic diseases in cognitive aging.Less
The results of studies which examined the idea that a decline in physical functioning does not necessarily result in a decline in mental functioning are presented. Magnetic-resonance imaging studies show that the brain loses volume with age, although this shrinkage is seen as part of the brain’s overall growth. The studies presented in this chapter suggest that regional brain shrinkage is not associated with cognitive decline. The chapter explores the relationship of aging with changes in neurons, dendrites, and synapses. Studies show that aging does not affect the hippocampal electrophysiology, which is the ability of the neuron to charge at rest and fire normally. Memory performance and hypertension’s association with glucose regulation and dentate gyrus function in humans are also explored, along with the role of chronic diseases in cognitive aging.
