Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers ...
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This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.Less
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.
Carlo Focarelli
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584833
- eISBN:
- 9780191741012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584833.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter explores what ‘values’ are believed to be protected, or ought to be protected, by international law rules. Values make sense of existing rules and provide guidance for the rules to come. ...
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This chapter explores what ‘values’ are believed to be protected, or ought to be protected, by international law rules. Values make sense of existing rules and provide guidance for the rules to come. The discussion focuses on five basic global values: security, humanity, wealth, environment, and knowledge. Values tend to interact and raise the question of whether and how separate legal rules and regimes underlying different values can be coordinated with one another. This chapter first focuses on the rules which protect, or ought to better protect, the basic values and then turns to the interaction between rules, or classes of rules, protecting conflicting values. It argues that there is much to struggle for, both in improving global justice and overcoming inconsistencies.Less
This chapter explores what ‘values’ are believed to be protected, or ought to be protected, by international law rules. Values make sense of existing rules and provide guidance for the rules to come. The discussion focuses on five basic global values: security, humanity, wealth, environment, and knowledge. Values tend to interact and raise the question of whether and how separate legal rules and regimes underlying different values can be coordinated with one another. This chapter first focuses on the rules which protect, or ought to better protect, the basic values and then turns to the interaction between rules, or classes of rules, protecting conflicting values. It argues that there is much to struggle for, both in improving global justice and overcoming inconsistencies.
Jennifer Bair and Matthew C. Mahutga
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694761
- eISBN:
- 9780191741289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic ...
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This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.Less
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.
Aradhna Aggarwal
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077275
- eISBN:
- 9780199081035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077275.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and ...
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The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and administrative dimensions. It shows how SEZs originated in developed countries, when they were developing, as part of their strategy to support the process of ongoing industrialization. Recognizing their potential, developing countries' governments have increasingly embraced them as part of their development strategy and experimented with particularly innovative features to use them effectively. As a result, SEZs evolved over time towards more comprehensive objectives, high-tech orientation and multi-sectors, multi-preferential policies, flexible locations, larger spatial dimensions, and more economic integration within the host economy, which calls for a better understanding of their role in economic development.Less
The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and administrative dimensions. It shows how SEZs originated in developed countries, when they were developing, as part of their strategy to support the process of ongoing industrialization. Recognizing their potential, developing countries' governments have increasingly embraced them as part of their development strategy and experimented with particularly innovative features to use them effectively. As a result, SEZs evolved over time towards more comprehensive objectives, high-tech orientation and multi-sectors, multi-preferential policies, flexible locations, larger spatial dimensions, and more economic integration within the host economy, which calls for a better understanding of their role in economic development.
Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703907
- eISBN:
- 9780191773099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703907.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational ...
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In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational phenomenon within the global economy over the past two decades or so. It then introduces the intellectual context in which the GPN framework first appeared in the early 2000s and distils its basic attributes in relation to cognate approaches such as global commodity chains and global value chains. The final section maps out the structure and arguments of the book, detailing how it seeks to develop an enhanced GPN theory—for which it uses ‘GPN 2.0’ as convenient shorthand—that builds upon, and significantly extends, existing work under this banner.Less
In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational phenomenon within the global economy over the past two decades or so. It then introduces the intellectual context in which the GPN framework first appeared in the early 2000s and distils its basic attributes in relation to cognate approaches such as global commodity chains and global value chains. The final section maps out the structure and arguments of the book, detailing how it seeks to develop an enhanced GPN theory—for which it uses ‘GPN 2.0’ as convenient shorthand—that builds upon, and significantly extends, existing work under this banner.
Julian Germann
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781503609846
- eISBN:
- 9781503614291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503609846.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter explores how the German political economy was transformed by the global rise of neoliberalism and how this change feeds into Germany’s approach to the eurocrisis. Rather than being ...
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This chapter explores how the German political economy was transformed by the global rise of neoliberalism and how this change feeds into Germany’s approach to the eurocrisis. Rather than being pushed down an Anglo-American road, German policymakers still seek to preserve what is left of the domestic compromise between capital and labor. The chapter argues that China’s massive demand for German exports informs the long-term vision of a neoliberal Europe structurally adjusted to support the global position of German manufacturers. At the same time, the perceived threat of US interest rates rising out of step with economic conditions in Europe and emerging markets hardened the German stance on austerity during the fever-pitched policy battles at the height of the eurocrisis. Together, these international pressures and opportunities have produced the predicament of German primacy as a transformative and yet destabilizing force within the EU.Less
This chapter explores how the German political economy was transformed by the global rise of neoliberalism and how this change feeds into Germany’s approach to the eurocrisis. Rather than being pushed down an Anglo-American road, German policymakers still seek to preserve what is left of the domestic compromise between capital and labor. The chapter argues that China’s massive demand for German exports informs the long-term vision of a neoliberal Europe structurally adjusted to support the global position of German manufacturers. At the same time, the perceived threat of US interest rates rising out of step with economic conditions in Europe and emerging markets hardened the German stance on austerity during the fever-pitched policy battles at the height of the eurocrisis. Together, these international pressures and opportunities have produced the predicament of German primacy as a transformative and yet destabilizing force within the EU.
Cedric Ryngaert
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198851783
- eISBN:
- 9780191886355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198851783.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter fleshes out how unilateral, ‘extraterritorial’ action could be justifiable. The starting point of the analysis is that, in light of institutional failures to protect common interests ...
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This chapter fleshes out how unilateral, ‘extraterritorial’ action could be justifiable. The starting point of the analysis is that, in light of institutional failures to protect common interests adequately, unilateral action may at times be necessary to dispense global corrective justice. The author ascertains whether there is such a thing as an ‘international community’, and whether individual states rather than international institutions can be entrusted with ‘selfless’ jurisdictional powers. While acknowledging the risk of self-serving behaviour, the author is inclined to support benevolent unilateralism as the alternative—no action—may be worse. He argues that the justification of such unilateralism should be sought in a reinterpretation of the notion of sovereignty, as well as in the substantive values supposedly furthered by unilateral action.Less
This chapter fleshes out how unilateral, ‘extraterritorial’ action could be justifiable. The starting point of the analysis is that, in light of institutional failures to protect common interests adequately, unilateral action may at times be necessary to dispense global corrective justice. The author ascertains whether there is such a thing as an ‘international community’, and whether individual states rather than international institutions can be entrusted with ‘selfless’ jurisdictional powers. While acknowledging the risk of self-serving behaviour, the author is inclined to support benevolent unilateralism as the alternative—no action—may be worse. He argues that the justification of such unilateralism should be sought in a reinterpretation of the notion of sovereignty, as well as in the substantive values supposedly furthered by unilateral action.
Antonio Andreoni, Keun Lee, and Sofia Torreggiani
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192894311
- eISBN:
- 9780191915352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Since the emergence and diffusion of regional and global value chains, production-chain development has always played a key role in shaping countries’ structural transformation. Over the years, the ...
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Since the emergence and diffusion of regional and global value chains, production-chain development has always played a key role in shaping countries’ structural transformation. Over the years, the geographical breadth, length, and depth of these chains have changed significantly. Building on the catching-up experience of South Korea and China, this chapter investigates the conditions and processes under which today’s catching-up economies can benefit from integrating into global value chains (GVCs). The chapter empirically documents how successful catching-up has been associated with an ‘in-out-in’ industrialization process of GVC integration, where countries first ‘couple’ by entering GVCs in low value-added segments, then ‘decouple’ by building domestic supply chains and upgrading existing local capabilities, and finally ‘recouple’ by performing high value-addition activities in GVCs. The chapter also assesses the extent to which middle-income countries like South Africa have managed to increase their sectoral value addition in this global production settlement over the last two decades. The chapter finds that today’s middle-income countries have experienced different fortunes at the country and sectoral level when it comes to increasing domestic value addition. The chapter concludes by reflecting on possible future scenarios arising in the post-Covid-19 international context and the emergence of potential new industrialization models.Less
Since the emergence and diffusion of regional and global value chains, production-chain development has always played a key role in shaping countries’ structural transformation. Over the years, the geographical breadth, length, and depth of these chains have changed significantly. Building on the catching-up experience of South Korea and China, this chapter investigates the conditions and processes under which today’s catching-up economies can benefit from integrating into global value chains (GVCs). The chapter empirically documents how successful catching-up has been associated with an ‘in-out-in’ industrialization process of GVC integration, where countries first ‘couple’ by entering GVCs in low value-added segments, then ‘decouple’ by building domestic supply chains and upgrading existing local capabilities, and finally ‘recouple’ by performing high value-addition activities in GVCs. The chapter also assesses the extent to which middle-income countries like South Africa have managed to increase their sectoral value addition in this global production settlement over the last two decades. The chapter finds that today’s middle-income countries have experienced different fortunes at the country and sectoral level when it comes to increasing domestic value addition. The chapter concludes by reflecting on possible future scenarios arising in the post-Covid-19 international context and the emergence of potential new industrialization models.
Stefano Ponte
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192894311
- eISBN:
- 9780191915352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter highlights how sustainability and green capital accumulation go hand in hand, operating on the back of a structural logic that allows the extraction of value from producers as they ...
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This chapter highlights how sustainability and green capital accumulation go hand in hand, operating on the back of a structural logic that allows the extraction of value from producers as they attempt to improve their environmental performance. The case study of the wine industry in South Africa is, at a superficial level, a success story of economic and environmental upgrading and of improved international competitiveness. However, the growing concentration of the wine industry globally has come together with increased bargaining power by retailers and international merchants, which is leading to a cascade of squeezed margins upstream all the way to grape and wine suppliers. This chapter shows that: (1) sustainability is used opportunistically by global ‘lead firms’ for marketing, reputational enhancement, and risk management purposes; (2) South African value chain actors and institutions have invested heavily in portraying the industry and individual companies as caring for the environment; and (3) major economic and environmental upgrading processes in the South African wine value chain have taken place, but have not led to positive economic outcomes for most domestic players. Collectively, these lessons suggest a combined process of capital accumulation by lead firms, coupled with a process of supplier squeeze.Less
This chapter highlights how sustainability and green capital accumulation go hand in hand, operating on the back of a structural logic that allows the extraction of value from producers as they attempt to improve their environmental performance. The case study of the wine industry in South Africa is, at a superficial level, a success story of economic and environmental upgrading and of improved international competitiveness. However, the growing concentration of the wine industry globally has come together with increased bargaining power by retailers and international merchants, which is leading to a cascade of squeezed margins upstream all the way to grape and wine suppliers. This chapter shows that: (1) sustainability is used opportunistically by global ‘lead firms’ for marketing, reputational enhancement, and risk management purposes; (2) South African value chain actors and institutions have invested heavily in portraying the industry and individual companies as caring for the environment; and (3) major economic and environmental upgrading processes in the South African wine value chain have taken place, but have not led to positive economic outcomes for most domestic players. Collectively, these lessons suggest a combined process of capital accumulation by lead firms, coupled with a process of supplier squeeze.
Ioannis Lianos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198810674
- eISBN:
- 9780191847882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Comparative Law
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, ...
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The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.Less
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.
Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703907
- eISBN:
- 9780191773099
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703907.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through ...
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Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through cross-border economic activity. In this interconnected world system, a new form of economic organization, termed global production networks (GPNs) in this book, has emerged that brings together a wide array of economic actors, most notably capitalist firms, state institutions, labour unions, consumers, and non-government organizations, in the transnational production of economic value. National and sub-national economic development in this highly interdependent global economy can no longer be conceived of, and understood within, the distinct territorial boundaries of individual countries and regions. Instead, global production networks are organizational platforms through which actors in these different national or regional economies compete and cooperate for a larger share of the creation, transformation, and capture of value through transnational economic activity. They are also vehicles for transferring the value captured between different places. This book ultimately aims to develop a theory of global production networks that explains economic development in the interconnected global economy. It provides robust answers to a fundamental question: how is development in different economies driven by their participation in value activities organized through global production networks? These answers can also offer new theoretical insights into why the organization and coordination of global production networks varies significantly between different industries, sectors, and economies, and why those variations matter for economic development.Less
Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through cross-border economic activity. In this interconnected world system, a new form of economic organization, termed global production networks (GPNs) in this book, has emerged that brings together a wide array of economic actors, most notably capitalist firms, state institutions, labour unions, consumers, and non-government organizations, in the transnational production of economic value. National and sub-national economic development in this highly interdependent global economy can no longer be conceived of, and understood within, the distinct territorial boundaries of individual countries and regions. Instead, global production networks are organizational platforms through which actors in these different national or regional economies compete and cooperate for a larger share of the creation, transformation, and capture of value through transnational economic activity. They are also vehicles for transferring the value captured between different places. This book ultimately aims to develop a theory of global production networks that explains economic development in the interconnected global economy. It provides robust answers to a fundamental question: how is development in different economies driven by their participation in value activities organized through global production networks? These answers can also offer new theoretical insights into why the organization and coordination of global production networks varies significantly between different industries, sectors, and economies, and why those variations matter for economic development.
Margaret M. deGuzman
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198786153
- eISBN:
- 9780191827853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786153.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter explores the relationship between gravity and global prescriptive authority— the authority of the global community to prescribe rules of conduct and consequences for violating those ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between gravity and global prescriptive authority— the authority of the global community to prescribe rules of conduct and consequences for violating those rules. . It surveys the principal theories of international crimes and shows that virtually all of them rely significantly on a gravity threshold above which international prescriptive authority is justified. It goes on to explain how gravity has impeded the development of a coherent moral theory of global prescriptive authority, and advocates a theory that links such authority to the moral values at stake in labeling a crime “international,” in particular the value of human dignity.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between gravity and global prescriptive authority— the authority of the global community to prescribe rules of conduct and consequences for violating those rules. . It surveys the principal theories of international crimes and shows that virtually all of them rely significantly on a gravity threshold above which international prescriptive authority is justified. It goes on to explain how gravity has impeded the development of a coherent moral theory of global prescriptive authority, and advocates a theory that links such authority to the moral values at stake in labeling a crime “international,” in particular the value of human dignity.
Besnik Pula
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503605138
- eISBN:
- 9781503605985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503605138.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies ...
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This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies towards new international roles in world market integration during the 2000s. Over time, legacy factors matter increasingly less while the politics of adjustment came to matter much more. The chapter uses comparative data to trace patterns of structural transformation leading states to adopt one of the three distinct roles in international market integration: assembly platform, intermediate producer, and combined. The chapter defines the international market integration of small, developing states in a globalized economy as the structural position the nation’s industry assumes within global production networks. The concept incorporates both the aggregate role a nation’s industry holds in global value chains and the associated (national) political economy or institutional framework within which the organization of industrial activity takes place.Less
This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies towards new international roles in world market integration during the 2000s. Over time, legacy factors matter increasingly less while the politics of adjustment came to matter much more. The chapter uses comparative data to trace patterns of structural transformation leading states to adopt one of the three distinct roles in international market integration: assembly platform, intermediate producer, and combined. The chapter defines the international market integration of small, developing states in a globalized economy as the structural position the nation’s industry assumes within global production networks. The concept incorporates both the aggregate role a nation’s industry holds in global value chains and the associated (national) political economy or institutional framework within which the organization of industrial activity takes place.
Patrick Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428134
- eISBN:
- 9781447301844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428134.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that ...
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This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that captures the complex relationship between economic activity, human well-being, and environmental degradation. Drawing on the SCP perspective, the chapter discusses the responsibilities of a range of stakeholders in China's consumption-and-production systems that are connected through global value chains. It shows that attributing responsibility for China's growing impacts on global climate is a complex issue because responsibility should be shared between producers and consumers within China and in other countries. The chapter identifies opportunities for using the SCP approach to undertake ‘environmental leapfrogging’ in the areas of energy, industrial manufacturing, urban development, and consumer behaviour.Less
This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that captures the complex relationship between economic activity, human well-being, and environmental degradation. Drawing on the SCP perspective, the chapter discusses the responsibilities of a range of stakeholders in China's consumption-and-production systems that are connected through global value chains. It shows that attributing responsibility for China's growing impacts on global climate is a complex issue because responsibility should be shared between producers and consumers within China and in other countries. The chapter identifies opportunities for using the SCP approach to undertake ‘environmental leapfrogging’ in the areas of energy, industrial manufacturing, urban development, and consumer behaviour.
John Child, David Faulkner, Stephen Tallman, and Linda Hsieh
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198814634
- eISBN:
- 9780191852374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198814634.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, ...
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Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, but also final assembly, marketing, distribution, and even knowledge-based activities such as research and development. These activities are located in many countries and regions, both industrialized and emerging. The chapter notes that transaction cost and resource-based theories and their derivative transaction value perspective offer theoretical support for why cooperative ventures are common in the “outsourcing” that is typical of global production networks. Network concepts help to explain the structuring of global production networks and of the individual transactions that comprise these networks. The chapter also discusses the work of Gereffi and others on global value chains which is particularly informative about cooperative governance types. Modular production models provide a mechanism to structure decentralized networks.Less
Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, but also final assembly, marketing, distribution, and even knowledge-based activities such as research and development. These activities are located in many countries and regions, both industrialized and emerging. The chapter notes that transaction cost and resource-based theories and their derivative transaction value perspective offer theoretical support for why cooperative ventures are common in the “outsourcing” that is typical of global production networks. Network concepts help to explain the structuring of global production networks and of the individual transactions that comprise these networks. The chapter also discusses the work of Gereffi and others on global value chains which is particularly informative about cooperative governance types. Modular production models provide a mechanism to structure decentralized networks.
Arkebe Oqubay
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198739890
- eISBN:
- 9780191802829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739890.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapter 6 focuses on the same issues as the previous two chapters, but in relation to leather and leather goods, where performance has been very different from that of floriculture and cement. Why ...
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Chapter 6 focuses on the same issues as the previous two chapters, but in relation to leather and leather goods, where performance has been very different from that of floriculture and cement. Why has a country with the largest livestock population in Africa and with a century of manufacturing experience in the sector behind it been unable to achieve more than sluggish and erratic growth? Industrial policy relating to leather and leather products has been unable to reverse this poor performance and fully exploit the potential for linkage effects and competitive integration into the global value chain. However, recent developments have begun to yield more investment, better quality, and more exports of higher-end products. This chapter explores this history and the recent changes, providing insights into the policy process, the constraints on the sector’s expansion, and the structure of the sector.Less
Chapter 6 focuses on the same issues as the previous two chapters, but in relation to leather and leather goods, where performance has been very different from that of floriculture and cement. Why has a country with the largest livestock population in Africa and with a century of manufacturing experience in the sector behind it been unable to achieve more than sluggish and erratic growth? Industrial policy relating to leather and leather products has been unable to reverse this poor performance and fully exploit the potential for linkage effects and competitive integration into the global value chain. However, recent developments have begun to yield more investment, better quality, and more exports of higher-end products. This chapter explores this history and the recent changes, providing insights into the policy process, the constraints on the sector’s expansion, and the structure of the sector.
Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198849513
- eISBN:
- 9780191883620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198849513.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences ...
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The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences between countries, depending upon their size. The pace of industrialization was also impressive. For Asia, and the Asian-14, the share of manufacturing in GDP rose from one-tenth in 1970 to one-fourth in 2016. But industrialization was most unequal even among the Asian-14. Economic openness has performed a critical supportive role in the process, wherever it has been in the form of strategic integration with, rather than passive insertion into, the world economy. Analysis of the industrialization experience in the Asian-14 shows that openness, while necessary, was not sufficient. It was conducive to industrialization only when combined with sensible industrial policy that was implemented by effective governments. In future, however, technological learning and technological capabilities are also essential to provide the foundations for sustaining industrialization.Less
The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences between countries, depending upon their size. The pace of industrialization was also impressive. For Asia, and the Asian-14, the share of manufacturing in GDP rose from one-tenth in 1970 to one-fourth in 2016. But industrialization was most unequal even among the Asian-14. Economic openness has performed a critical supportive role in the process, wherever it has been in the form of strategic integration with, rather than passive insertion into, the world economy. Analysis of the industrialization experience in the Asian-14 shows that openness, while necessary, was not sufficient. It was conducive to industrialization only when combined with sensible industrial policy that was implemented by effective governments. In future, however, technological learning and technological capabilities are also essential to provide the foundations for sustaining industrialization.
Robert H. Wade
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198841760
- eISBN:
- 9780191877155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198841760.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as ...
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Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.Less
Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.
Antonio Andreoni, Pamela Mondliwa, Simon Roberts, and Fiona Tregenna
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192894311
- eISBN:
- 9780191915352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Structural transformation is a complex, long-term historical process entailing both structural change in the sectoral composition of an economy, as well as broader societal changes in the productive ...
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Structural transformation is a complex, long-term historical process entailing both structural change in the sectoral composition of an economy, as well as broader societal changes in the productive organizations, institutions, and political economy of a country. With a focus on South Africa as a middle-income country, this chapter advances a holistic and integrated perspective on the nature and dynamics of structural transformation and highlights a specific set of interlocking critical factors and dimensions. These are: the processes of learning and productive capabilities development and accumulation; technological change—digitalization, specifically—and its relationship with sustainability; power dynamics along global value chains (GVCs) and their relation to inequality; and finally, the political economy of development and the role of the state. Over the course of its democratic history, since 1994, South Africa has not undergone sustained and thoroughgoing structural transformation. Despite some areas of partial success, there has been premature deindustrialization, lack of sufficient development of the local production system alongside integration into GVCs, and persistent cross-cutting challenges of inclusiveness and sustainability. Here it is argued that the holistic and integrated framework developed by the authors can help in developing a policy approach towards effective and feasible packages of industrial policies for structural transformation.Less
Structural transformation is a complex, long-term historical process entailing both structural change in the sectoral composition of an economy, as well as broader societal changes in the productive organizations, institutions, and political economy of a country. With a focus on South Africa as a middle-income country, this chapter advances a holistic and integrated perspective on the nature and dynamics of structural transformation and highlights a specific set of interlocking critical factors and dimensions. These are: the processes of learning and productive capabilities development and accumulation; technological change—digitalization, specifically—and its relationship with sustainability; power dynamics along global value chains (GVCs) and their relation to inequality; and finally, the political economy of development and the role of the state. Over the course of its democratic history, since 1994, South Africa has not undergone sustained and thoroughgoing structural transformation. Despite some areas of partial success, there has been premature deindustrialization, lack of sufficient development of the local production system alongside integration into GVCs, and persistent cross-cutting challenges of inclusiveness and sustainability. Here it is argued that the holistic and integrated framework developed by the authors can help in developing a policy approach towards effective and feasible packages of industrial policies for structural transformation.
Justin Barnes, Anthony Black, and Lorenza Monaco
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192894311
- eISBN:
- 9780191915352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Through a series of government plans, the South African automotive industry has achieved undeniable success, especially in terms of its export orientation. The industry uses efficient technologies ...
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Through a series of government plans, the South African automotive industry has achieved undeniable success, especially in terms of its export orientation. The industry uses efficient technologies and is integrated into global markets. However, major structural weaknesses exist. Export growth has not been accompanied by increasing local content, investment has been modest and employment creation insignificant. Vehicle and component imports into the domestic market are high and the industry runs significant trade deficits. Most core technologies are imported, including advanced power trains and electronics. This chapter considers the structural impediments to the industry’s development, as well as issues related to ownership and power relations between the state and multinational firms. Analysing the potential for further localization and the deepening of the supply chain, the chapter considers global technology developments, domestic productive capabilities, and power dynamics in the global value chain (GVC). The chapter argues that state–business bargaining dynamics have negatively affected this potential. While efforts to deepen the supply chain would allow for more sustainable growth, the achievement of such goals is impossible without concerted commitment from all stakeholders.Less
Through a series of government plans, the South African automotive industry has achieved undeniable success, especially in terms of its export orientation. The industry uses efficient technologies and is integrated into global markets. However, major structural weaknesses exist. Export growth has not been accompanied by increasing local content, investment has been modest and employment creation insignificant. Vehicle and component imports into the domestic market are high and the industry runs significant trade deficits. Most core technologies are imported, including advanced power trains and electronics. This chapter considers the structural impediments to the industry’s development, as well as issues related to ownership and power relations between the state and multinational firms. Analysing the potential for further localization and the deepening of the supply chain, the chapter considers global technology developments, domestic productive capabilities, and power dynamics in the global value chain (GVC). The chapter argues that state–business bargaining dynamics have negatively affected this potential. While efforts to deepen the supply chain would allow for more sustainable growth, the achievement of such goals is impossible without concerted commitment from all stakeholders.
