Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers ...
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This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.Less
This book studies the way that British, American, and German firms in the clothing industry (manufacturing and retail) co-ordinate and govern their global production networks/value chains. It offers a multi-level analysis, concerned with processes of economic interaction between international, regional, and national economic institutions and actors. This combines an analysis of international/regional regulatory systems, global markets, and conditions in the developing countries where suppliers are found with a focus on the recent development of the clothing industry in three western countries. The book's study of firms' global networks focuses on the power relationships between western producers and retailers on the one hand and between buyer firms in developed and supplier firms in developing countries on the other. The book additionally investigates their impact on labour. Utilizing over a hundred interviews in six countries on three continents, it follows the value chain from developed to developing countries and studies the many issues which confront students of globalization at the current time. The book combines theoretical perspectives from economic sociology, political economy, and management and seeks to utilise the complementary strengths of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach and that of Global Production Networks/Value Chains.
Jennifer Bair and Matthew C. Mahutga
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694761
- eISBN:
- 9780191741289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic ...
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This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.Less
This chapter provides a new perspective on a longstanding debate concerning the development of contemporary capitalism: does globalization erode the influence of territorial institutions on economic organization? While the theory of institutional comparative advantage and the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach more generally maintain that globalization is compatible with persistent institutional diversity, the global commodity/value chain (GCC/GVC) approach holds that the organization of production increasingly reflects governance logics that are industry specific and global in scope. In order to empirically evaluate these contending claims, This chapter first derives two sets of divergent hypotheses regarding the degree to which a particular dimension of economic organization — spatial fragmentation — varies by either institutional or industry type, and then conducts a longitudinal statistical analysis in which thi chapter compares rates of spatial fragmentation (measured as the ratio of imports to domestic value-added) across industries and varieties of capitalism. The results provide strong (but imperfect) evidence in support of the GCC/GVC approach insofar as relative rates of spatial fragmentation vary across industries in a manner consistent with industry-specific global governance models, while the observed variation between institutional types is not significantly larger than that within them. The chapter interprets these findings as evidence for the claim that, across different institutional contexts, firms in the manufacturing sector are participating in coordinated trade networks of the sort described in the global commodity/value chains literature. The conclusion charts a parallel path forward in calling for future research that draws on both the VoC and GCC/GVC approaches to understand how spatial fragmentation is occurring, especially at the level of inter-firm relations in particular institutional contexts.
Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703907
- eISBN:
- 9780191773099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703907.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational ...
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In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational phenomenon within the global economy over the past two decades or so. It then introduces the intellectual context in which the GPN framework first appeared in the early 2000s and distils its basic attributes in relation to cognate approaches such as global commodity chains and global value chains. The final section maps out the structure and arguments of the book, detailing how it seeks to develop an enhanced GPN theory—for which it uses ‘GPN 2.0’ as convenient shorthand—that builds upon, and significantly extends, existing work under this banner.Less
In starting the account, this introductory chapter has three objectives. First, it establishes the key structural forces behind the emergence of global production networks (GPN) as an organizational phenomenon within the global economy over the past two decades or so. It then introduces the intellectual context in which the GPN framework first appeared in the early 2000s and distils its basic attributes in relation to cognate approaches such as global commodity chains and global value chains. The final section maps out the structure and arguments of the book, detailing how it seeks to develop an enhanced GPN theory—for which it uses ‘GPN 2.0’ as convenient shorthand—that builds upon, and significantly extends, existing work under this banner.
Ioannis Lianos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198810674
- eISBN:
- 9780191847882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Comparative Law
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, ...
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The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.Less
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.
Aradhna Aggarwal
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077275
- eISBN:
- 9780199081035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077275.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and ...
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The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and administrative dimensions. It shows how SEZs originated in developed countries, when they were developing, as part of their strategy to support the process of ongoing industrialization. Recognizing their potential, developing countries' governments have increasingly embraced them as part of their development strategy and experimented with particularly innovative features to use them effectively. As a result, SEZs evolved over time towards more comprehensive objectives, high-tech orientation and multi-sectors, multi-preferential policies, flexible locations, larger spatial dimensions, and more economic integration within the host economy, which calls for a better understanding of their role in economic development.Less
The objective of this chapter is to explore the genesis of special economic zones (SEZs) and outline their historical evolution. It also analyses changes in their structural, spatial, functional, and administrative dimensions. It shows how SEZs originated in developed countries, when they were developing, as part of their strategy to support the process of ongoing industrialization. Recognizing their potential, developing countries' governments have increasingly embraced them as part of their development strategy and experimented with particularly innovative features to use them effectively. As a result, SEZs evolved over time towards more comprehensive objectives, high-tech orientation and multi-sectors, multi-preferential policies, flexible locations, larger spatial dimensions, and more economic integration within the host economy, which calls for a better understanding of their role in economic development.
Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198703907
- eISBN:
- 9780191773099
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703907.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through ...
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Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through cross-border economic activity. In this interconnected world system, a new form of economic organization, termed global production networks (GPNs) in this book, has emerged that brings together a wide array of economic actors, most notably capitalist firms, state institutions, labour unions, consumers, and non-government organizations, in the transnational production of economic value. National and sub-national economic development in this highly interdependent global economy can no longer be conceived of, and understood within, the distinct territorial boundaries of individual countries and regions. Instead, global production networks are organizational platforms through which actors in these different national or regional economies compete and cooperate for a larger share of the creation, transformation, and capture of value through transnational economic activity. They are also vehicles for transferring the value captured between different places. This book ultimately aims to develop a theory of global production networks that explains economic development in the interconnected global economy. It provides robust answers to a fundamental question: how is development in different economies driven by their participation in value activities organized through global production networks? These answers can also offer new theoretical insights into why the organization and coordination of global production networks varies significantly between different industries, sectors, and economies, and why those variations matter for economic development.Less
Accelerating processes of economic globalization have fundamentally reshaped the organization of the global economy towards much greater integration and functional interdependence through cross-border economic activity. In this interconnected world system, a new form of economic organization, termed global production networks (GPNs) in this book, has emerged that brings together a wide array of economic actors, most notably capitalist firms, state institutions, labour unions, consumers, and non-government organizations, in the transnational production of economic value. National and sub-national economic development in this highly interdependent global economy can no longer be conceived of, and understood within, the distinct territorial boundaries of individual countries and regions. Instead, global production networks are organizational platforms through which actors in these different national or regional economies compete and cooperate for a larger share of the creation, transformation, and capture of value through transnational economic activity. They are also vehicles for transferring the value captured between different places. This book ultimately aims to develop a theory of global production networks that explains economic development in the interconnected global economy. It provides robust answers to a fundamental question: how is development in different economies driven by their participation in value activities organized through global production networks? These answers can also offer new theoretical insights into why the organization and coordination of global production networks varies significantly between different industries, sectors, and economies, and why those variations matter for economic development.
Frederick Nixson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198725077
- eISBN:
- 9780191792502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198725077.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
This chapter focuses on Global Value Chains (GVCs) in the manufacturing sector. It summarises the recent empirical work on the quantitative significance of GVCs within individual countries and from ...
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This chapter focuses on Global Value Chains (GVCs) in the manufacturing sector. It summarises the recent empirical work on the quantitative significance of GVCs within individual countries and from BRICS. It also discusses the developmental implications of host countries participating in GVCs, paying particular attention to long-term industrial capacity building and issues of upgrading within and between GVCs. The chapter argues that GVCs are not primarily a trade phenomenon and thus the dependence on trade data to estimate their importance can distort the developmental perspective. The chapter concludes that no obvious model of BRICS involvement with GVCs has emerged and shows that the empirical evidence and case study material indicate widely differing experiences.Less
This chapter focuses on Global Value Chains (GVCs) in the manufacturing sector. It summarises the recent empirical work on the quantitative significance of GVCs within individual countries and from BRICS. It also discusses the developmental implications of host countries participating in GVCs, paying particular attention to long-term industrial capacity building and issues of upgrading within and between GVCs. The chapter argues that GVCs are not primarily a trade phenomenon and thus the dependence on trade data to estimate their importance can distort the developmental perspective. The chapter concludes that no obvious model of BRICS involvement with GVCs has emerged and shows that the empirical evidence and case study material indicate widely differing experiences.
Donald Robertson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198825296
- eISBN:
- 9780191864001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825296.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
Intertwined markets and disaggregated means of production give rise to new types of economic entities. Organized along global value chains, the relevance of state borders for the legal norms that ...
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Intertwined markets and disaggregated means of production give rise to new types of economic entities. Organized along global value chains, the relevance of state borders for the legal norms that apply to them are often reduced and new governance responses have emerged. Modern retail payment systems are an example of cross-border, network structures requiring both private (contractual) and public (regulatory) governance. The two main legal responses—private international law and harmonization—fail to deal effectively with coherence. Based in a principled regulatory approach which relies on public reason, megaregional trade and investment agreements such as TPP provide a route to effective transnational governance of global and regional value chains in this area.Less
Intertwined markets and disaggregated means of production give rise to new types of economic entities. Organized along global value chains, the relevance of state borders for the legal norms that apply to them are often reduced and new governance responses have emerged. Modern retail payment systems are an example of cross-border, network structures requiring both private (contractual) and public (regulatory) governance. The two main legal responses—private international law and harmonization—fail to deal effectively with coherence. Based in a principled regulatory approach which relies on public reason, megaregional trade and investment agreements such as TPP provide a route to effective transnational governance of global and regional value chains in this area.
Patrick Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428134
- eISBN:
- 9781447301844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428134.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that ...
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This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that captures the complex relationship between economic activity, human well-being, and environmental degradation. Drawing on the SCP perspective, the chapter discusses the responsibilities of a range of stakeholders in China's consumption-and-production systems that are connected through global value chains. It shows that attributing responsibility for China's growing impacts on global climate is a complex issue because responsibility should be shared between producers and consumers within China and in other countries. The chapter identifies opportunities for using the SCP approach to undertake ‘environmental leapfrogging’ in the areas of energy, industrial manufacturing, urban development, and consumer behaviour.Less
This chapter looks at China's responsibility for climate change from the perspective of ‘sustainable consumption and production’ (SCP). The SCP approach is an integrative analytical perspective that captures the complex relationship between economic activity, human well-being, and environmental degradation. Drawing on the SCP perspective, the chapter discusses the responsibilities of a range of stakeholders in China's consumption-and-production systems that are connected through global value chains. It shows that attributing responsibility for China's growing impacts on global climate is a complex issue because responsibility should be shared between producers and consumers within China and in other countries. The chapter identifies opportunities for using the SCP approach to undertake ‘environmental leapfrogging’ in the areas of energy, industrial manufacturing, urban development, and consumer behaviour.
Nicolas Balas and Florence Palpacuer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198744504
- eISBN:
- 9780191805790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744504.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter analyses the ways in which financialization has transformed the territorial and organizational dynamics of innovation in global value chains, by adopting a historical perspective and ...
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This chapter analyses the ways in which financialization has transformed the territorial and organizational dynamics of innovation in global value chains, by adopting a historical perspective and focusing on Grenoble, the main French cluster in microelectronics R&D. The analysis draws on the geography of domination and neo-Gramscian approaches to (re)problematize spatial and institutional change as a political struggle in global value chains. On the basis of thirty-five interviews conducted between 2007 and 2010, archival information and secondary data, the authors identify three distinct periods in the development of the Grenoble cluster in which the specific geographical boundaries, forms of innovation, and relationship to the local territory in which its activities were embedded differed.Less
This chapter analyses the ways in which financialization has transformed the territorial and organizational dynamics of innovation in global value chains, by adopting a historical perspective and focusing on Grenoble, the main French cluster in microelectronics R&D. The analysis draws on the geography of domination and neo-Gramscian approaches to (re)problematize spatial and institutional change as a political struggle in global value chains. On the basis of thirty-five interviews conducted between 2007 and 2010, archival information and secondary data, the authors identify three distinct periods in the development of the Grenoble cluster in which the specific geographical boundaries, forms of innovation, and relationship to the local territory in which its activities were embedded differed.
John Child, David Faulkner, Stephen Tallman, and Linda Hsieh
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198814634
- eISBN:
- 9780191852374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198814634.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, ...
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Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, but also final assembly, marketing, distribution, and even knowledge-based activities such as research and development. These activities are located in many countries and regions, both industrialized and emerging. The chapter notes that transaction cost and resource-based theories and their derivative transaction value perspective offer theoretical support for why cooperative ventures are common in the “outsourcing” that is typical of global production networks. Network concepts help to explain the structuring of global production networks and of the individual transactions that comprise these networks. The chapter also discusses the work of Gereffi and others on global value chains which is particularly informative about cooperative governance types. Modular production models provide a mechanism to structure decentralized networks.Less
Chapter 7 addresses the use of cooperative strategies and organizations in the development of global value-adding chains and networks. These global networks comprise not only component manufacture, but also final assembly, marketing, distribution, and even knowledge-based activities such as research and development. These activities are located in many countries and regions, both industrialized and emerging. The chapter notes that transaction cost and resource-based theories and their derivative transaction value perspective offer theoretical support for why cooperative ventures are common in the “outsourcing” that is typical of global production networks. Network concepts help to explain the structuring of global production networks and of the individual transactions that comprise these networks. The chapter also discusses the work of Gereffi and others on global value chains which is particularly informative about cooperative governance types. Modular production models provide a mechanism to structure decentralized networks.
Besnik Pula
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503605138
- eISBN:
- 9781503605985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503605138.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies ...
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This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies towards new international roles in world market integration during the 2000s. Over time, legacy factors matter increasingly less while the politics of adjustment came to matter much more. The chapter uses comparative data to trace patterns of structural transformation leading states to adopt one of the three distinct roles in international market integration: assembly platform, intermediate producer, and combined. The chapter defines the international market integration of small, developing states in a globalized economy as the structural position the nation’s industry assumes within global production networks. The concept incorporates both the aggregate role a nation’s industry holds in global value chains and the associated (national) political economy or institutional framework within which the organization of industrial activity takes place.Less
This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies towards new international roles in world market integration during the 2000s. Over time, legacy factors matter increasingly less while the politics of adjustment came to matter much more. The chapter uses comparative data to trace patterns of structural transformation leading states to adopt one of the three distinct roles in international market integration: assembly platform, intermediate producer, and combined. The chapter defines the international market integration of small, developing states in a globalized economy as the structural position the nation’s industry assumes within global production networks. The concept incorporates both the aggregate role a nation’s industry holds in global value chains and the associated (national) political economy or institutional framework within which the organization of industrial activity takes place.
Robert H. Wade
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198841760
- eISBN:
- 9780191877155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198841760.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as ...
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Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.Less
Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.
Marcel Timmer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198786160
- eISBN:
- 9780191827860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786160.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter introduces a new approach to better understand productivity and employment growth in the global economy. As production fragmentation takes place across borders, countries specialize in ...
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This chapter introduces a new approach to better understand productivity and employment growth in the global economy. As production fragmentation takes place across borders, countries specialize in particular tasks within global value chains, such as R&D, logistics, manufacturing, and marketing activities. To understand the effects of this on domestic labour demand, one needs to model the full interactions between the various participants in production. The global value chain approach is introduced, and its usefulness is illustrated with a study of the value added distribution of German cars across countries and production factors. It is argued that further study of the substitution possibilities across workers of different types and countries, as well as between labour and (intangible) capital is needed.Less
This chapter introduces a new approach to better understand productivity and employment growth in the global economy. As production fragmentation takes place across borders, countries specialize in particular tasks within global value chains, such as R&D, logistics, manufacturing, and marketing activities. To understand the effects of this on domestic labour demand, one needs to model the full interactions between the various participants in production. The global value chain approach is introduced, and its usefulness is illustrated with a study of the value added distribution of German cars across countries and production factors. It is argued that further study of the substitution possibilities across workers of different types and countries, as well as between labour and (intangible) capital is needed.
Jamie Peck
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198727408
- eISBN:
- 9780191793523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727408.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter presents an abbreviated (modern) history of outsourcing, from the identification of the so-called new international division of labor in the 1970s, through the ascendancy of outsourcing ...
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This chapter presents an abbreviated (modern) history of outsourcing, from the identification of the so-called new international division of labor in the 1970s, through the ascendancy of outsourcing as an innovatory business practice from the late 1980s and through the 1990s, to the rancorous “offshoring” debates of the last decade. Chapter 2 provides a genealogical and political-economic commentary on the rise of global outsourcing, from an epiphenomenon of the crisis of competitiveness facing some of the major manufacturing firms of North America and Western Europe in the 1970s, through the digital revolutions of the 1990s and the opening up of white-collar outsourcing markets, to the construction of the contemporary outsourcing “industry,” with its peculiar mix of strong growth, corporate regularization, political stigmatization, and second-class status.Less
This chapter presents an abbreviated (modern) history of outsourcing, from the identification of the so-called new international division of labor in the 1970s, through the ascendancy of outsourcing as an innovatory business practice from the late 1980s and through the 1990s, to the rancorous “offshoring” debates of the last decade. Chapter 2 provides a genealogical and political-economic commentary on the rise of global outsourcing, from an epiphenomenon of the crisis of competitiveness facing some of the major manufacturing firms of North America and Western Europe in the 1970s, through the digital revolutions of the 1990s and the opening up of white-collar outsourcing markets, to the construction of the contemporary outsourcing “industry,” with its peculiar mix of strong growth, corporate regularization, political stigmatization, and second-class status.
Ling Chen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503604797
- eISBN:
- 9781503605695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503604797.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s ...
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This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s largest manufacturing industry—the electronics industry—as an example, the chapter compares the development of China’s two largest manufacturing cities, Suzhou and Shenzhen. It demonstrates how earlier patterns of FDI attraction and the prioritization of large or small FIEs gave rise to distinctive foreign–domestic firm relations. Through both in-depth case studies and hierarchical models, the chapter shows that a segregated relationship started by the group-offshoring strategy of large FIEs makes upgrading policies, such as government funding and tax cuts, less effective and dampens the innovation incentives for domestic private firms. By contrast, a more equal, broadly connected relationship started by the subcontracting strategy of small FIEs makes upgrading policies more likely to generate firm-level innovation behavior.Less
This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s largest manufacturing industry—the electronics industry—as an example, the chapter compares the development of China’s two largest manufacturing cities, Suzhou and Shenzhen. It demonstrates how earlier patterns of FDI attraction and the prioritization of large or small FIEs gave rise to distinctive foreign–domestic firm relations. Through both in-depth case studies and hierarchical models, the chapter shows that a segregated relationship started by the group-offshoring strategy of large FIEs makes upgrading policies, such as government funding and tax cuts, less effective and dampens the innovation incentives for domestic private firms. By contrast, a more equal, broadly connected relationship started by the subcontracting strategy of small FIEs makes upgrading policies more likely to generate firm-level innovation behavior.
Nicoli Nattrass and Jeremy Seekings
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198841463
- eISBN:
- 9780191876967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198841463.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Chapter 4 provides a history and analysis of development trajectories in the global clothing industry. Trade liberalization (specifically the end of import quotas from January 2005) and the rise of ...
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Chapter 4 provides a history and analysis of development trajectories in the global clothing industry. Trade liberalization (specifically the end of import quotas from January 2005) and the rise of global value chains have changed the nature of the global economy since Lewis’s time. We use UNIDO data on remuneration, output, and employment to identify post-2004 national development trajectories showing that upgrading trajectories can be pro-labour (a rising wage share of value-added) or pro-capital (a rising profit share). Pro-labour trajectories can deliver rising average wages and employment (e.g. India and China) or higher average wages for fewer workers (e.g. Sri Lanka). Pro-capital trajectories can also deliver higher average wages and employment growth (e.g. Vietnam) or rising wages for fewer workers (e.g. South Africa). Downgrading trajectories are typically associated with falling average wages but can be associated with rising average wages (as in Turkey). The desirability of a particular development trajectory depends on the economic context, especially labour market conditions.Less
Chapter 4 provides a history and analysis of development trajectories in the global clothing industry. Trade liberalization (specifically the end of import quotas from January 2005) and the rise of global value chains have changed the nature of the global economy since Lewis’s time. We use UNIDO data on remuneration, output, and employment to identify post-2004 national development trajectories showing that upgrading trajectories can be pro-labour (a rising wage share of value-added) or pro-capital (a rising profit share). Pro-labour trajectories can deliver rising average wages and employment (e.g. India and China) or higher average wages for fewer workers (e.g. Sri Lanka). Pro-capital trajectories can also deliver higher average wages and employment growth (e.g. Vietnam) or rising wages for fewer workers (e.g. South Africa). Downgrading trajectories are typically associated with falling average wages but can be associated with rising average wages (as in Turkey). The desirability of a particular development trajectory depends on the economic context, especially labour market conditions.
Patrick J. W. Egan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037358
- eISBN:
- 9780262344265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037358.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter provides the theoretic background and working hypotheses for the empirical tests that follow in subsequent chapters. The book is informed by substantial literature in several academic ...
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This chapter provides the theoretic background and working hypotheses for the empirical tests that follow in subsequent chapters. The book is informed by substantial literature in several academic subfields, including but not limited to international political economy, international business studies, development economics, and global value chain research. This chapter builds a cumulative theoretic framework for interpreting multinational innovation and comparative institutionalist perspectives. Prior literature and debate inform the hypotheses presented in this chapter, which involve both country and firm level attributes and resulting investment patterns. The chapter considers ideas from international development studies regarding the role of multinational firms in processes of country growth and technological upgrading, theories of the firm and contemporary pressures for polycentric innovation models, and institutionalist perspectives from political science and political economy. This chapter also provides working definitions for key concepts and how institutions might be analytically separated from host country policies. The chapter emphasizes the theoretic support for the causal mechanisms supposed in the various hypotheses.Less
This chapter provides the theoretic background and working hypotheses for the empirical tests that follow in subsequent chapters. The book is informed by substantial literature in several academic subfields, including but not limited to international political economy, international business studies, development economics, and global value chain research. This chapter builds a cumulative theoretic framework for interpreting multinational innovation and comparative institutionalist perspectives. Prior literature and debate inform the hypotheses presented in this chapter, which involve both country and firm level attributes and resulting investment patterns. The chapter considers ideas from international development studies regarding the role of multinational firms in processes of country growth and technological upgrading, theories of the firm and contemporary pressures for polycentric innovation models, and institutionalist perspectives from political science and political economy. This chapter also provides working definitions for key concepts and how institutions might be analytically separated from host country policies. The chapter emphasizes the theoretic support for the causal mechanisms supposed in the various hypotheses.
Hwy-Chang Moon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190228798
- eISBN:
- 9780190228828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190228798.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Internationalization plays a key role in promoting the growth of firms and building their competitiveness. Although key decision-makers at the firm and national level often misunderstand the nature ...
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Internationalization plays a key role in promoting the growth of firms and building their competitiveness. Although key decision-makers at the firm and national level often misunderstand the nature of internationalization, it is clear that internationalization plays a critical role in business operations, as demonstrated by how companies that efficiently coordinate their global value chain gain greater competitive advantage. The impact of internationalization on both home and host countries is demonstrated by the implementation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in terms of capital transfer, trade promotion, industry growth and cluster effects, and technology development and innovation. The ABCD model then provides guidelines for effectively implementing internationalization policies at the firm level.Less
Internationalization plays a key role in promoting the growth of firms and building their competitiveness. Although key decision-makers at the firm and national level often misunderstand the nature of internationalization, it is clear that internationalization plays a critical role in business operations, as demonstrated by how companies that efficiently coordinate their global value chain gain greater competitive advantage. The impact of internationalization on both home and host countries is demonstrated by the implementation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in terms of capital transfer, trade promotion, industry growth and cluster effects, and technology development and innovation. The ABCD model then provides guidelines for effectively implementing internationalization policies at the firm level.
Anna Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198823940
- eISBN:
- 9780191862656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198823940.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Chapter 2 explores the progressive financialization of the food system since the 1980s and relates this phenomenon to the Neoliberal policy agenda. In addition, the chapter carries out some important ...
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Chapter 2 explores the progressive financialization of the food system since the 1980s and relates this phenomenon to the Neoliberal policy agenda. In addition, the chapter carries out some important theoretical work that informs the analysis throughout the remainder of the book. The author argues that the financialization of the food system can only be understood in the context of broader trends in the financialization of the global economy, which has to be linked to the Neoliberal policy agenda and its relationship to Neoclassical economic theory in order to be fully appreciated. The chapter analyses three additional developments that, together with practices of food commodity speculation, are significant in the financialization of agriculture: the growing importance of finance in shaping the operations of global value chains; the global land grab that has seen financial investors gaining control over large tracts of agricultural land; and the rise of microcredit as a mechanism that is incorporating populations in the Global South into the logics of financial markets.Less
Chapter 2 explores the progressive financialization of the food system since the 1980s and relates this phenomenon to the Neoliberal policy agenda. In addition, the chapter carries out some important theoretical work that informs the analysis throughout the remainder of the book. The author argues that the financialization of the food system can only be understood in the context of broader trends in the financialization of the global economy, which has to be linked to the Neoliberal policy agenda and its relationship to Neoclassical economic theory in order to be fully appreciated. The chapter analyses three additional developments that, together with practices of food commodity speculation, are significant in the financialization of agriculture: the growing importance of finance in shaping the operations of global value chains; the global land grab that has seen financial investors gaining control over large tracts of agricultural land; and the rise of microcredit as a mechanism that is incorporating populations in the Global South into the logics of financial markets.
