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This chapter begins by evaluating the different meanings of the digital divide, as well as their interaction with social sources of inequality by stating available information on the United States, though attempting to use this information to support broader analytical implications. It then investigates the digital divide in a global perspective, since the differences in Internet access between countries and regions of the planet as a whole are so considerable that they actually modify the meaning of the digital divide and the kind of issues to be discussed.

Psychology differs from many other disciplines in that students can readily connect course material to their own lives (Goldstein, 2010). This distinction is at the root of the idea of psychological literacy as defined by McGovern et al. (2010). Promoting psychological literacy entails reorienting what and how we teach students in a way that emphasizes psychology’s relevance. To the extent that the acquisition of core psychological knowledge takes place in the classroom, we believe that the obvious channel for cultivating psychological literacy is the undergraduate psychology curriculum. This chapter reviews the history of psychology curricula in the U.S.A. and then considers how student learning outcomes related to psychological literacy might shape disciplinary curricula for undergraduates. Such curricular change must address the necessary balance between graduate and undergraduate needs, and the balance between cutting-edge and core knowledge; for these reasons, the chapter specifically discusses the range of learning outcomes a psychologically literate curriculum should comprise. The chapter then turns to the competencies that should appear in psychologically literate curricula and addresses ways to give courses a more global perspective. The chapter also focuses on practical ways to make a departmental curriculum more psychologically literate and offer advice on assessing literacy. The chapter concludes with a call to develop a psychologically literate citizenry.

This chapter attempts to define Pentecostalism/s, in view of the fact that definitions are often static and prone to generating confusion. The study of Pentecostalism is a developing field, and this chapter attempts to embrace its different methodological and theoretical aspects from a global perspective. The globalization of various kinds of Pentecostalism and their proliferation into complex varieties is bewildering. The chapter seeks to give some clarity to the discussion of ways in which Pentecostalism can be described and analyzed, and it tries to offer direction through the maze of different shifting forms of Pentecostalism. Furthermore, it outlines some of the ways in which this movement can be identified by using the family resemblance analogy. It also looks at the parameters by which categories are made, and it offers a flexible and overlapping taxonomy, examining how various scholars have approached the subject.

This chapter reveals that the development of ecologically-sensitive local and global perspectives in the work of Hugh MacDiarmid, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, and others in the inter-war years was a reflection of the ‘cosmic and regional’ perspectives fostered by Patrick Geddes and other early twentieth-century ecological thinkers. It notes that Hugh MacDiarmid argued in the 1920s that the Scots vocabulary he had unearthed by reading Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language constituted a valuable ‘unutilised mass of observation’ which was a ‘vast storehouse of just the very peculiar and subtle effects which modern European literature in general is assiduously seeking’.

This chapter analyzes the need to understand the social processes of identity-making and identity-unmaking as responses to historically unfolding processes. These processes are discussed as emanating primarily from the dynamics of labor mobilization, as well as from the closely connected consolidation of competitive political power. The chapter emphasizes that these processes need to be looked at in a global perspective, and shows the importance of visualizing the creation of culturally marked groups in relation to the global impact of economic and political forces. Further, it presents examples of so-called primitive populations to show that their identities, too, were shaped in this global process; their cultural markings were constructed and reconstructed in the course of their engagement with external forces, much as is the case with people mobilized for labor in the enterprises of the twentieth century.

This introductory chapter talks about the evolution of and attitudes towards social security. It starts by identifying the various global trends that have been impacting all kinds of societal institutions. It then presents an outline of the topics that are discussed in the next few chapters, which are divided into three main parts. The first part is concerned with the institution of social security in a global perspective. The second part is devoted to a macro-sociological analysis of the institution that allows a global approach to its evolution, while identifying the chief factors that shape its development. Finally, the third part attempts to outline the foundations for a new political consensus on social security.

This concluding chapter explains how Japan, demographically and in other ways, provides a global perspective about the future in relation to the national past. It first considers some of the critical problems raised by global environmental history, such as whether the human species can serve as the proper subject of history, or how we can find hope in the face of catastrophic climate change. It argues that Japan can help address these globally generated conundrums less as a limited case study than as a theoretical and practical resource. It also examines how the new materialism of environmental history is reshaping older global stories and challenging the distinction between premodern and modern, noncapitalist developmentalism and capitalism, and Asia and the West. Finally, it discusses the reasons why “the nation,” and Japan in particular, is still a worthy object of interest to the environmental historian.

Despite their limited global area, tidal marshes support exceptionally high biodiversity, because their aquatic matrix is continually on the move. River flooding and tides change inundation and salinity levels daily, seasonally, and annually; this limits the number of vascular plant species, while augmenting habitat for hundreds of aquatic and epibenthic algae, micro- and macroinvertebrates, fish and shellfish, and terrestrial arthropods (insects and spiders). At the same time, tidal flushing accelerates critical ecosystem services, especially plant growth (creating an abundant food base for the ecosystem) and nutrient recycling (especially the return of organic nitrogen to nitrogen gas). Due to the heavy use of tidal marshes by humans, future research should focus on restoring biodiversity and ecosystem functions. NERRs are ideal locations for large, long-term experimentation.

This Introduction outlines various examples of ensemble performance to highlight diverse practices in the world of orchestras. It poses a fundamental question: What is an orchestra? It raises issues around collective creativity and social agency, which provide thematic foci in relation to a diversity of orchestral practices. Discussion on the conceptual aspects of adopting global perspectives on orchestras highlights comparison as a mode of theorization. The relevance of a comparative approach lies in its capacity to draw together diverse ethnographic case-studies. The Introduction thus provides a framework for reading this volume and it points out some of the conceptual connections between its chapters.

This introduction begins with two simple case studies that reveal a background of socio-economic complexities that hinder development. The availability of healthcare and the issue of cross-border justice are the key points to be addressed in this study. The chapters consider philosophy, economics, and bioethics in order to provide a global perspective. Two theories come into play in this book—the ideal and non-ideal—which offer insight on why and how things are done.

In this Chapter, the reader hears the challenges presented by Rev. Jeffrey von Arx, S. J. as he opened the conference at Fairfield University, “Transforming the World and Being Transformed.” Initially, he prepared conferees in the spirit of the Jesuit tradition for the “Examination of Conscience”, and reflected on what has been accomplished since the first justice conference at Santa Clara. Then he called all to act upon three major issues. First, he dealt with the rising costs of higher education and how these costs deter talented students from entering colleges and universities. He believes that we must find ways to solve this problem. Second, he explained the need to shift to a “global perspective,” if we are to be in solidarity with the “gritty reality” of injustice. He stated that Catholic “solidarity” is the understanding that each of us is made in the image of God and each individual should be treated with dignity. Finally, he touched on the obligation we have as Jesuit educators to teach and encourage the Catholic Faith. He stated that the promotion of justice can not be split from our obligation to serve the Faith. The road we are called to follow requires the service of faith and the promotion of justice.

This chapter summarizes the key points of each chapter and highlights vital lessons learned from reviews and comparative analyses of systems across the globe. It offers general recommendations for ongoing conservation and restoration of seabird islands. It considers how the public’s improved global perspectives on seabird islands are also vulnerable to major global threats, including the impacts of invasive species, climate change, marine pollution, and exploitation of marine and terrestrial resources. It examines the role of seabirds and seabird islands as indicators of global change, and also offers suggestions for future research to continue in building understanding of the ecology of seabird islands.

Human evaluations in religion, as in the arts, history, morality, politics, and philosophy, differ widely, in part because of different personal experiences, social histories, and forms of education. This suggests that seeking understanding is difficult and gradual, in religion as well as in other areas, and a full grasp of truth probably remains a future goal. In religion, three main factors—the rise of science, of critical historical research, and of a greater understanding of diverse religions—suggest the adoption of a more global perspective. One may be committed to a specific religious tradition, yet accept that no religion has a final, inerrant, or complete grasp of truth. An expansive global religious understanding might see the grounding of religion in apprehensions of transcendent meaning and value, and be attentive to the variety of such apprehensions in the religions of the world.

This chapter relates the pieces of the competition law world to each other. It presents individual laws, institutions, experiences, and influences as parts of a whole—an interactive and adaptive system. It outlines the formal framework of the system—the jurisdictional principles of international law that guide and constrain states in applying their laws to conduct outside their borders. It then looks at the system in motion—how ideas, incentives, and pressures cross regime borders to shape and drive decisions. Institutions and individuals are in frequent contact—either directly or through the use of internet content, including social media. Each adapts to the content it receives from others, and thus their messages and relationships continually adapt to new circumstances and information. This creates a new kind of system. Recognizing how it works makes competition law decisions everywhere more comprehensible and more predictable.

Hate crime is a phenomenon that has received increasing global recognition as an important social problem. Yet, despite this positive development there appears to be a lack of understanding of exactly what hate crime is, how related legislation should work and which groups should be protected by it. This chapter debates these issues via the undertaking of a comparative study of the situations in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It examines how hate crime law works in various contexts, pulling out key similarities and differences in how nation states frame their legislation. The chapter suggests that while there are some important commonalities in the way states conceive of hate crimes, the differences between them are worryingly significant, and there may be some nations that have an acute problem of hate crime yet few effective measures in place to combat it.

The Trump administration has, at every turn, taken actions to reverse the climate progress achieved during the Obama administration, moving to repeal or significantly roll back three significant rules to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from existing power plants, passenger cars and light trucks, and oil and gas installations. To mask the true effects of its policies, the Trump administration has targeted the social cost of carbon, which quantifies the harm caused by a ton of carbon dioxide emissions. It has used two principal techniques, unsupported by economic theory, to reduce the estimate of the damages of greenhouse emissions by a factor of about 10.