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This chapter integrates the arguments presented in the previous chapters. Different virtues tend to support different roles, activities, and competencies. Therefore, global leaders must combine different virtues for being effective and a source of positive impact. Thus, the chapter suggests the relevance of strengths is contingent upon the global leaders’ roles and missions. Reciprocal influences between strengths are also discussed. The chapter also suggests that human strengths and virtues may serve as facilitators and enablers of global leader development. Finally, the chapter points out some research directions.

This chapter reviews the progress that has been made in research into global palliative care development during the first decade of the new millennium. It sets out the work that has been done by key non-governmental organizations to promote palliative care internationally, focusing particularly on the years after 2000. It then considers some innovative empirical studies on palliative care development that have provided data to map provision at the national level, sometimes with a focus on world regions. It highlights the scale of the research challenge involved in producing and maintaining an accurate analysis of the global state of palliative care. It goes on to explore the role of funding agencies and the extent to which palliative care has been ‘framed’ within international policy discourse. Above all it emphasizes the still-limited progress that has been made in integrating palliative care within the architecture of global, regional, and national policy-making.

This chapter presents an outlook for global development finance and asks whether we have an excess or shortage of available resources for the implementation of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It begins with a discussion of current and future sources of development finance, with a focus on both products and institutions, including long-term institutions capable of funding development. Future sources include foreign capital in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI), foreign portfolio investments and foreign aid, as well as the domestic sector. The chapter then reflects on the future of development finance, emphasising three paths: deepening capital markets in emerging market economies (EMEs); meeting the strategic objectives of institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and Islamic finance; and innovating the financing of investment. The G20 development strategy, the impact of technology on development finance, and implementation issues on financing of climate change are also analysed.

The health sector plays a critical role in early childhood development (ECD), defined by the global goals of supporting child well-being, reaching the youngest children, and advancing other goals of the health sector. This chapter outlines actions that should be taken by the health sector for all children’s development (promotive care), children at developmental risk (preventative care), and children with special needs (curative care), both overall and differentially by child age, and it presents evidence for their effectiveness. Finally, the paper describes actions to be taken by governments and civil society to scale up interventions in the health sector to promote ECD and presents case studies from Jamaica, China, and Brazil. These actions include not only accepting global goals for ECD, but also appropriate government actions; training and capacity development; sector linkages; national and local collaboration (including support of local issues and demands); and monitoring, evaluation, and research.

This chapter focuses on how American Christians can make a difference through generous financial giving. It is estimated that if committed Christians in the United States gave ten percent of their after-tax income — fully but no more than ten percent — that would provide an extra $46 billion per year of resources with which to fund needs and priorities such as churches, organizations, ministries, programs, and global development and relief. If the extra money of the minority who is willing and able to give more than ten percent of their income is added to the faithful ten percent given by ninety percent of committed Christians, there would be an additional $34.6 billion in giving by committed American Christians each year.

This concluding chapter discusses the lessons that have been learned from lifelong observation of the workings of social security. It tries to identify a specific number of fundamentals that are emphasised by its historical evolution. This chapter also reviews the main points that were discussed in the three parts of the book. It looks at the communist model of social comfort, the macro-sociological studies of social security, political acceptability, recent trends in the global development of social security, and progress in the formulation of human rights and freedom guarantees.

Human rights are an ideological fiction. This is not to diminish the concept; rather it is to acknowledge that the notion of a universally definable set of rights that are inherent to human beings by virtue of their humanity is a socially constructed ideal. Human rights are an expression neither of eternal verities nor mere moral norms, but of systematically derived principles or social values. This chapter examines the broader issues that flow from the distinctively liberal-individualist conception of human rights that is associated with globalisation. It provides an overview of the historical and conceptual background to human rights and human welfare before discussing the ways in which human rights discourse is entering current debates on global social development and European social protection. The chapter also provides alternative interpretations of human rights and uses the example of current ‘workfare’ policies in Europe to demonstrate the ways in which social rights are compromised because it is an interpretation of human rights that is ascendant.

This chapter describes the state of Hunza after the partition of India which formed the sovereignty of Pakistan in 1947. It also examines the region's representation as a marginal but remote place within Pakistani geopolitical nationalism. During this period, the region was characterized as a place that harbored the origins of the mythical Pakistani nation. Hunza became the indigenous face of the modern Pakistani nation-state. In the development discourse, Hunza is constructed as an economically marginal region because of its geographical distance from centers of political and economic power, its minority ethnic status, and its harsh climate. On the other hand, the economic development discourse is pushed by the global Ismaili development institutions (GIDIs), a set of nongovernment organizations working for the social, cultural, and economic uplift of the Ismaili community around the world. The chapter looks into how GIDIs divides Hunza into central and remote areas.

This book concludes with some recommendations aimed at ensuring the legacy and success of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It argues that the Post-2015 Development Agenda needs to address a new and more complex set of challenges and emphasises the importance of good governance and institution-building. In conjunction with poverty reduction, the Post-2015 Development Agenda must tackle the growing problem of youth unemployment. It also must take into account the macroeconomic vulnerabilities of developing countries and the role of technology, such as mobile phones, in intermediating global development finance. Furthermore, the Post-2015 Development Agenda must reflect a concerted effort to draw lessons from the positive and negative experiences of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and apply them to a variety of challenges whose prioritisation differ from country to country. Finally, policymakers need to address predicaments such as the ongoing financial and Eurozone crisis and identify trends that indicate imminent emergencies.

This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawād—or the MNLA—attacked the towns of Menaka and Aguelhok, leading to the collapse of the national army in northern Mali. However, the twenty-first century was not the first instance in which the modern world reflected on West African anterior history, though prior occasions were largely artistic in nature. In any case, through both real-world events and artistic creativity, enactments of West Africa's medieval past have filtered into contemporary consciousness. Even so, in turning from the popular to the academic, histories purporting to convey a sense of global development since antiquity continue to ignore Africa's contributions, not merely as the presumed site of human origins, but as a full participant in its cultural, technological, and political innovations. The epilogue then summarizes the full trajectory of West African history examined in the previous chapters.

This concluding chapter examines how this study extends and reimagines a long scholarly tradition of state-building based on the European state experience, including ways the framework may help scholars fill in some of the mechanics of early European state-building that have been less well documented in the historical record because they affected public servants rather than elites. It also highlights contributions to the field of development sociology. The chapter points toward a fruitful new framework that opens new avenues of research for configurational approaches to understanding state capacity, interrogating the developmental consequences for where and how state capacity is situated within the varied administrative apparatus of central states. In addition, it highlights how the framework of the book may be of interest to organizational scholars more broadly, including identifying how the framework might also apply to private-sector organizations. The implications for development practitioners are also discussed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the book's findings about the challenges of top-down institutional change and the importance of lived experience lay the foundation for a cognitive turn within institutional development scholarship that takes cognitive science more seriously in the way development interventions are designed.

The final chapter reviews contributions from throughout this book, drawing out common themes, differences, and key lessons. Previous studies indicate the potential role of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in tackling global challenges, yet in many developing countries, little attention is paid to harnessing STI in addressing these problems. The global development agenda, including the millennium development goals (MDGs), often underemphasized the potential for STI contributions, resulting in impacts that fell short of their potential. The chapter and other evidence presented in this book illustrate how a failure to provide the institutions and resources needed to build STI capacity, and a failure of key actors to engage synergistically, can be serious impediments to development. To conclude, the chapter sets out recommendations based on the insights provided in the earlier chapters.

This chapter identifies some of the most stubborn gender-based risks and vulnerabilities girls face as a cohort from preadolescence through late adolescence across the domains of personal capabilities, security, safety, economic resources, and opportunities. It reviews progress made during the Millennium Development Goal era in improving girls’ health and well-being and looks to the role of adolescent girls in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter concludes by recommending an approach for global partnership that is linked to national and local actions and that is centered on priority interventions that can catalyze change, at scale, for adolescent girls.

This chapter first discusses eight major world developments that affected the outbreak of large-scale conflicts and how they were conducted. These developments relate to global integration, communication, social norms, inequalities, the status of women, and the global environment. Features of President Bill Clinton’s administration and American society are examined and their foreign adversarial relations analyzed, relating to al Qaeda, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. Mediation efforts relating to the Oslo peace process between Israel and the Palestinians are critically examined. Interventions in the wars in Yugoslavia are also analyzed. Finally, evolving constructive conflict ideas and practices are discussed. These pertain to conflict escalation, peacebuilding, and assessing practice.

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Abye Tasse, a leader in African social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2016, for his contribution to international social work education. A refugee from Ethiopia, he trained and worked as a social worker with migrants in marginalized communities in France. He was involved in developing practice education in Romania and social work education in Cameroon, Ethiopia, Mauritius and Comoros. In Ethiopia, masters and doctoral education supported the development of staff to contribute to bachelor-level education. Research and practice in work with migrants have been important in his career. In the future, social work needs to focus on brotherhood as an important element of liberty and greater equality. The Global social development Agenda is an important basis for future progress in social work.