David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This introductory chapter identifies the fundamental tension in global economic development: competition can produce enormous economic benefits everywhere, but its benefits are distributed unevenly, ...
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This introductory chapter identifies the fundamental tension in global economic development: competition can produce enormous economic benefits everywhere, but its benefits are distributed unevenly, and it can also cause harm. An effective global competition law regime can protect this productive process and enhance its benefits, and it can also reduce its potential for harm. This requires a global strategy that takes into account the needs of all participants in global markets — not merely those in developed countries — and embeds competition in society. Constructing such a regime calls for analysis of previous competition law experience on both national and international levels, especially the relationships between national and transnational competition law. This book provides this kind of analysis and relates it to the insights of economics and other social sciences. Together, these two elements provide a basis for developing an effective framework for global competition.Less
This introductory chapter identifies the fundamental tension in global economic development: competition can produce enormous economic benefits everywhere, but its benefits are distributed unevenly, and it can also cause harm. An effective global competition law regime can protect this productive process and enhance its benefits, and it can also reduce its potential for harm. This requires a global strategy that takes into account the needs of all participants in global markets — not merely those in developed countries — and embeds competition in society. Constructing such a regime calls for analysis of previous competition law experience on both national and international levels, especially the relationships between national and transnational competition law. This book provides this kind of analysis and relates it to the insights of economics and other social sciences. Together, these two elements provide a basis for developing an effective framework for global competition.
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter analyzes transnational efforts to develop a global competition regime during the first half of the 20th century. It reveals that these early experiences were far richer and had far more ...
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This chapter analyzes transnational efforts to develop a global competition regime during the first half of the 20th century. It reveals that these early experiences were far richer and had far more influence on subsequent developments than is typically assumed. At the International Economic Conference in 1926 there was widespread international concern about the effects of private restraints on global competition, and there was broad support for multilateral agreement to combat these harms. Depression and war submerged the idea, but it acquired even more support after the Second World War, when it was included in the proposals for an International Trade Organization that was part of the post-war plans to create international economic organizations that could foster economic development and deter economic disruptions. The Cold War forced the US to abandon plans for the ITO, but competition law had now become well-known in many countries, and these early experiences would influence not only many national developments, but also European integration.Less
This chapter analyzes transnational efforts to develop a global competition regime during the first half of the 20th century. It reveals that these early experiences were far richer and had far more influence on subsequent developments than is typically assumed. At the International Economic Conference in 1926 there was widespread international concern about the effects of private restraints on global competition, and there was broad support for multilateral agreement to combat these harms. Depression and war submerged the idea, but it acquired even more support after the Second World War, when it was included in the proposals for an International Trade Organization that was part of the post-war plans to create international economic organizations that could foster economic development and deter economic disruptions. The Cold War forced the US to abandon plans for the ITO, but competition law had now become well-known in many countries, and these early experiences would influence not only many national developments, but also European integration.
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of ...
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This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of competition law development since the end of World War II, and it continues to play the central role in global competition law development. In particular, the centrality of neo-classical economics in US anti-trust law is a controversial and critically important issue for many. Countries everywhere have looked to US law in shaping their own competition law decisions. Moreover, it is the lens through which US officials, scholars, and practitioners have viewed competition law in other countries and on the global level, and this further enhances the need for others and for the US anti-trust community to understand that lens and its influence.Less
This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of competition law development since the end of World War II, and it continues to play the central role in global competition law development. In particular, the centrality of neo-classical economics in US anti-trust law is a controversial and critically important issue for many. Countries everywhere have looked to US law in shaping their own competition law decisions. Moreover, it is the lens through which US officials, scholars, and practitioners have viewed competition law in other countries and on the global level, and this further enhances the need for others and for the US anti-trust community to understand that lens and its influence.
Andrew Inkpen and Kannan Ramaswamy
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167207
- eISBN:
- 9780199789825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167207.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This book discusses some of the critical strategic issues that impact upon global competition and strategy. The book is organized around a set of strategic management themes that impact the global ...
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This book discusses some of the critical strategic issues that impact upon global competition and strategy. The book is organized around a set of strategic management themes that impact the global strategist. Each chapter focuses on a different strategic issue, such as approaches to competitive advantage, managing global knowledge resources, and international corporate governance. The book focuses on strategy issues that arise because the firm is international. While there is obviously some overlap between domestic strategic management and global strategic management, the differences between domestic and global strategy warrant specific attention.Less
This book discusses some of the critical strategic issues that impact upon global competition and strategy. The book is organized around a set of strategic management themes that impact the global strategist. Each chapter focuses on a different strategic issue, such as approaches to competitive advantage, managing global knowledge resources, and international corporate governance. The book focuses on strategy issues that arise because the firm is international. While there is obviously some overlap between domestic strategic management and global strategic management, the differences between domestic and global strategy warrant specific attention.
Keith Somerville
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295518
- eISBN:
- 9780191599217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295510.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The end of the cold war removed what Acharya (in Ch. 4) has called a 'structural element in the international framework facing the developing countries’, i.e. the global competition between the ...
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The end of the cold war removed what Acharya (in Ch. 4) has called a 'structural element in the international framework facing the developing countries’, i.e. the global competition between the superpowers and the consequent search for allies/proxies in the developing world. But the end of competition meant a decisive change in Western policy towards developing countries, particularly the poorest of the poor in Africa: they could no longer expect to be able to use their strategic position, mineral resources, or political support in regional conflicts as bargaining chips with the superpowers. Against the background of these structural changes the effects are examined of the end of the cold war on three specific areas, which profoundly effect Africa's current political, economic, and social development: (1) the international environment within which African states operate; (2) the effects of structural change in this environment on the evolution of African political systems; and (3) the consequences of the changes for continental and regional security and the prevention or solution of regional conflicts.Less
The end of the cold war removed what Acharya (in Ch. 4) has called a 'structural element in the international framework facing the developing countries’, i.e. the global competition between the superpowers and the consequent search for allies/proxies in the developing world. But the end of competition meant a decisive change in Western policy towards developing countries, particularly the poorest of the poor in Africa: they could no longer expect to be able to use their strategic position, mineral resources, or political support in regional conflicts as bargaining chips with the superpowers. Against the background of these structural changes the effects are examined of the end of the cold war on three specific areas, which profoundly effect Africa's current political, economic, and social development: (1) the international environment within which African states operate; (2) the effects of structural change in this environment on the evolution of African political systems; and (3) the consequences of the changes for continental and regional security and the prevention or solution of regional conflicts.
Tony Addison and Abdur R. Chowdhury
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in ...
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Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in which the interest takes the form of a lottery prize, the capital being repayable on request, so that it has the characteristics of a savings product, which makes it potentially attractive to ethical investors). The chapter starts by looking at how a global lottery might work, evaluating the issue by discussing lottery operators and their regulation, the market for lotteries, competition between the global lottery and national lotteries, the challenge posed by Internet gambling, revenue‐raising potential, cross‐county equity, distributional and welfare effects, ethical issues, and development education. The potential for a global premium bond is then analysed, summarising the UK premium bond scheme as a model for a global version, setting out the modalities of a global premium bond and highlighting the differences from a global lottery. It is concluded that global versions of both a lottery and a premium bond are viable and complementary in mobilizing more development finance.Less
Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in which the interest takes the form of a lottery prize, the capital being repayable on request, so that it has the characteristics of a savings product, which makes it potentially attractive to ethical investors). The chapter starts by looking at how a global lottery might work, evaluating the issue by discussing lottery operators and their regulation, the market for lotteries, competition between the global lottery and national lotteries, the challenge posed by Internet gambling, revenue‐raising potential, cross‐county equity, distributional and welfare effects, ethical issues, and development education. The potential for a global premium bond is then analysed, summarising the UK premium bond scheme as a model for a global version, setting out the modalities of a global premium bond and highlighting the differences from a global lottery. It is concluded that global versions of both a lottery and a premium bond are viable and complementary in mobilizing more development finance.
David B. Audretsch
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183504
- eISBN:
- 9780199783885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183504.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter first explains why post-war internationalization, which was the precursor to globalization, eroded the effectiveness of the managed economy. Globalization rendered the ability of public ...
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This chapter first explains why post-war internationalization, which was the precursor to globalization, eroded the effectiveness of the managed economy. Globalization rendered the ability of public policy to control the external environment in which large corporations were operating and competing ineffective. When competition was primarily domestic, firms, markets, and industries could be managed to enhance targeted firms. With the emergence of global competition, such management of competition no longer works. The chapter documents the shift in competitiveness of leading developed countries, such as the United States and Europe, away from physical-capital based industries and towards knowledge and ideas. As a result of globalization, Europe, like the United States, lost competitiveness in the traditional manufacturing industries. Globalization made it first possible and then essential to locate new investments in capital, that is in factories, plants and establishments, not only in Eastern and Central Europe, but increasingly in Asia, especially China and India. Unless large western firms increasingly located production outside of high-cost Europe and in low-cost regions such as Asia, they would no longer be able to compete in globally linked markets.Less
This chapter first explains why post-war internationalization, which was the precursor to globalization, eroded the effectiveness of the managed economy. Globalization rendered the ability of public policy to control the external environment in which large corporations were operating and competing ineffective. When competition was primarily domestic, firms, markets, and industries could be managed to enhance targeted firms. With the emergence of global competition, such management of competition no longer works. The chapter documents the shift in competitiveness of leading developed countries, such as the United States and Europe, away from physical-capital based industries and towards knowledge and ideas. As a result of globalization, Europe, like the United States, lost competitiveness in the traditional manufacturing industries. Globalization made it first possible and then essential to locate new investments in capital, that is in factories, plants and establishments, not only in Eastern and Central Europe, but increasingly in Asia, especially China and India. Unless large western firms increasingly located production outside of high-cost Europe and in low-cost regions such as Asia, they would no longer be able to compete in globally linked markets.
Ioannis Lianos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198810674
- eISBN:
- 9780191847882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Comparative Law
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, ...
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The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.Less
The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.
Eric Harwit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233748
- eISBN:
- 9780191715556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233748.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should ...
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This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.Less
This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.
Suzan Lewis, Julia Brannen, and Ann Nilsen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422200
- eISBN:
- 9781447304326
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
Across Europe the importance of reconciling paid work and family life is increasingly recognised by a range of diverse government regulations and organisational initiatives. At the same time, ...
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Across Europe the importance of reconciling paid work and family life is increasingly recognised by a range of diverse government regulations and organisational initiatives. At the same time, employing organisations and the nature of work are undergoing massive and rapid changes, in the context of global competition, efficiency drives, as well as social and economic transformations in emerging economies. This book illustrates how workplace practices and policies impact on employees' experiences of ‘work-life balance’ in contemporary shifting contexts. Based upon cross-national case studies of public and private sector workplaces carried out in Bulgaria, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK, this book demonstrates the challenges that parents face as they seek to negotiate work and family boundaries. The case studies demonstrate that employed parents' needs and experiences depend on many layers of context — global, European, national, workplace and family.Less
Across Europe the importance of reconciling paid work and family life is increasingly recognised by a range of diverse government regulations and organisational initiatives. At the same time, employing organisations and the nature of work are undergoing massive and rapid changes, in the context of global competition, efficiency drives, as well as social and economic transformations in emerging economies. This book illustrates how workplace practices and policies impact on employees' experiences of ‘work-life balance’ in contemporary shifting contexts. Based upon cross-national case studies of public and private sector workplaces carried out in Bulgaria, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK, this book demonstrates the challenges that parents face as they seek to negotiate work and family boundaries. The case studies demonstrate that employed parents' needs and experiences depend on many layers of context — global, European, national, workplace and family.
Agnes S. Ku and Clarence Hon-chee Tsui
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter focuses on the building of cultural capital in policy institutions in an age of increasing global competition. It examines the West Kowloon Cultural District for processes by which the ...
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This chapter focuses on the building of cultural capital in policy institutions in an age of increasing global competition. It examines the West Kowloon Cultural District for processes by which the “world city” imagination is translated and pursued as a cultural project by the government. The framework is both a response to the challenges of globalization and a colonial legacy. Grand cultural infrastructure, the discussion argues, remains a product of globalism and institutional paternalism without an organic engagement with the local public. Writers and public intellectuals echo the concerns of an increasingly agitated society whose educated residents are taking their rights of citizenship with remarkable earnestness.Less
This chapter focuses on the building of cultural capital in policy institutions in an age of increasing global competition. It examines the West Kowloon Cultural District for processes by which the “world city” imagination is translated and pursued as a cultural project by the government. The framework is both a response to the challenges of globalization and a colonial legacy. Grand cultural infrastructure, the discussion argues, remains a product of globalism and institutional paternalism without an organic engagement with the local public. Writers and public intellectuals echo the concerns of an increasingly agitated society whose educated residents are taking their rights of citizenship with remarkable earnestness.
Philip Cooke and Kevin Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290186
- eISBN:
- 9780191684784
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290186.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Political Economy
This book explores important issues of corporate reorganization in the context of heightened global competition. Its special focus is upon how firms associate with regional milieux. Innovation is a ...
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This book explores important issues of corporate reorganization in the context of heightened global competition. Its special focus is upon how firms associate with regional milieux. Innovation is a key factor in corporate and regional economic performance and the book shows how interactive innovation based on collective learning and associative practices are becoming increasingly significant. In-depth studies of inter-firm and firm-agency interactions are presented for four European regions: Baden-Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna as accomplished regional economies; Wales and the Basque Country as learning regions. The book is theoretically informed by an evolutionary economics perspective and draws policy conclusions which emphasize the importance of decentralized industrial policy in support of both corporate and regional economic development ambitions. It concludes that the associational economy may be the ‘third way’ between state and market co-ordination of modern economies.Less
This book explores important issues of corporate reorganization in the context of heightened global competition. Its special focus is upon how firms associate with regional milieux. Innovation is a key factor in corporate and regional economic performance and the book shows how interactive innovation based on collective learning and associative practices are becoming increasingly significant. In-depth studies of inter-firm and firm-agency interactions are presented for four European regions: Baden-Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna as accomplished regional economies; Wales and the Basque Country as learning regions. The book is theoretically informed by an evolutionary economics perspective and draws policy conclusions which emphasize the importance of decentralized industrial policy in support of both corporate and regional economic development ambitions. It concludes that the associational economy may be the ‘third way’ between state and market co-ordination of modern economies.
Aryeh Neier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691135151
- eISBN:
- 9781400841875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691135151.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter details how the rise of the international human rights movement as a significant force in world affairs cannot be separated from the Cold War context in which it took place. The Cold War ...
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This chapter details how the rise of the international human rights movement as a significant force in world affairs cannot be separated from the Cold War context in which it took place. The Cold War magnified the importance of citizen efforts to promote rights and, though many of those involved in the movement during the Cold War era took significant risks and suffered severe consequences, it was the circumstances of the East–West conflict that attracted many of them to the cause in the first place. Rights activists on both sides of the Iron Curtain became aware that calling attention to abuses of rights by their own governments carried extra weight in an era when a global competition was underway for people's hearts and minds.Less
This chapter details how the rise of the international human rights movement as a significant force in world affairs cannot be separated from the Cold War context in which it took place. The Cold War magnified the importance of citizen efforts to promote rights and, though many of those involved in the movement during the Cold War era took significant risks and suffered severe consequences, it was the circumstances of the East–West conflict that attracted many of them to the cause in the first place. Rights activists on both sides of the Iron Curtain became aware that calling attention to abuses of rights by their own governments carried extra weight in an era when a global competition was underway for people's hearts and minds.
D. Daniel Sokol and Ioannis Lianos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774901
- eISBN:
- 9780804782678
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774901.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
Over the last three decades, the field of antitrust law has grown increasingly prominent, and more than one hundred countries have enacted competition law statutes. As competition law expands to ...
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Over the last three decades, the field of antitrust law has grown increasingly prominent, and more than one hundred countries have enacted competition law statutes. As competition law expands to jurisdictions with very different economic, social, cultural, and institutional backgrounds, the debates over its usefulness have similarly evolved. This book, the first in a new series on global competition law, critically assesses the importance of competition law, its development and modern practice, and the global limits that have emerged. This volume will be a key resource to both scholars and practitioners interested in antitrust, competition law, economics, business strategy, and administrative sciences.Less
Over the last three decades, the field of antitrust law has grown increasingly prominent, and more than one hundred countries have enacted competition law statutes. As competition law expands to jurisdictions with very different economic, social, cultural, and institutional backgrounds, the debates over its usefulness have similarly evolved. This book, the first in a new series on global competition law, critically assesses the importance of competition law, its development and modern practice, and the global limits that have emerged. This volume will be a key resource to both scholars and practitioners interested in antitrust, competition law, economics, business strategy, and administrative sciences.
El Mustapha Lahlali
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639090
- eISBN:
- 9780748671304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639090.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
The book has shed light on the development and diversity of the Arab media. The historical background has aimed to acquaint the reader with the nature and type of development the Arab media has ...
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The book has shed light on the development and diversity of the Arab media. The historical background has aimed to acquaint the reader with the nature and type of development the Arab media has undergone. The main factors that have impeded the early stages of development of the Arab media have also been examined. An insight into the past history of the Arab media has helped us to understand current Arab media broadcasting. The global and regional competition could be said to have contributed to the emergence of a new Arab media landscape. The transnational media have broken all taboos and crossed all red lines. In a summary, the new transnational media has introduced the Arab public to a new media culture: a culture of accountability, responsibility and respect of other opinions. Such achievements are very modest, however, when compared with the major achievements of the Western media.Less
The book has shed light on the development and diversity of the Arab media. The historical background has aimed to acquaint the reader with the nature and type of development the Arab media has undergone. The main factors that have impeded the early stages of development of the Arab media have also been examined. An insight into the past history of the Arab media has helped us to understand current Arab media broadcasting. The global and regional competition could be said to have contributed to the emergence of a new Arab media landscape. The transnational media have broken all taboos and crossed all red lines. In a summary, the new transnational media has introduced the Arab public to a new media culture: a culture of accountability, responsibility and respect of other opinions. Such achievements are very modest, however, when compared with the major achievements of the Western media.
Jürgen Enders
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198713364
- eISBN:
- 9780191781773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198713364.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter draws on institutional field theories in discussing the institutional work done by international rankings in the global competition for world-class universities. Rankings provide an ...
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This chapter draws on institutional field theories in discussing the institutional work done by international rankings in the global competition for world-class universities. Rankings provide an arena for contestation between actors about who the legitimate players in the field are: they socially construct standards for comparison, success and legitimacy. How these standards are constructed is to a large extent dictated by the international reputational hierarchies that already prevail, biased towards research reputation. This framework is further used for investigating a growing number of governmental policies and organizational strategies that buy into the ranking game. Potentially detrimental effects of the ranking explosion are discussed: financial costs in a zero-sum game, organizational isomorphism, and the reduction of diversity in higher education. The conclusion discusses the role of international rankings for field dynamics and provides a sketch of a forward-looking research agenda.Less
This chapter draws on institutional field theories in discussing the institutional work done by international rankings in the global competition for world-class universities. Rankings provide an arena for contestation between actors about who the legitimate players in the field are: they socially construct standards for comparison, success and legitimacy. How these standards are constructed is to a large extent dictated by the international reputational hierarchies that already prevail, biased towards research reputation. This framework is further used for investigating a growing number of governmental policies and organizational strategies that buy into the ranking game. Potentially detrimental effects of the ranking explosion are discussed: financial costs in a zero-sum game, organizational isomorphism, and the reduction of diversity in higher education. The conclusion discusses the role of international rankings for field dynamics and provides a sketch of a forward-looking research agenda.
Josh Bivens and Lawrence Mishel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450150
- eISBN:
- 9780801460654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450150.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter reveals the underlying weaknesses in the physical, economic, and social infrastructure in the American economy. The past thirty years has seen a number of important trends that were the ...
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This chapter reveals the underlying weaknesses in the physical, economic, and social infrastructure in the American economy. The past thirty years has seen a number of important trends that were the result of specific policy decisions: the consistent erosion of the minimum wage's purchasing power, a rapid decline in the power of organized labor, a rapid increase in the share of the U.S. economy that has been exposed to global competition, a dismantling of regulations that governed the financial sector, and a shift to monetary and fiscal policies that favor budget balance and low rates of inflation over the insurance of full employment. All of these shifts have, predictably, battered the bargaining power of typical American workers to the benefit of society's most privileged.Less
This chapter reveals the underlying weaknesses in the physical, economic, and social infrastructure in the American economy. The past thirty years has seen a number of important trends that were the result of specific policy decisions: the consistent erosion of the minimum wage's purchasing power, a rapid decline in the power of organized labor, a rapid increase in the share of the U.S. economy that has been exposed to global competition, a dismantling of regulations that governed the financial sector, and a shift to monetary and fiscal policies that favor budget balance and low rates of inflation over the insurance of full employment. All of these shifts have, predictably, battered the bargaining power of typical American workers to the benefit of society's most privileged.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter begins by shining the spotlight on a single laser engineer—David Balsley—to highlight the increasing importance of innovation to America. Innovation—the creation of new products and ...
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This chapter begins by shining the spotlight on a single laser engineer—David Balsley—to highlight the increasing importance of innovation to America. Innovation—the creation of new products and entirely new industries—is the primary economic battleground of the twenty-first century throughout the world. For decades, America dominated when it came to innovation. But that old order is dead amid growing international competition. America’s ability to get better at basic research and then translate it into prototypes, commercial products, companies, and industries will determine, to a large degree, the country’s level of economic prosperity in the futureLess
This chapter begins by shining the spotlight on a single laser engineer—David Balsley—to highlight the increasing importance of innovation to America. Innovation—the creation of new products and entirely new industries—is the primary economic battleground of the twenty-first century throughout the world. For decades, America dominated when it came to innovation. But that old order is dead amid growing international competition. America’s ability to get better at basic research and then translate it into prototypes, commercial products, companies, and industries will determine, to a large degree, the country’s level of economic prosperity in the future
Clair Brown and Greg Linden
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013468
- eISBN:
- 9780262258654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013468.003.0159
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter reviews all the eight crises that were mentioned in the previous chapters and discusses how these have affected countries’ firms, workers, and consumers. Several lessons and suggestions ...
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This chapter reviews all the eight crises that were mentioned in the previous chapters and discusses how these have affected countries’ firms, workers, and consumers. Several lessons and suggestions for response are provided in relation to the impact of crises on the semiconductor industry. From global competition, the limits of Moore’s Law, and higher fabrication and design costs, to concerns about the engineering labor market, the implication is that although certain crises may be overcome, they are almost never solved permanently. Certain responses were made by firms, and the chapter organizes them into certain types. They are categorized by the Response Mode made and the Strategy taken. Response modes are classified into “incremental” (improvement of technology or organization) or “radical” (appearance of break-through technology or business model. The strategies are classified into “positioning” and “offshoring.” In conclusion, the chapter shows how differently the industry has dealt with these crises and what can be learned from each response.Less
This chapter reviews all the eight crises that were mentioned in the previous chapters and discusses how these have affected countries’ firms, workers, and consumers. Several lessons and suggestions for response are provided in relation to the impact of crises on the semiconductor industry. From global competition, the limits of Moore’s Law, and higher fabrication and design costs, to concerns about the engineering labor market, the implication is that although certain crises may be overcome, they are almost never solved permanently. Certain responses were made by firms, and the chapter organizes them into certain types. They are categorized by the Response Mode made and the Strategy taken. Response modes are classified into “incremental” (improvement of technology or organization) or “radical” (appearance of break-through technology or business model. The strategies are classified into “positioning” and “offshoring.” In conclusion, the chapter shows how differently the industry has dealt with these crises and what can be learned from each response.
MELISSA WALKER
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124094
- eISBN:
- 9780813134789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124094.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines rural people's recollection of the nature of the rural transformation in the American South and its impact on their daily farm work. It suggests that though rural southerners ...
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This chapter examines rural people's recollection of the nature of the rural transformation in the American South and its impact on their daily farm work. It suggests that though rural southerners shared a community of memory, their accounts of transformation varied widely by gender, race, class, and especially generation. The pre-war generation grew up believing that farming was a means of making a living and the major transforming force for them was farm mechanization. For the post-war generation, the major challenges include weather and domestic market uncertainties, rapid technological change, and competition from global markets.Less
This chapter examines rural people's recollection of the nature of the rural transformation in the American South and its impact on their daily farm work. It suggests that though rural southerners shared a community of memory, their accounts of transformation varied widely by gender, race, class, and especially generation. The pre-war generation grew up believing that farming was a means of making a living and the major transforming force for them was farm mechanization. For the post-war generation, the major challenges include weather and domestic market uncertainties, rapid technological change, and competition from global markets.
