Robin M. Leichenko and Karen L. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177329
- eISBN:
- 9780199869800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter presents a conceptual framework for investigating the interactions between global environmental change and globalization. The double exposure framework shows how the two processes are ...
More
This chapter presents a conceptual framework for investigating the interactions between global environmental change and globalization. The double exposure framework shows how the two processes are continually transforming the context in which individuals regions, communities, and social groups experience and respond to change. The framework raises critical questions about human security that are often ignored in the separate discourses on each process: Who is negatively or positively affected by both global environmental change and globalization? How does each process influence vulnerability and capacity to respond to the other process? In what ways does globalization contribute to global environmental change, and vice versa? What are the implications of these interactions for efforts to promote sustainability? By demonstrating how the two processes overlap and interact, the double exposure framework captures the multi-dimensional character of the changes taking place under the both global environmental change and globalization.Less
This chapter presents a conceptual framework for investigating the interactions between global environmental change and globalization. The double exposure framework shows how the two processes are continually transforming the context in which individuals regions, communities, and social groups experience and respond to change. The framework raises critical questions about human security that are often ignored in the separate discourses on each process: Who is negatively or positively affected by both global environmental change and globalization? How does each process influence vulnerability and capacity to respond to the other process? In what ways does globalization contribute to global environmental change, and vice versa? What are the implications of these interactions for efforts to promote sustainability? By demonstrating how the two processes overlap and interact, the double exposure framework captures the multi-dimensional character of the changes taking place under the both global environmental change and globalization.
Shin‐ichi Ito, Kenneth A. Rose, Arthur J. Miller, Ken Drinkwater, Keith Brander, James E. Overland, Svein Sundby, Enrique Curchitser, James W. Hurrell, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element ...
More
Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element supply, acidification, and sea‐level rise. The biological responses in the marine environment to these documented physical changes are then presented by trophic level. Our ability to project ecosystem responses to likely future global change is discussed, including numerous examples of existing projections for several regions of the world's oceans. This chapter concludes with a discussion of a vision of the next steps that are needed to develop better models capable of improving our projections of ecosystem responses to global change.Less
Available evidence of recent climate‐induced physical and chemical changes in the oceans is summarized, including changes in sea temperatures, nutrient supply, mixing and circulation, trace element supply, acidification, and sea‐level rise. The biological responses in the marine environment to these documented physical changes are then presented by trophic level. Our ability to project ecosystem responses to likely future global change is discussed, including numerous examples of existing projections for several regions of the world's oceans. This chapter concludes with a discussion of a vision of the next steps that are needed to develop better models capable of improving our projections of ecosystem responses to global change.
Frédéric Thomas, François Renaud, and Jean-François Guegan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529873
- eISBN:
- 9780191712777
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529873.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Ecologists, epidemiologists, and evolutionary biologists are increasingly aware of the significance of parasites in the study of ecosystems. This book provides a summary of the issues involved as ...
More
Ecologists, epidemiologists, and evolutionary biologists are increasingly aware of the significance of parasites in the study of ecosystems. This book provides a summary of the issues involved as well as an overview of the possibilities offered by this research topic, using well-documented case-studies to illustrate the main trends and prospects in this area. This is the first book devoted to the comprehension of both the roles and consequences of pathogens in ecosystems.Less
Ecologists, epidemiologists, and evolutionary biologists are increasingly aware of the significance of parasites in the study of ecosystems. This book provides a summary of the issues involved as well as an overview of the possibilities offered by this research topic, using well-documented case-studies to illustrate the main trends and prospects in this area. This is the first book devoted to the comprehension of both the roles and consequences of pathogens in ecosystems.
Robin M. Leichenko and Karen L. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177329
- eISBN:
- 9780199869800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This introductory chapter defines processes of global environmental change and globalization. It shows that although both processes have been going on for centuries, the speed, scale, and spatial ...
More
This introductory chapter defines processes of global environmental change and globalization. It shows that although both processes have been going on for centuries, the speed, scale, and spatial extent of each process has dramatically increased over the past few decades. The chapter also introduces the concept of double exposure. Double exposure is a metaphor for cases where a particular region, sector, social group, or ecological area is simultaneously confronted by exposure to both global environmental change and globalization. Double exposure is also an analytical framework that highlights the interactions between global environmental change and globalization. The framework shows how these interactions are contributing to growing inequalities, increasing vulnerabilities, and accelerating and unsustainable rates of change. At the same time, the double exposure framework reveals possibilities for using the interactions to generate openings and opportunities that will enhance human security.Less
This introductory chapter defines processes of global environmental change and globalization. It shows that although both processes have been going on for centuries, the speed, scale, and spatial extent of each process has dramatically increased over the past few decades. The chapter also introduces the concept of double exposure. Double exposure is a metaphor for cases where a particular region, sector, social group, or ecological area is simultaneously confronted by exposure to both global environmental change and globalization. Double exposure is also an analytical framework that highlights the interactions between global environmental change and globalization. The framework shows how these interactions are contributing to growing inequalities, increasing vulnerabilities, and accelerating and unsustainable rates of change. At the same time, the double exposure framework reveals possibilities for using the interactions to generate openings and opportunities that will enhance human security.
Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc Stern (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130522
- eISBN:
- 9780199867363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130529.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond ...
More
This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond aid. In the name of aid (i.e., assistance to poor countries), we are today dealing with issues such as the ozone hole, global climate change, HIV, drug trafficking, and financial volatility. All of these issues are not really poverty related. Rather, they concern global housekeeping: ensuring an adequate provision of global public goods. Many important lessons could be drawn by first recognizing this fact – revealing innovative reforms toward more effective international policy making in the twenty‐first century.Less
This collection of papers offers a new rationale and framework for international development cooperation. Its main argument is that in actual practice development cooperation has already moved beyond aid. In the name of aid (i.e., assistance to poor countries), we are today dealing with issues such as the ozone hole, global climate change, HIV, drug trafficking, and financial volatility. All of these issues are not really poverty related. Rather, they concern global housekeeping: ensuring an adequate provision of global public goods. Many important lessons could be drawn by first recognizing this fact – revealing innovative reforms toward more effective international policy making in the twenty‐first century.
Simon L. Lewis, Yadvinder Malhi, and Oliver L. Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be ...
More
Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be affecting tropical forests far from the deforestation fronts. However, consensus has yet to emerge over the robustness of these changes and the environmental drivers that may be causing them. This chapter focuses on the second part of this debate. Ten potential widespread drivers of environmental change are identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niñno-Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O3/acid depositions, hunting, land-use change, and increasing liana numbers. Each is expected to leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ in tropical forests, as drivers directly force different processes, have different distributions in space and time and may affect some forests more than others (e.g., depending on soil fertility). Testable a priori predictions of forest responses are presented to help ecologists attribute particular changes in forests to particular causes. Finally, this chapter discusses how these drivers may change and the possible future consequences for tropical forests.Less
Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be affecting tropical forests far from the deforestation fronts. However, consensus has yet to emerge over the robustness of these changes and the environmental drivers that may be causing them. This chapter focuses on the second part of this debate. Ten potential widespread drivers of environmental change are identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niñno-Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O3/acid depositions, hunting, land-use change, and increasing liana numbers. Each is expected to leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ in tropical forests, as drivers directly force different processes, have different distributions in space and time and may affect some forests more than others (e.g., depending on soil fertility). Testable a priori predictions of forest responses are presented to help ecologists attribute particular changes in forests to particular causes. Finally, this chapter discusses how these drivers may change and the possible future consequences for tropical forests.
Manuel Barange, John G. Field, Roger P. Harris, Eileen E. Hofmann, R. Ian Perry, and Francisco Werner (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having ...
More
Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having significant impacts on the world's oceans. This book advances knowledge of the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and their past, present, and future responses to physical and anthropogenic forcing. The book illustrates how climate and humans impact marine ecosystems by a comprehensive review of the physical and ecological processes that structure marine ecosystems and the observation, experimentation, and modelling approaches required for their study. Recognizing the interactive roles played by humans in using marine resources and in responding to global changes in marine systems, the book includes chapters on the human dimensions of marine ecosystem changes and on effective management approaches in the era of change. Part IV reviews the state of the art in predicting the responses of marine ecosystems to future global change scenarios. The book provides a synthesis of the work conducted under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) project over the last two decades, as the largest, multi-disciplinary, international effort focused on understanding the impacts of external forcing on the structure and dynamics of global marine ecosystems.Less
Global environmental change, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources, is having significant impacts on the world's oceans. This book advances knowledge of the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and their past, present, and future responses to physical and anthropogenic forcing. The book illustrates how climate and humans impact marine ecosystems by a comprehensive review of the physical and ecological processes that structure marine ecosystems and the observation, experimentation, and modelling approaches required for their study. Recognizing the interactive roles played by humans in using marine resources and in responding to global changes in marine systems, the book includes chapters on the human dimensions of marine ecosystem changes and on effective management approaches in the era of change. Part IV reviews the state of the art in predicting the responses of marine ecosystems to future global change scenarios. The book provides a synthesis of the work conducted under the auspices of the Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) project over the last two decades, as the largest, multi-disciplinary, international effort focused on understanding the impacts of external forcing on the structure and dynamics of global marine ecosystems.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less ...
More
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less favorable to the environmental movement. It shows that the environmental movement can contribute to the adoption and implementation of policies such as a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) through its campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. However, while environmental groups mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions to shape the adoption and implementation of pro–renewable energy policies, their ability to reach their goals is severely limited when they lack influential political allies and when they face a biased mass media and less‐favorable public opinion. The environmental movement in the United Kingdom influenced the revision of the Renewables Obligation (RO) policy and the adoption of a feed‐in tariff. In the United States and Canada, environmental groups had little impact on the federal policymaking process but contributed to state and provincial governments' decisions to adopt renewable portfolio standards and feed‐in tariffs.Less
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes in countries that have very good wind potential but a social context that is less favorable to the environmental movement. It shows that the environmental movement can contribute to the adoption and implementation of policies such as a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) through its campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. However, while environmental groups mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions to shape the adoption and implementation of pro–renewable energy policies, their ability to reach their goals is severely limited when they lack influential political allies and when they face a biased mass media and less‐favorable public opinion. The environmental movement in the United Kingdom influenced the revision of the Renewables Obligation (RO) policy and the adoption of a feed‐in tariff. In the United States and Canada, environmental groups had little impact on the federal policymaking process but contributed to state and provincial governments' decisions to adopt renewable portfolio standards and feed‐in tariffs.
Anthony J McMichael and Ulisses Confalonieri
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239481
- eISBN:
- 9780191716973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239481.003.015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Global climate change, caused by human actions, is a recent, remarkable and distinctive source of risks to human health. Because of its newness, complexity and scale, it poses important challenges to ...
More
Global climate change, caused by human actions, is a recent, remarkable and distinctive source of risks to human health. Because of its newness, complexity and scale, it poses important challenges to epidemiologists. These include some ‘boundary’ issues in relation to the scope, responsibility, and capacity of epidemiological research. That in turn presents a further challenge to the ongoing evolution of epidemiological research methods, historically driven by the ever-changing agenda of public health problems, social concerns and prevailing theories. This chapter presents an approach to teaching climate change to students of epidemiology, covering teaching objectives, teaching contents, and assessing students' achievements.Less
Global climate change, caused by human actions, is a recent, remarkable and distinctive source of risks to human health. Because of its newness, complexity and scale, it poses important challenges to epidemiologists. These include some ‘boundary’ issues in relation to the scope, responsibility, and capacity of epidemiological research. That in turn presents a further challenge to the ongoing evolution of epidemiological research methods, historically driven by the ever-changing agenda of public health problems, social concerns and prevailing theories. This chapter presents an approach to teaching climate change to students of epidemiology, covering teaching objectives, teaching contents, and assessing students' achievements.
Ion Bogdan Vasi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199746927
- eISBN:
- 9780199827169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746927.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff ...
More
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff (FIT) policies—Germany, Denmark, and Spain—it shows that the environmental movement contributes to both the adoption and implementation of those policies through campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. The chapter also shows that environmental groups' ability to influence the adoption of pro–renewable energy policies depends on their ability to mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions, to take advantage of favorable political contexts and an unbiased mass media, and to instill positive public opinion. Environmental groups vigorously defended the implementation of feed‐in tariffs whenever they were threatened by the fossil‐fuel, nuclear power, or utility lobbies. Environmental groups fighting for strong policies have been successful, particularly when they could build large pro–renewable energy coalitions with unions, farmers, and civic associations; when they had allies among political elites; and when mass media's coverage of environmental issues was favorable and public opinion was positive.Less
This chapter examines the way in which environmental groups and activists shape the energy policymaking processes. Based on case studies of countries that adopted early and strong feed‐in tariff (FIT) policies—Germany, Denmark, and Spain—it shows that the environmental movement contributes to both the adoption and implementation of those policies through campaigns against nuclear power, air pollution, and global climate change. The chapter also shows that environmental groups' ability to influence the adoption of pro–renewable energy policies depends on their ability to mobilize large green‐energy advocacy coalitions, to take advantage of favorable political contexts and an unbiased mass media, and to instill positive public opinion. Environmental groups vigorously defended the implementation of feed‐in tariffs whenever they were threatened by the fossil‐fuel, nuclear power, or utility lobbies. Environmental groups fighting for strong policies have been successful, particularly when they could build large pro–renewable energy coalitions with unions, farmers, and civic associations; when they had allies among political elites; and when mass media's coverage of environmental issues was favorable and public opinion was positive.
D.N. Thomas, G.E. Fogg, P. Convey, C.H. Fritsen, J.-M. Gili, R. Gradinger, J. Laybourn-Parry, K. Reid, and D.W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. ...
More
There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. This text is the latest edition of this book and offers an introduction to polar ecology. It has been revised and updated, providing expanded coverage of marine ecosystems and the impact of humans. It incorporates a comparison of the Arctic and Antarctic systems, with a particular emphasis on the effects of climate change, and describes marine, freshwater, glacial, and terrestrial habitats. Much emphasis is placed on the organisms that dominate these extreme environments although pollution, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered.Less
There is now an increased awareness of the importance of polar regions in the Earth system, as well as their vulnerability to anthropogenic derived change, including of course global climate change. This text is the latest edition of this book and offers an introduction to polar ecology. It has been revised and updated, providing expanded coverage of marine ecosystems and the impact of humans. It incorporates a comparison of the Arctic and Antarctic systems, with a particular emphasis on the effects of climate change, and describes marine, freshwater, glacial, and terrestrial habitats. Much emphasis is placed on the organisms that dominate these extreme environments although pollution, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered.
Michael J. Samways
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are highly threatened. As a consequence, many dragonfly species are also threatened. The threats to them are many and varied, including invasive alien plants and ...
More
Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are highly threatened. As a consequence, many dragonfly species are also threatened. The threats to them are many and varied, including invasive alien plants and habitat loss. Global climate change is also beginning to affect them, with some species changing their geographical ranges. Worldwide assessments are being made of dragonfly conservation status. They are one of the highest profile invertebrates in conservation awareness, planning, and action. One reason for this is that they are highly valued, being iconic, aesthetic, and sensitive bioindicators of landscape change. They are both important subjects in their own right as well as important role players in overall biodiversity conservation.Less
Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are highly threatened. As a consequence, many dragonfly species are also threatened. The threats to them are many and varied, including invasive alien plants and habitat loss. Global climate change is also beginning to affect them, with some species changing their geographical ranges. Worldwide assessments are being made of dragonfly conservation status. They are one of the highest profile invertebrates in conservation awareness, planning, and action. One reason for this is that they are highly valued, being iconic, aesthetic, and sensitive bioindicators of landscape change. They are both important subjects in their own right as well as important role players in overall biodiversity conservation.
Robert O. Keohane
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0019
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Provides a broad discussion of the methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues faced by international relations and accounts for its main debates and transitions from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. ...
More
Provides a broad discussion of the methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues faced by international relations and accounts for its main debates and transitions from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. Old international relations, in realism, faced a changing global order. However, limitations can be transcended if modifications are made, liberal institutions analysed, the impact of international institutions considered, and subjectivity acknowledged. Although international relations has been humbled with the inability to predict complex events, theories with reduced expectations can successfully transcend the limitations of realism.Less
Provides a broad discussion of the methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues faced by international relations and accounts for its main debates and transitions from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. Old international relations, in realism, faced a changing global order. However, limitations can be transcended if modifications are made, liberal institutions analysed, the impact of international institutions considered, and subjectivity acknowledged. Although international relations has been humbled with the inability to predict complex events, theories with reduced expectations can successfully transcend the limitations of realism.
Manuel Barange, John G. Field, and Will Steffen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store ...
More
The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store heat, plays a crucial role in the regulation of weather and climate. Its biota secure life: marine phytoplankton is responsible for almost half of the oxygen we inhale, and marine fish and shellfish provides food, employment, and livelihood opportunities to millions of people. Yet the oceans are under increasing pressure: three out of every four fish stocks are either fully exploited or overexploited, and the number of people living within 150 km of the coast is expected to increase to a staggering 6.7 million by 2050. This chapter places the oceans in the context of the earth system, discusses its variability and change, the uses we have of its goods and services, and introduces the challenges of sustainable management. It concludes by explaining how the book addresses the issues raised and introduces the rest of the chapters.Less
The world's ocean represents 70% of the earth's surface and contains 97% of the entire planet's water. It is a primary driver in the cycles of water and carbon and, through its huge capacity to store heat, plays a crucial role in the regulation of weather and climate. Its biota secure life: marine phytoplankton is responsible for almost half of the oxygen we inhale, and marine fish and shellfish provides food, employment, and livelihood opportunities to millions of people. Yet the oceans are under increasing pressure: three out of every four fish stocks are either fully exploited or overexploited, and the number of people living within 150 km of the coast is expected to increase to a staggering 6.7 million by 2050. This chapter places the oceans in the context of the earth system, discusses its variability and change, the uses we have of its goods and services, and introduces the challenges of sustainable management. It concludes by explaining how the book addresses the issues raised and introduces the rest of the chapters.
Richard D. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0089
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter builds on Chapter 10 by adopting a broad perspective to consider how a nation's health system may be impacted upon by changes at the global level. It begins by delineating the boundaries ...
More
This chapter builds on Chapter 10 by adopting a broad perspective to consider how a nation's health system may be impacted upon by changes at the global level. It begins by delineating the boundaries for an analysis of the effects of global changes. It then provides an overview of the main global influences that may impact on both health system demand and supply sides, discussing how health systems have, or may, respond to these at the domestic and global level.Less
This chapter builds on Chapter 10 by adopting a broad perspective to consider how a nation's health system may be impacted upon by changes at the global level. It begins by delineating the boundaries for an analysis of the effects of global changes. It then provides an overview of the main global influences that may impact on both health system demand and supply sides, discussing how health systems have, or may, respond to these at the domestic and global level.
J. Ann Tickner
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Questions the optimism for international relations cited in the 1975 Handbook of Political Science. Unprecedented global change has divided international relations, and optimism for consensus has ...
More
Questions the optimism for international relations cited in the 1975 Handbook of Political Science. Unprecedented global change has divided international relations, and optimism for consensus has eroded. Through a diversity of viewpoints, feminism provides optimism for the broadening of theory and of empirical base. Using a post‐positivist methodology, feminism challenges ethnocentrism and state‐centrism, and rejects universalism and claims of objectivity. Feminism's appreciation of difference provides realistic optimism for the future of international relations.Less
Questions the optimism for international relations cited in the 1975 Handbook of Political Science. Unprecedented global change has divided international relations, and optimism for consensus has eroded. Through a diversity of viewpoints, feminism provides optimism for the broadening of theory and of empirical base. Using a post‐positivist methodology, feminism challenges ethnocentrism and state‐centrism, and rejects universalism and claims of objectivity. Feminism's appreciation of difference provides realistic optimism for the future of international relations.
J. Emmett Duffy, Diane S. Srivastava, Jennie McLaren, Mahesh Sankaran, Martin Solan, John Griffin, Mark Emmerson, and Kate E. Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547951
- eISBN:
- 9780191720345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Biodiversity-Ecosystem functioning research remains incompletely integrated with practical conservation by inadequately incorporating the deterministic nature of biodiversity change, which ...
More
Biodiversity-Ecosystem functioning research remains incompletely integrated with practical conservation by inadequately incorporating the deterministic nature of biodiversity change, which frequently depends on traits that render species sensitive to environmental change. This chapter summarizes progress toward developing a trait-based framework linking empirical data on extinction trajectories, through subsequent community reorganization, to changes in functioning of multitrophic ecosystems. First, this chapter reviews data on traits important in mediating loss and decline of plant and animal species in nature. Second, we discuss how organismal traits may be linked to reorganization of communities via compensation and secondary extinctions following a primary extinction. Third, the chapter briefly considers how organismal traits relate to basic ecosystem processes such as productivity and trophic transfer. Finally this chapter reviews the small number of studies that have compared random vs. deterministic sequences of species loss, and show that deterministic extinction sequences lead to varied, and often stronger, effects on ecosystem functioning.Less
Biodiversity-Ecosystem functioning research remains incompletely integrated with practical conservation by inadequately incorporating the deterministic nature of biodiversity change, which frequently depends on traits that render species sensitive to environmental change. This chapter summarizes progress toward developing a trait-based framework linking empirical data on extinction trajectories, through subsequent community reorganization, to changes in functioning of multitrophic ecosystems. First, this chapter reviews data on traits important in mediating loss and decline of plant and animal species in nature. Second, we discuss how organismal traits may be linked to reorganization of communities via compensation and secondary extinctions following a primary extinction. Third, the chapter briefly considers how organismal traits relate to basic ecosystem processes such as productivity and trophic transfer. Finally this chapter reviews the small number of studies that have compared random vs. deterministic sequences of species loss, and show that deterministic extinction sequences lead to varied, and often stronger, effects on ecosystem functioning.
Murray Ward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0024
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ...
More
In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), negotiations have been underway for some years already on an update and enhancement of the Kyoto Protocol. Its first commitment period, under which most developed countries have taken on binding emissions limitation and reduction targets, ends in 2012. The current negotiations are framed by the ‘Bali Action Plan’ agreed at the 13th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP13) meeting in December 2007. This set in place a two-year process expected to result in a global agreement at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. This chapter sets out ideas for what the architecture of a global deal might look like. It describes a concept involving enhanced commitments to constrain emissions in a quantitative and legal manner, as well as a broad set of other elements that are expected to be needed to bring a package together that can win the support of all countries.Less
In 2009, global leaders are expected to come together and agree a new multilateral framework to protect the world's climate system. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), negotiations have been underway for some years already on an update and enhancement of the Kyoto Protocol. Its first commitment period, under which most developed countries have taken on binding emissions limitation and reduction targets, ends in 2012. The current negotiations are framed by the ‘Bali Action Plan’ agreed at the 13th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP13) meeting in December 2007. This set in place a two-year process expected to result in a global agreement at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009. This chapter sets out ideas for what the architecture of a global deal might look like. It describes a concept involving enhanced commitments to constrain emissions in a quantitative and legal manner, as well as a broad set of other elements that are expected to be needed to bring a package together that can win the support of all countries.
Oliver L. Phillips, Timothy R. Baker, Luzmila Arroyo, Niro Higuchi, Timothy Killeen, William F. Laurance, Simon L. Lewis, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Abel Monteagudo, David A. Neill, Percy Nuñez Vargas, J. Natalino N. Silva, Rodolfo Vásquez Martinez, Miguel Alexiades, Samuel Almeida, Sandra Brown, Jerome Chave, James A. Comiskey, Claudia I. Czimczik, Anthony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, Caroline Kuebler, Susan G. Laurance, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Jean Olivier, Walter Palacios, Sandra Patiño, Nigel Pitman, Carlos A. Quesada, Mario Saldias, Armando Torres Lezama, and Barbara Vinceti
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. ...
More
Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. However, the findings have proved controversial. Here, regional-scale patterns of tree turnover are characterized, using improved datasets available for Amazonia that span the last twenty-five years. The main findings include: trees at least 10 cm in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of western Amazonia compared to trees on the poorer soils of eastern Amazonia; turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the last two decades; mortality and recruitment rates have tended to increase in every region and environmental zone; recruitment rates consistently exceed mortality rates; and increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonia. These patterns and trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses, and cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver such as increased drought because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Apparently, therefore, widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.Less
Previous work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. However, the findings have proved controversial. Here, regional-scale patterns of tree turnover are characterized, using improved datasets available for Amazonia that span the last twenty-five years. The main findings include: trees at least 10 cm in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of western Amazonia compared to trees on the poorer soils of eastern Amazonia; turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the last two decades; mortality and recruitment rates have tended to increase in every region and environmental zone; recruitment rates consistently exceed mortality rates; and increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonia. These patterns and trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses, and cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver such as increased drought because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Apparently, therefore, widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.
Timothy R. Baker, Oliver L. Phillips, Yadvinder Malhi, Samuel Almeida, Luzmila Arroyo, Anthony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, Niro Higuchi, Timothy J. Killeen, Susan G. Laurance, William F. Laurance, Simon L. Lewis, Abel Monteagudo, David A. Neill, Percy Núnez Vargas, Nigel C. A. Pitman, J. Natalino M. Silva, and Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter discusses a previous study by Phillips et al. (1998) on biomass changes in Amazonian permanent sample plots which has been used to infer the presence of a regional carbon sink, ...
More
This chapter discusses a previous study by Phillips et al. (1998) on biomass changes in Amazonian permanent sample plots which has been used to infer the presence of a regional carbon sink, generating vigorous debate about sampling and methodological issues. A new analysis of biomass change in old-growth Amazonian forest plots is presented here using new inventory data. It has been found that across fifty-nine sites, the above-ground dry biomass in trees of more than 10 cm in diameter has increased since plot establishment by about 1.22 Mg per hectare per year, or about 0.98 Mg per hectare per year if individual plot values are weighted by the number of hectare years of monitoring. This significant increase is not confounded by spatial or temporal variation in wood specific gravity, nor does it depend on the allometric equation used to estimate biomass. Overall, these results suggest a slightly greater rate of net stand-level change than reported in 1998, and indicate the presence of a significant regional-scale carbon sink in old-growth Amazonian forests during the past two decades.Less
This chapter discusses a previous study by Phillips et al. (1998) on biomass changes in Amazonian permanent sample plots which has been used to infer the presence of a regional carbon sink, generating vigorous debate about sampling and methodological issues. A new analysis of biomass change in old-growth Amazonian forest plots is presented here using new inventory data. It has been found that across fifty-nine sites, the above-ground dry biomass in trees of more than 10 cm in diameter has increased since plot establishment by about 1.22 Mg per hectare per year, or about 0.98 Mg per hectare per year if individual plot values are weighted by the number of hectare years of monitoring. This significant increase is not confounded by spatial or temporal variation in wood specific gravity, nor does it depend on the allometric equation used to estimate biomass. Overall, these results suggest a slightly greater rate of net stand-level change than reported in 1998, and indicate the presence of a significant regional-scale carbon sink in old-growth Amazonian forests during the past two decades.
