Search Results

Germany: Academic Golden Age

R. D. Anderson

in European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914

The unification of Germany in 1871 left universities under the control of individual states, but they had common national characteristics, and Prussian influence was strong. Expansion of university ... More

The unification of Germany in 1871 left universities under the control of individual states, but they had common national characteristics, and Prussian influence was strong. Expansion of university numbers enlarged the academic profession, though there were divisions between the established professors and the growing number without full chairs. The growth of the natural sciences was strong, and connected with the success of German industry. Some growth was directed into the more practical Technische Hochschulen. In the late 19th century, these sought the same rights as universities to award doctorates, with a parallel debate over whether modern as well as classical secondary education should qualify for university entry. By 1900 the modernists had got their way. The foundation of the Kaiser–Wilhelm–Gesellschaft in 1911 marked the arrival of 20th-century ‘big science’, and a departure from the old idea of the union of research and teaching.Less

Reputation and Community: The Centrality of Moral Judgment

Lawrence McNamara

in Reputation and Defamation

Without a clear sense of what reputation is, it will be difficult to make a judgment about the manner and extent of its protection under the law. To that end, this chapter commences the inquiry with ... More

Without a clear sense of what reputation is, it will be difficult to make a judgment about the manner and extent of its protection under the law. To that end, this chapter commences the inquiry with the aim of theorizing reputation. That is, it sets out to articulate the nature of the interest that the law seeks to protect. The selection of reputation, rather than defamation, as the analytical category is explained. A definition of reputation proposed that identifies community as the form of association upon which reputation rests, and it is argued that moral judgment is the central feature of reputation. This provides the best basis on which both reputation and defamation can be understood, and lays the foundations for the later resolution of some of the legal choices that the courts must make with respect to the scope and limits of protection for reputation.Less

The Reform of the German Private Limited Company †: Is the GmbH Ready for the Twenty-First Century?

Michael Beurskens and Ulrich Noack

in Comparative Law as Transnational Law: A Decade of the German Law Journal

The Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH—Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany—there were almost one million such entities in 2007. Not ... More

The Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH—Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany—there were almost one million such entities in 2007. Not only is the GmbH popular for entrepreneurs, but it also serves a role in company groups, and can be more or less easily upgraded to an Aktiengesellschaft (AG—public corporation). Few changes have been made to the statute since its inception in the late 19th century. This chapter discusses the reform of the GmbH.Less

Johanna Müller-Hermann’s Lied der Erinnerung: Austria, America, and Beyond

Jennifer Ronyak

in Song Beyond the Nation: Translation, Transnationalism, Performance

Scholarship on musical settings of Walt Whitman’s When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d has only briefly looked into one of the most ambitious pieces composed on the poem in the earlier twentieth ... More

Scholarship on musical settings of Walt Whitman’s When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d has only briefly looked into one of the most ambitious pieces composed on the poem in the earlier twentieth century: the Austrian woman composer Johanna Müller-Hermann’s orchestral cantata Lied der Erinnerung, premiered in Vienna in 1930. Through the piece has not remained in the repertoire, seen in light of its original context the cantata was a rich site for negotiating a complex terrain of ‘American’, ‘Austrian’, and ‘universal’ concepts. Through her structural decisions involving Whitman’s poem, her attempts to have the work reach American audiences, her use of borrowed melodies, and claims made in the work’s program notes, Müller-Hermann situated the work carefully between these competing frames while seeking to achieve critical success as a woman composer. The Whitmanesque vision of America that Müller-Hermann created would have also had a politically charged significance in both Austria and the U.S. in the period surrounding the work’s premiere.Less

Communitarian IR Theory: “The Common Socius of Us All”

Daniel J. Levine

in Recovering International Relations: The Promise of Sustainable Critique

In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a ... More

In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a “communitarian” perspective: David Mitrany’s functionalism (with its roots in the Fabian tradition), and the more systematic work of Karl Deutsch and Emanuel Adler.Less

Individualist IR Theory: Disharmonious Cooperation

Daniel J. Levine

in Recovering International Relations: The Promise of Sustainable Critique

Mirroring the case study format developed in the previous two chapters, discussion is extended to “individualist” liberal IR theory: the work of Ernst Haas, Keohane and Nye, and Katzenstein and Sil.

The Emergence of Black Vienna

Janek Wasserman

in Black Vienna: The Radical Right in the Red City, 1918-1938

This chapter explores the evolution of Black Vienna in the early interwar years. Focusing on the Austrian Catholic scientific society, the Leo-Gesellschaft, and the most influential Central European ... More

This chapter explores the evolution of Black Vienna in the early interwar years. Focusing on the Austrian Catholic scientific society, the Leo-Gesellschaft, and the most influential Central European conservative journal Das neue Reich, it examines how conservatives defined the concept of “the intellectual” and appealed to that class. It reveals that although interwar Vienna voted red, blacks maintained hegemony in intellectual and cultural life. Intellectuals—divided before the war over questions of German nationalism and the place of Catholicism in Austrian and German conservatism—came together to combat the socialism, “Judaism,” and capitalism of the First Republic. The Black Viennese field radicalized over time in response to worsening economic and political conditions. The successes of radicals like Das neue Reich editor Joseph Eberle showed the weakness of democratic and moderate ideologies in Austrian conservative thought and foreshadowed Austria's fascist turn.Less

Hegel and the “Bourgeois-Christian World”

Steven B. Smith

in Modernity and Its Discontents: Making and Unmaking the Bourgeois from Machiavelli to Bellow

Hegel represents the apotheosis of the bourgeois world of early modernity in its confidence and optimism. His image of civil society, or burgerliche Gesellschaft, was the site of the rule of law, the ... More

Hegel represents the apotheosis of the bourgeois world of early modernity in its confidence and optimism. His image of civil society, or burgerliche Gesellschaft, was the site of the rule of law, the market economy, and a world governed by individual self-interest, and free “subjectivity.” Hegel’s historical interpretation of modern civil society drew on the works of modern secular thinkers like David Hume and Adam Smith, but he also traced the modern bourgeois world back to Christianity, with its belief in the freedom and dignity of the individual. He gave modernity a theological interpretation that was furiously resisted by Marx and later Nietzsche. Hegel anticipated many of the problems of the modern marketplace, especially poverty and the creation of a permanently unemployed underclass, but this did not stop him from regarding the modern world as the pinnacle of world history.Less

Contradictions in the Christmas Mood

Joe Perry

in Christmas in Germany: A Cultural History

This chapter suggests that the holiday opened space for the construction and enactment of social and political difference, and notes that in the late nineteenth century, German Jews, Social ... More

This chapter suggests that the holiday opened space for the construction and enactment of social and political difference, and notes that in the late nineteenth century, German Jews, Social Democrats, and working-class Germans shaped their own versions of Christmas. It explains that the alternative narratives and celebrations devised by these outsider groups drew on but also challenged the assumptions of bourgeois festivity. The chapter notes that sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies believed that celebrations such as Christmas could heal the fractures in the German body politic by recovering a sense of authentic Gemeinschaft (community) in the midst of an alienated modern Gesellschaft (society).Less

Six Minutes in Grünau: The Olympic Regatta as the High Spot of the Berlin Games

Michael J. Socolow

in Six Minutes in Berlin: Broadcast Spectacle and Rowing Gold at the Nazi Olympics

This chapter focuses on the coverage of the highly anticipated Grünau regatta. Widespread newspaper coverage created additional publicity for the regatta and further primed the audience for the ... More

This chapter focuses on the coverage of the highly anticipated Grünau regatta. Widespread newspaper coverage created additional publicity for the regatta and further primed the audience for the broadcast. During the regatta, the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG)—Germany's National Broadcasting Company—sent its “flying broadcasting squad” out to the racecourse to accommodate the commentators. The supplemental vans composing the squad were “drawn together from all over the Reich” and carried shortwave relay transmitters. They guaranteed live broadcast capability for all the organizations seeking to transmit. Additional mobile recording facilities were also made available. Meanwhile, the competing teams continued their training patterns as broadcast preparations were finalized.Less

‘Belief shifts’: Ireland’s referendum and the journey from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

Eugene O’Brien

in Tracing the Cultural Legacy of Irish Catholicism: From Galway to Cloyne and Beyond

This chapter examines the implications for Irish Catholicism that the ‘Yes’ vote in the May 2015 referendum on same-sex marriage may have for the social and cultural position of the Catholic church ... More

This chapter examines the implications for Irish Catholicism that the ‘Yes’ vote in the May 2015 referendum on same-sex marriage may have for the social and cultural position of the Catholic church in contemporary Ireland and in the future. His analysis channels the thinking of Ferdinand Tönnies, an early German sociologist and a contemporary of Durkheim and Weber, who used the German words ‘Gemeinschaft’ and ‘Gesellschaft’ to distinguish between two fundamentally different structural paradigms for social relations. O’Brien sees marriage as a core ideological signifier of ideological hegemony, and using the fantasy fiction of Terry Pratchett’s satire on religion entitled Small Gods as a lens, he looks at the referendum as a significant turning point in the definition of marriage, and by extension, in the transformation Irish society from the organic community of the Gemeinschaft, to the more postmodern and pluralist notion of the Gesellschaft.Less

Golden Ages and welfare alchemists

Robert Pinker

in Social Policy and Welfare Pluralism: Selected Writings of Robert Pinker

In this chapter, Robert Pinker discusses the idea of ‘Golden Age’ theories in social policy thought and what he calls ‘welfare alchemists’ whose visions these theories encapsulate. According to ... More

In this chapter, Robert Pinker discusses the idea of ‘Golden Age’ theories in social policy thought and what he calls ‘welfare alchemists’ whose visions these theories encapsulate. According to Pinker, these grand theories are in reality ideologies and can be collectivist or individualist in origin. Regardless of their origins, however, they fail to address the need for the compromises between values which are reached in pluralist and democratic social contexts. Pinker also provides an overview of the influence of classical political economy and the New Right on British social policies under different Conservative governments and goes on to describe socialism as a repository of Golden Age theorizing, along with the concept of community in relation to welfare pluralism. Finally, he examines the institutions of Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft as well as the traditions of collectivism and individualism, arguing that they should not continue to coexist in democratic societies.Less

The Nobel Laureate

in Science and Conscience: The Life of James Franck

In 1926, James Franck went to Stockholm to receive the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics, which he shared with Gustav Hertz for their experiments supporting Neil Bohr's theory of the atom. He then began to ... More

In 1926, James Franck went to Stockholm to receive the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics, which he shared with Gustav Hertz for their experiments supporting Neil Bohr's theory of the atom. He then began to investigate absorption spectra of alkali halides with Heinrich Kuhn and Günter Rollefson. Franck, Born, and Pohl founded a regional branch of the German Physical Society, the Gauverein Niedersachsen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft and they spoke about their research on adsorption catalysis in its semi-annual conventions.Less

Social Change and Human Development: An Autobiographical Journey

Patricia M. Greenfield

in Advances in Culture and Psychology: Volume Two

This chapter reviews research on social change and human development that has culminated in the author’s Theory of Social Change and Human Development. At the heart of the theory is the notion that ... More

This chapter reviews research on social change and human development that has culminated in the author’s Theory of Social Change and Human Development. At the heart of the theory is the notion that sociodemographic factors drive cultural values, learning environments, and, ultimately, developmental trajectories. Changing sociodemographic conditions transform these values, environments, and pathways. The author’s research in Senegal, Mexico, the United States, and Italy demonstrates that the dominant direction of global social change—from subsistence to commerce, village to city, informal education at home to formal education at school, and low technology to high technology—results in more individualistic values, greater independence from family, more innovative thinking, and more abstract cognition. The theory has applicability to social change within a country and among migrants who change countries, as well as to both basic and applied research.Less

Past: Associational Community in the Modern Era

Charles Heckscher

in Trust in a Complex World: Enriching Community

This chapter tells the story of community in the modern era, from the Renaissance to the present. Driven by the impulse for freedom from the shackles of the traditional order, it rebuilt trust on the ... More

This chapter tells the story of community in the modern era, from the Renaissance to the present. Driven by the impulse for freedom from the shackles of the traditional order, it rebuilt trust on the basis of voluntary association and moral equality. The extension of this basic sense of right into every aspect of life, from politics to civil society to intimate relations, took centuries of struggle, and invention.Less

Transferring Jewish Knowledge: F.A. Brockhaus as a Publisher of Judaica and Orientalia

Arndt Engelhardt

in Textual Transmission in Contemporary Jewish Cultures

One of the best-known publications of the publishing house founded by Salman Schocken is the series known as Schocken-Bücherei (Schocken Library), published in Germany between 1933 and 1938. This ... More

One of the best-known publications of the publishing house founded by Salman Schocken is the series known as Schocken-Bücherei (Schocken Library), published in Germany between 1933 and 1938. This series comprised 83 volumes on Jewish history and culture dating from antiquity until the modern era, including works by such disparate figures as Philo of Alexandria, Maimonides, Heinrich Heine, and Franz Kafka. The reasonably priced volumes had average sales of 4,000–5,000 copies, with the most popular works selling up to 10,000 copies: this was the most successful series put out by Schocken. At a time when the rights of Jews in Germany were being curtailed and Jews were being expelled from German culture, ...Less

Church Music and the Rise of the Public Concert, 1743–1785

Jeffrey S. Sposato

in Leipzig After Bach: Church and Concert Life in a German City

This chapter is the first of three chapters to look at the relationship between a Thomaskantor, who oversaw the church music, and a Kapellmeister (music director) of the public concerts. Thomaskantor ... More

This chapter is the first of three chapters to look at the relationship between a Thomaskantor, who oversaw the church music, and a Kapellmeister (music director) of the public concerts. Thomaskantor Johann Friedrich Doles and Kapellmeister Johann Adam Hiller are highlighted. The chapter examines developments in church music repertoire under Johann Sebastian Bach; his immediate successor, Gottlob Harrer; and Doles. Hiller began his career in Leipzig as director of the public Grosse Concert in 1743. After directing the Musikübende Gesellschaft and the Gewandhaus orchestra, he became Thomaskantor in 1789. Public concert music under Hiller continued to be heavily influenced by trends in church music. Hiller replaced Doles as Thomaskantor in 1789.Less

Household or Cottage Industries: Modelling Industrial Diversity in New Kingdom Houses and Courtyards

AnnaK. Hodgkinson

in Technology and Urbanism in Late Bronze Age Egypt

Both O45.1 at Amarna and IA1 at Gurob, discussed in Chapter 6, can be said to have been purpose-built and to some extent specialized, with the presence of kilns indicating a somewhat focused set of ... More

Both O45.1 at Amarna and IA1 at Gurob, discussed in Chapter 6, can be said to have been purpose-built and to some extent specialized, with the presence of kilns indicating a somewhat focused set of activities. By contrast, the smaller houses, or groups of the same in New Kingdom settlements have been observed to be generally less industrially focused or specialized on all levels. The present chapter therefore discusses a number of case-studies demonstrating artefact diversity in a range of houses, showcasing their variety both in appearance and in functionality. These case-studies include a range of houses in the Main City at Amarna and a comparison of the artefactual evidence they contained of relevant industrial activities in addition to Site J at Malqata. Excavations at Site J in the 1970s have revealed a series of small ovens, the purpose and locations of which will be discussed together with associated objects. This and the artefactual data from the houses at Amarna will provide an insight into the organization of industrial activities on a household-level. In the course of the spatial analysis undertaken for the Main City North (MCN) at Amarna (see Section 2.4), it has become apparent that thirty-four buildings, dispersed throughout this suburb, contained evidence not only of one industrial activity discussed in this book, but of several. The houses, each of which contains evidence of more than one industry, cover a range of varying sizes. While most of these thirty-four houses had a smaller ground area (less than 900m²), some larger ones also contained evidence of multiple industries. Eight of the thirty-four had an area of less than 100m², while a total of sixteen covered between 100 and 900m², the remaining ten houses being larger than 900m² including their courtyards. While most of the larger houses measured between 900 and 3,000m², three houses are even larger than this, with the largest property, R44.2, which measured over 10,000m², belonging to a ‘Steward of Akhenaten’. Table 7.1 demonstrates the combinations of industries queried with the GIS that were in operation in a number of buildings. Less

Immunity

Gervase Rosser

in The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England 1250-1550

The medieval guilds—not merely craft-based organizations, but fraternities of all kinds—are introduced in the context of the perennial question of the grounds of possibility of human society. To ... More

The medieval guilds—not merely craft-based organizations, but fraternities of all kinds—are introduced in the context of the perennial question of the grounds of possibility of human society. To review the guilds’ response is also to engage with the current state of that question. What is the place of local organizations within the state? Are voluntary associations cradles of citizenship, or threats to public order? To prepare the ground for fresh analysis, older debates are here reviewed. The hypothesized opposition between ‘community’ and ‘the individual’ is problematized, and a different paradigm is proposed, drawing upon a definition of the person as comprising both inner and outer aspects. The guilds created a space within which the relationship between those aspects could be negotiated. The book is not an institutional history, but focuses instead on the social, political, and moral processes which were catalysed by participation in these diverse associations.Less