Gidon Eshel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128917
- eISBN:
- 9781400840632
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128917.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
A severe thunderstorm morphs into a tornado that cuts a swath of destruction through Oklahoma. How do we study the storm’s mutation into a deadly twister? Avian flu cases are reported in China. How ...
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A severe thunderstorm morphs into a tornado that cuts a swath of destruction through Oklahoma. How do we study the storm’s mutation into a deadly twister? Avian flu cases are reported in China. How do we characterize the spread of the flu, potentially preventing an epidemic? The way to answer important questions like these is to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics—origin, rates, and frequencies—of these phenomena. This book introduces advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and researchers to the statistical and algebraic methods used to analyze spatiotemporal data in a range of fields, including climate science, geophysics, ecology, astrophysics, and medicine. The book begins with a concise yet detailed primer on linear algebra, providing readers with the mathematical foundations needed for data analysis. It then fully explains the theory and methods for analyzing spatiotemporal data, guiding readers from the basics to the most advanced applications. This self-contained, practical guide to the analysis of multidimensional data sets features a wealth of real-world examples as well as sample homework exercises and suggested exams.Less
A severe thunderstorm morphs into a tornado that cuts a swath of destruction through Oklahoma. How do we study the storm’s mutation into a deadly twister? Avian flu cases are reported in China. How do we characterize the spread of the flu, potentially preventing an epidemic? The way to answer important questions like these is to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics—origin, rates, and frequencies—of these phenomena. This book introduces advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and researchers to the statistical and algebraic methods used to analyze spatiotemporal data in a range of fields, including climate science, geophysics, ecology, astrophysics, and medicine. The book begins with a concise yet detailed primer on linear algebra, providing readers with the mathematical foundations needed for data analysis. It then fully explains the theory and methods for analyzing spatiotemporal data, guiding readers from the basics to the most advanced applications. This self-contained, practical guide to the analysis of multidimensional data sets features a wealth of real-world examples as well as sample homework exercises and suggested exams.
Aitor Anduaga
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562725
- eISBN:
- 9780191721755
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562725.001.1
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This book describes the complex relations between wireless and the British Empire, and draws on an broad range of unpublished manuscripts and original printed texts found in an large diversity of ...
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This book describes the complex relations between wireless and the British Empire, and draws on an broad range of unpublished manuscripts and original printed texts found in an large diversity of archives and national contexts (Britain, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand). The book also investigates the intimate relationship between the upper atmospheric sciences on the one hand, and structural factors (such as radio industry, technical education, and geopolitics) on the other. As an original feature, the book follows a pattern in which certain categories transit in parallel throughout the historical episode. The metaphor of a thread of five pieces representing the categories ‘science’, ‘industry’, ‘government’, ‘the military’, and ‘education’ serves to describe its thematic structure. The book examines the contribution of imperial defence, commercial companies, and academic traditions in promoting atmospheric sciences, a branch of research in which Britain was to lead the world. Attention is also given to the gradual displacementfrom long-wave to short-wave communications as a result of commercial imperatives associated with the Empire. The book concludes with a thought-provoking epilogue. ‘The Realist Interpretation of the Atmosphere’ proves how most radiophysicists indeed overstated the reality of the reflecting layers of the ionosphere, mainly for reasons related to the interests of radio engineers in commercial and governmental agencies, as well as to the activities of radio amateurs.Less
This book describes the complex relations between wireless and the British Empire, and draws on an broad range of unpublished manuscripts and original printed texts found in an large diversity of archives and national contexts (Britain, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand). The book also investigates the intimate relationship between the upper atmospheric sciences on the one hand, and structural factors (such as radio industry, technical education, and geopolitics) on the other. As an original feature, the book follows a pattern in which certain categories transit in parallel throughout the historical episode. The metaphor of a thread of five pieces representing the categories ‘science’, ‘industry’, ‘government’, ‘the military’, and ‘education’ serves to describe its thematic structure. The book examines the contribution of imperial defence, commercial companies, and academic traditions in promoting atmospheric sciences, a branch of research in which Britain was to lead the world. Attention is also given to the gradual displacementfrom long-wave to short-wave communications as a result of commercial imperatives associated with the Empire. The book concludes with a thought-provoking epilogue. ‘The Realist Interpretation of the Atmosphere’ proves how most radiophysicists indeed overstated the reality of the reflecting layers of the ionosphere, mainly for reasons related to the interests of radio engineers in commercial and governmental agencies, as well as to the activities of radio amateurs.
Aitor Anduaga
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562725
- eISBN:
- 9780191721755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562725.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
At the end of World War I, Britain and the US confronted a new décor of forces and power. The conflict had redesigned the geopolitical map. The truth is that the interwar years witnessed a struggle ...
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At the end of World War I, Britain and the US confronted a new décor of forces and power. The conflict had redesigned the geopolitical map. The truth is that the interwar years witnessed a struggle for supremacy between both countries in specific fields, of which the upper atmospheric sciences are an excellent example. In Britain, this was a period of consolidation in the organization of scientific services, as in the application of radio engineering and ionospheric physics. As a result, Britain held a position of leadership that would be increasingly shared with the Dominions, though ultimately discussed—and in part overcome—by the US. The underlying reasons for her supremacy are various. The cohabitation of styles, practices, and research schools was fruitful. Three traditions of long-independent pedigree—mathematical-physics Cambridge school, laboratory-based experimental physics, and Humboldtian-style terrestrial physics—converged and intersected in the interwar years.Less
At the end of World War I, Britain and the US confronted a new décor of forces and power. The conflict had redesigned the geopolitical map. The truth is that the interwar years witnessed a struggle for supremacy between both countries in specific fields, of which the upper atmospheric sciences are an excellent example. In Britain, this was a period of consolidation in the organization of scientific services, as in the application of radio engineering and ionospheric physics. As a result, Britain held a position of leadership that would be increasingly shared with the Dominions, though ultimately discussed—and in part overcome—by the US. The underlying reasons for her supremacy are various. The cohabitation of styles, practices, and research schools was fruitful. Three traditions of long-independent pedigree—mathematical-physics Cambridge school, laboratory-based experimental physics, and Humboldtian-style terrestrial physics—converged and intersected in the interwar years.
Aitor Anduaga
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562725
- eISBN:
- 9780191721755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562725.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The discovery of a clearly stratified structure of layers in the upper atmosphere has been—and still is—invoked too often as the great paradigm of atmospheric sciences in the 20th century. Behind ...
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The discovery of a clearly stratified structure of layers in the upper atmosphere has been—and still is—invoked too often as the great paradigm of atmospheric sciences in the 20th century. Behind this vision lies an emphasis—or rather an overstatement—on the reality of the concept of layer. Some historians have attributed this to—somewhat ambiguous—cultural factors. This chapter shows how, in the interwar years, most radiophysicists, for reasons principally related to extrinsic influences and to a lesser extent to internal developments of their own science, fervidly embraced a realist interpretation of the ionosphere. In particular, a specific social and commercial environment came to exert a strong influence on upper atmospheric physicists. This realist commitment is attributed to the mutual reinforcement of atmospheric physics and commercial and imperial interests in long-distance communications.Less
The discovery of a clearly stratified structure of layers in the upper atmosphere has been—and still is—invoked too often as the great paradigm of atmospheric sciences in the 20th century. Behind this vision lies an emphasis—or rather an overstatement—on the reality of the concept of layer. Some historians have attributed this to—somewhat ambiguous—cultural factors. This chapter shows how, in the interwar years, most radiophysicists, for reasons principally related to extrinsic influences and to a lesser extent to internal developments of their own science, fervidly embraced a realist interpretation of the ionosphere. In particular, a specific social and commercial environment came to exert a strong influence on upper atmospheric physicists. This realist commitment is attributed to the mutual reinforcement of atmospheric physics and commercial and imperial interests in long-distance communications.
Rizaldi Boer and Arjunapermal R. Subbiah
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195162349
- eISBN:
- 9780197562109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0037
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Meteorology and Climatology
Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world and comprises 5 main islands and about 30 smaller archipelagos. In total, there are 13,667 islands and ...
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Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world and comprises 5 main islands and about 30 smaller archipelagos. In total, there are 13,667 islands and islets, of which approximately 6,000 are inhabited. The estimated area of the Republic of Indonesia is 5,193,250 km2, which consists of a land territory of slightly more than 2,000,000 km2 and a sea territory of slightly more than 3,150,000 km2. Indonesia’s five main islands are Sumatra (473,606 km2); Java and Madura (132,187 km2), the most fertile and densely populated islands; Kalimantan or two-thirds of the island of Borneo (539,460 km2); Sulawesi (189,216 km2); and Irian Jaya (421,981 km2), the least densely populated island, which forms part of the world’s second largest island of New Guinea. Of about 200 million ha of land territory, about 50 million ha area is devoted to various agricultural activities. There is nearly 20 million ha of arable land, of which about 40% is wetland (rice fields), 40% is dryland, and 15% is shifting cultivation. In the early 1970s, agriculture contributed about 33% to the gross domestic product. Its share decreased to 23% by the early 1980s and to 16.3% in 1996. However, agriculture is the most important sector in the national economy due to its capacity to employ 41% of the labor force (MoE, 1999). Agriculture is vulnerable to drought. Ditjenbun (1995) reported that in 1994 many seedlings and young plants died due to a long dry season: about 22% of tea plants at age of 0–2 years, 4–9% of rubber plants at age of 0–1 year, 4% of cacao plants at age of 0–2 years, 1.5–11% of cashew nut plants at age of 0–2 years, 4% of coffee plants at age of 0–2 years, and 5–30% of coconut plants at age of 0–2 years. The impact of a long dry season on yields of plantation crops becomes known only a few months later. For example, oil palm production is known 6–12 months after a long dry season (Hasan et al., 1998). Rice is the main food crop severely affected by drought.
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Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world and comprises 5 main islands and about 30 smaller archipelagos. In total, there are 13,667 islands and islets, of which approximately 6,000 are inhabited. The estimated area of the Republic of Indonesia is 5,193,250 km2, which consists of a land territory of slightly more than 2,000,000 km2 and a sea territory of slightly more than 3,150,000 km2. Indonesia’s five main islands are Sumatra (473,606 km2); Java and Madura (132,187 km2), the most fertile and densely populated islands; Kalimantan or two-thirds of the island of Borneo (539,460 km2); Sulawesi (189,216 km2); and Irian Jaya (421,981 km2), the least densely populated island, which forms part of the world’s second largest island of New Guinea. Of about 200 million ha of land territory, about 50 million ha area is devoted to various agricultural activities. There is nearly 20 million ha of arable land, of which about 40% is wetland (rice fields), 40% is dryland, and 15% is shifting cultivation. In the early 1970s, agriculture contributed about 33% to the gross domestic product. Its share decreased to 23% by the early 1980s and to 16.3% in 1996. However, agriculture is the most important sector in the national economy due to its capacity to employ 41% of the labor force (MoE, 1999). Agriculture is vulnerable to drought. Ditjenbun (1995) reported that in 1994 many seedlings and young plants died due to a long dry season: about 22% of tea plants at age of 0–2 years, 4–9% of rubber plants at age of 0–1 year, 4% of cacao plants at age of 0–2 years, 1.5–11% of cashew nut plants at age of 0–2 years, 4% of coffee plants at age of 0–2 years, and 5–30% of coconut plants at age of 0–2 years. The impact of a long dry season on yields of plantation crops becomes known only a few months later. For example, oil palm production is known 6–12 months after a long dry season (Hasan et al., 1998). Rice is the main food crop severely affected by drought.
Guido Caldarelli
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199211517
- eISBN:
- 9780191705984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211517.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter presents the area of river networks analysis, and provides some description of the analytical and experimental results in this field.
This chapter presents the area of river networks analysis, and provides some description of the analytical and experimental results in this field.
Glennda Chui
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195174991
- eISBN:
- 9780197562239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195174991.003.0042
- Subject:
- Computer Science, History of Computer Science
In August 1999, I stood in the ruins of a collapsed apartment building near Izmit, Turkey—one of 60,000 buildings destroyed in 40 seconds by the most ...
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In August 1999, I stood in the ruins of a collapsed apartment building near Izmit, Turkey—one of 60,000 buildings destroyed in 40 seconds by the most powerful earthquake to strike a major city in nearly a century. It was a modern building surrounded by trees and greenery. A couch and a table stood intact in a room bright with potted flowers, now open to the air. A woman's coat had been carefully draped over the remains of a wall. As the stench of death rose around us, I wondered if the coat's owner was buried in the rubble beneath my feet. I was sent to Turkey to chase the science—to bring home lessons for readers who live near a strikingly similar fault system in California. But as I surveyed the damage with a team of scientists and engineers, there was no separating the science from the politics. Covered with a fine film of sweat mixed with dust from crumbled buildings and lime that had been scattered to prevent the spread of disease, we saw firsthand how corruption and greed had conspired with the forces of nature to kill more than 17,000 people. Some buildings were constructed right on the North Anatolian Fault. Its mole-like tracks plowed through barracks that had collapsed on 120 military officers, a highway overpass that fell on a bus, a bridge whose failure cut off access and aid to four villages. Researchers found concrete that was crumbly with seashells, chunks of Styrofoam where reinforcing metal bars should have been. Yet some well-reinforced buildings nicked or even pierced by the fault came through just fine, including an apartment building that moved 10 feet and had its front steps sliced off. Another home was cut in two; half collapsed, the other survived with windows intact. “How the hell?” marveled one engineer. “There's no way that building should stand in an earthquake.” That blend of science, politics, and human nature is just part of what makes earth science so compelling. It goes far beyond the academics of geology and plate tectonics to embrace earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, volcanoes, landslides—natural hazards that affect thousands of people and change the course of civilization.
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In August 1999, I stood in the ruins of a collapsed apartment building near Izmit, Turkey—one of 60,000 buildings destroyed in 40 seconds by the most powerful earthquake to strike a major city in nearly a century. It was a modern building surrounded by trees and greenery. A couch and a table stood intact in a room bright with potted flowers, now open to the air. A woman's coat had been carefully draped over the remains of a wall. As the stench of death rose around us, I wondered if the coat's owner was buried in the rubble beneath my feet. I was sent to Turkey to chase the science—to bring home lessons for readers who live near a strikingly similar fault system in California. But as I surveyed the damage with a team of scientists and engineers, there was no separating the science from the politics. Covered with a fine film of sweat mixed with dust from crumbled buildings and lime that had been scattered to prevent the spread of disease, we saw firsthand how corruption and greed had conspired with the forces of nature to kill more than 17,000 people. Some buildings were constructed right on the North Anatolian Fault. Its mole-like tracks plowed through barracks that had collapsed on 120 military officers, a highway overpass that fell on a bus, a bridge whose failure cut off access and aid to four villages. Researchers found concrete that was crumbly with seashells, chunks of Styrofoam where reinforcing metal bars should have been. Yet some well-reinforced buildings nicked or even pierced by the fault came through just fine, including an apartment building that moved 10 feet and had its front steps sliced off. Another home was cut in two; half collapsed, the other survived with windows intact. “How the hell?” marveled one engineer. “There's no way that building should stand in an earthquake.” That blend of science, politics, and human nature is just part of what makes earth science so compelling. It goes far beyond the academics of geology and plate tectonics to embrace earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, volcanoes, landslides—natural hazards that affect thousands of people and change the course of civilization.
Norman Herz and Ervan G. Garrison
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195090246
- eISBN:
- 9780197560631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0013
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Geophysical techniques are a commonplace tool in today's archaeology as a result of an extensive collaboration between scientists and archaeologists on ...
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Geophysical techniques are a commonplace tool in today's archaeology as a result of an extensive collaboration between scientists and archaeologists on both sides of the Atlantic. This "cross-fertilization" has produced growing subdisciplines, of which archaeological geophysics is one example. As may be recalled from our introductory chapter, K. Butzer defined geoarchaeology as archaeology done using a geological methodology. G. Rapp and J. A. Gifford describe archaeological geology as the use of geological techniques to solve archaeological problems. Fagan has called geoarchaeology a "far wider enterprise than geology," involving (1) geochemical and geophysical techniques to locate sites and features; (2) studies of site formation and spatial context; (3) geomorphology, palynology, paleobotany; (4) absolute and relative dating procedures; and (5) taphonomic studies. Archaeological geophysics is a major aspect of archaeological geology. The application of geophysical exploration techniques in archaeology is also known as archaeogeophysics. Geophysical methods of potential usefulness to archaeological geology fall within the following classes: 1. seismic: reflection/refraction 2. electrical & electromagnetic: resistivity and conductivity 3. magnetic 4. radar 5. microgravity 6. thermography All have been used on a variety of archaeological problems. The application of geophysical techniques has grown as (1) the access to the instruments and (2) the methodological understanding of the users have increased. Access to geophysical instrumentation has been made easier by the steady development in solid-state design and computerization, which has reduced size and costs as it has in almost every technical field. The beneficiaries are the geologists and archaeologists. The first to recognize the applicability of geophysical methods to archaeology were the geologists—more specifically, the geophysicists. Working in association with their archaeological colleagues, the earth scientists translated the objectives of the archaeologists into practice. Such cooperation was very productive but suffered from the same kinds of problems that dogged the early usage and acceptance of radiocarbon dating. The archaeologists' untutored enthusiasm, coupled with their lack of a true understanding of the physics and atmospheric chemistry inherent in that technique, led to a backlash of skepticism when dates reported by the first radiocarbon researchers were found to be in error.
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Geophysical techniques are a commonplace tool in today's archaeology as a result of an extensive collaboration between scientists and archaeologists on both sides of the Atlantic. This "cross-fertilization" has produced growing subdisciplines, of which archaeological geophysics is one example. As may be recalled from our introductory chapter, K. Butzer defined geoarchaeology as archaeology done using a geological methodology. G. Rapp and J. A. Gifford describe archaeological geology as the use of geological techniques to solve archaeological problems. Fagan has called geoarchaeology a "far wider enterprise than geology," involving (1) geochemical and geophysical techniques to locate sites and features; (2) studies of site formation and spatial context; (3) geomorphology, palynology, paleobotany; (4) absolute and relative dating procedures; and (5) taphonomic studies. Archaeological geophysics is a major aspect of archaeological geology. The application of geophysical exploration techniques in archaeology is also known as archaeogeophysics. Geophysical methods of potential usefulness to archaeological geology fall within the following classes: 1. seismic: reflection/refraction 2. electrical & electromagnetic: resistivity and conductivity 3. magnetic 4. radar 5. microgravity 6. thermography All have been used on a variety of archaeological problems. The application of geophysical techniques has grown as (1) the access to the instruments and (2) the methodological understanding of the users have increased. Access to geophysical instrumentation has been made easier by the steady development in solid-state design and computerization, which has reduced size and costs as it has in almost every technical field. The beneficiaries are the geologists and archaeologists. The first to recognize the applicability of geophysical methods to archaeology were the geologists—more specifically, the geophysicists. Working in association with their archaeological colleagues, the earth scientists translated the objectives of the archaeologists into practice. Such cooperation was very productive but suffered from the same kinds of problems that dogged the early usage and acceptance of radiocarbon dating. The archaeologists' untutored enthusiasm, coupled with their lack of a true understanding of the physics and atmospheric chemistry inherent in that technique, led to a backlash of skepticism when dates reported by the first radiocarbon researchers were found to be in error.
Robert J Marks II
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195335927
- eISBN:
- 9780197562567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195335927.003.0014
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Mathematical Theory of Computation
The Fourier transform is not particularly conducive in the illustration of the evolution of frequency with respect to time. A representation of the temporal evolution ...
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The Fourier transform is not particularly conducive in the illustration of the evolution of frequency with respect to time. A representation of the temporal evolution of the spectral content of a signal is referred to as a time-frequency representation (TFR). The TFR, in essence, attempts to measure the instantaneous spectrum of a dynamic signal at each point in time. Musical scores, in their most fundamental interpretation, are TFR’s. The fundamental frequency of the note is represented by the vertical location of the note on the staff. Time progresses as we read notes from left to right. The musical score shown in Figure 9.1 is an example. Temporal assignment is given by the note types. The 120 next to the quarter note indicates the piece should be played at 120 beats per minute. Thus, the duration of a quarter note is one half second. The frequency of the A above middle C is, by international standards, 440 Hertz. Adjacent notes notes have a ratio of 21/12. The note, A#, for example, has a frequency of 440 × 21/12 = 466.1637615 Hertz. Middle C, nine half tones (a.k.a. semitones or chromatic steps) below A, has a frequency of 440 × 2−9/12 = 261.6255653 Hertz. The interval of an octave doubles the frequency. The frequency of an octave above A is twelve half tones, or, 440 × 212/12 = 880 Hertz. The frequency spacings in the time-frequency representation of musical scores such as Figure 9.1 are thus logarithmic. This is made more clear in the alternate representation of the musical score in Figure 9.2 where time is on the horizontal axis and frequency on the vertical. At every point in time where there is no rest, a frequency is assigned. To make chords, numerous frequencies can be assigned to a point in time. Further discussion of the technical theory of western harmony is in Section 13.1.
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The Fourier transform is not particularly conducive in the illustration of the evolution of frequency with respect to time. A representation of the temporal evolution of the spectral content of a signal is referred to as a time-frequency representation (TFR). The TFR, in essence, attempts to measure the instantaneous spectrum of a dynamic signal at each point in time. Musical scores, in their most fundamental interpretation, are TFR’s. The fundamental frequency of the note is represented by the vertical location of the note on the staff. Time progresses as we read notes from left to right. The musical score shown in Figure 9.1 is an example. Temporal assignment is given by the note types. The 120 next to the quarter note indicates the piece should be played at 120 beats per minute. Thus, the duration of a quarter note is one half second. The frequency of the A above middle C is, by international standards, 440 Hertz. Adjacent notes notes have a ratio of 21/12. The note, A#, for example, has a frequency of 440 × 21/12 = 466.1637615 Hertz. Middle C, nine half tones (a.k.a. semitones or chromatic steps) below A, has a frequency of 440 × 2−9/12 = 261.6255653 Hertz. The interval of an octave doubles the frequency. The frequency of an octave above A is twelve half tones, or, 440 × 212/12 = 880 Hertz. The frequency spacings in the time-frequency representation of musical scores such as Figure 9.1 are thus logarithmic. This is made more clear in the alternate representation of the musical score in Figure 9.2 where time is on the horizontal axis and frequency on the vertical. At every point in time where there is no rest, a frequency is assigned. To make chords, numerous frequencies can be assigned to a point in time. Further discussion of the technical theory of western harmony is in Section 13.1.
Robert J Marks II
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195335927
- eISBN:
- 9780197562567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195335927.003.0016
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Mathematical Theory of Computation
Alternating projections onto convex sets (POCS) [319, 918, 1324, 1333] is a powerful tool for signal and image restoration and synthesis. The desirable properties of a ...
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Alternating projections onto convex sets (POCS) [319, 918, 1324, 1333] is a powerful tool for signal and image restoration and synthesis. The desirable properties of a reconstructed signal may be defined by a convex set of constraint parameters. Iteratively projecting onto these convex constraint sets can result in a signal which contains all desired properties. Convex signal sets are frequently encountered in practice and include the sets of bandlimited signals, duration limited signals, causal signals, signals that are the same (e.g., zero) on some given interval, bounded signals, signals of a given area and complex signals with a specified phase. POCS was initially introduced by Bregman [156] and Gubin et al. [558] and was later popularized by Youla & Webb [1550] and Sezan & Stark [1253]. POCS has been applied to such topics as acoustics [300, 1381], beamforming [426], bioinformatics [484], cellular radio control [1148], communications systems [29, 769, 1433], deconvolution and extrapolation [718, 907, 1216], diffraction [421], geophysics [4], image compression [1091, 1473], image processing [311, 321, 470, 471, 672, 736, 834, 1065, 1069, 1093, 1473, 1535, 1547, 1596], holography [880, 1381], interpolation [358, 559, 1266], neural networks [1254, 1543, 909, 913, 1039], pattern recognition [1444, 1588], optimization [598, 1359, 1435], radiotherapy [298, 814, 1385], remote sensing [1223], robotics [740], sampling theory [399, 1334, 1542], signal recovery [320, 737, 1104, 1428, 1594], speech processing [1450], superresolution [399, 633, 654, 834, 1393, 1521], television [736, 786], time-frequency analysis [1037, 1043], tomography [1103, 713, 1212, 1213, 1275, 916, 1322, 1060, 1040], video processing [560, 786, 1092], and watermarking [19, 1470]. Although signal processing applications ofPOCS use sets of signals,POCSis best visualized viewing the operations on sets of points. In this section, POCS is introduced geometrically in two and three dimensions. Such visualization of POCS is invaluable in application of the theory.
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Alternating projections onto convex sets (POCS) [319, 918, 1324, 1333] is a powerful tool for signal and image restoration and synthesis. The desirable properties of a reconstructed signal may be defined by a convex set of constraint parameters. Iteratively projecting onto these convex constraint sets can result in a signal which contains all desired properties. Convex signal sets are frequently encountered in practice and include the sets of bandlimited signals, duration limited signals, causal signals, signals that are the same (e.g., zero) on some given interval, bounded signals, signals of a given area and complex signals with a specified phase. POCS was initially introduced by Bregman [156] and Gubin et al. [558] and was later popularized by Youla & Webb [1550] and Sezan & Stark [1253]. POCS has been applied to such topics as acoustics [300, 1381], beamforming [426], bioinformatics [484], cellular radio control [1148], communications systems [29, 769, 1433], deconvolution and extrapolation [718, 907, 1216], diffraction [421], geophysics [4], image compression [1091, 1473], image processing [311, 321, 470, 471, 672, 736, 834, 1065, 1069, 1093, 1473, 1535, 1547, 1596], holography [880, 1381], interpolation [358, 559, 1266], neural networks [1254, 1543, 909, 913, 1039], pattern recognition [1444, 1588], optimization [598, 1359, 1435], radiotherapy [298, 814, 1385], remote sensing [1223], robotics [740], sampling theory [399, 1334, 1542], signal recovery [320, 737, 1104, 1428, 1594], speech processing [1450], superresolution [399, 633, 654, 834, 1393, 1521], television [736, 786], time-frequency analysis [1037, 1043], tomography [1103, 713, 1212, 1213, 1275, 916, 1322, 1060, 1040], video processing [560, 786, 1092], and watermarking [19, 1470]. Although signal processing applications ofPOCS use sets of signals,POCSis best visualized viewing the operations on sets of points. In this section, POCS is introduced geometrically in two and three dimensions. Such visualization of POCS is invaluable in application of the theory.
Alice P. Wright and Edward R. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813044606
- eISBN:
- 9780813046143
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044606.003.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The concept of social landscapes provides an integrative and innovative framework for archaeological research in the Early and Middle Woodland Southeast. Landscape archaeology has a diverse ...
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The concept of social landscapes provides an integrative and innovative framework for archaeological research in the Early and Middle Woodland Southeast. Landscape archaeology has a diverse intellectual history and presents certain analytical challenges, but new methodologies and technologies are enabling researchers to tackle questions about interactions among people and their natural and cultural surroundings. As demonstrated by the chapters in this volume (summarized in the introduction), the landscapes of the Early and Middle Woodland periods in the Southeast–long defined by novel and wide-reaching developments in technology, subsistence, interaction, and monumentality–are particularly amenable to such approaches.Less
The concept of social landscapes provides an integrative and innovative framework for archaeological research in the Early and Middle Woodland Southeast. Landscape archaeology has a diverse intellectual history and presents certain analytical challenges, but new methodologies and technologies are enabling researchers to tackle questions about interactions among people and their natural and cultural surroundings. As demonstrated by the chapters in this volume (summarized in the introduction), the landscapes of the Early and Middle Woodland periods in the Southeast–long defined by novel and wide-reaching developments in technology, subsistence, interaction, and monumentality–are particularly amenable to such approaches.
Edward Jones-Imhotep (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036511
- eISBN:
- 9780262341318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036511.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter examines the efforts to make the high-latitude ionogram legible, tracing the effects of that new legibility into wider, resonant views of the relationship between the North and ...
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This chapter examines the efforts to make the high-latitude ionogram legible, tracing the effects of that new legibility into wider, resonant views of the relationship between the North and communication failures. It first focuses on the transformations in the way the high-latitude ionogram was read. The same geophysical phenomena that disrupted Northern radio communications made high-latitude ionograms unreadable using standard techniques. Led by one of its founding members, Jack Meek, the Radio Physics Laboratory developed a set of reading regimes that would make these records readable for the first time. The second part of the chapter investigates how the connections built up through these techniques resonated far beyond the laboratory. By linking Northern geophysics and communications disruptions, the Laboratory furnished visual arguments for how defining elements of Canada’s northern-ness threatened reliable communications, feeding back into broader cultural narratives put forward by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the geographer Louis-Edmond Hamelin.Less
This chapter examines the efforts to make the high-latitude ionogram legible, tracing the effects of that new legibility into wider, resonant views of the relationship between the North and communication failures. It first focuses on the transformations in the way the high-latitude ionogram was read. The same geophysical phenomena that disrupted Northern radio communications made high-latitude ionograms unreadable using standard techniques. Led by one of its founding members, Jack Meek, the Radio Physics Laboratory developed a set of reading regimes that would make these records readable for the first time. The second part of the chapter investigates how the connections built up through these techniques resonated far beyond the laboratory. By linking Northern geophysics and communications disruptions, the Laboratory furnished visual arguments for how defining elements of Canada’s northern-ness threatened reliable communications, feeding back into broader cultural narratives put forward by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the geographer Louis-Edmond Hamelin.
James Lawrence Powell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164481
- eISBN:
- 9780231538459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164481.003.0016
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter looks at the final confrontation between geophysicists and paleomagnetists over the theory of continental drift. The standard historical geology textbook used in the 1950s did not ...
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This chapter looks at the final confrontation between geophysicists and paleomagnetists over the theory of continental drift. The standard historical geology textbook used in the 1950s did not contain the phrase continental drift. As Bailey Willis had urged, continental drift had indeed been banished from the curriculum of geology. One might expect that the geophysicists and oceanographers of the late 1950s and early 1960s would be more amenable to the new findings from paleomagnetism and the possibility of drift than the geologists. After all, the most convincing new data came from the geophysics of the ocean basins. But some geophysicists, such as Walter Munk, Gordon J. F. MacDonald, and Harold Jeffreys, were even more opposed. This chapter also discusses two meetings, one in 1963 and one in 1964, that capture the reversal of opinion over continental drift. The first focused on ancient climates, the second on geophysics and the new findings from the ocean basins.Less
This chapter looks at the final confrontation between geophysicists and paleomagnetists over the theory of continental drift. The standard historical geology textbook used in the 1950s did not contain the phrase continental drift. As Bailey Willis had urged, continental drift had indeed been banished from the curriculum of geology. One might expect that the geophysicists and oceanographers of the late 1950s and early 1960s would be more amenable to the new findings from paleomagnetism and the possibility of drift than the geologists. After all, the most convincing new data came from the geophysics of the ocean basins. But some geophysicists, such as Walter Munk, Gordon J. F. MacDonald, and Harold Jeffreys, were even more opposed. This chapter also discusses two meetings, one in 1963 and one in 1964, that capture the reversal of opinion over continental drift. The first focused on ancient climates, the second on geophysics and the new findings from the ocean basins.
James Lawrence Powell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231164481
- eISBN:
- 9780231538459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164481.003.0020
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter takes a look at some of the scientists who continued to reject continental drift. By the 1970s the majority of geologists had come to accept drift, but some never did: Walter Bucher, ...
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This chapter takes a look at some of the scientists who continued to reject continental drift. By the 1970s the majority of geologists had come to accept drift, but some never did: Walter Bucher, Maurice Ewing, and Harold Jeffreys, for example. Those who continue to insist they were right the first time, in spite of accumulating evidence to the contrary, are stuck forever with their original belief. They are entitled to their opinions, but they can also influence their students and followers to stick with them long past the time at which dissent is reasonable. As the person responsible for the collection of most of the data that led to the discovery of plate tectonics, Ewing is the most interesting dissenter. Jeffreys, by all accounts the leading geophysicist of several generations, was willing to let fossils trump geophysics as a source of evidence in support of continental drift.Less
This chapter takes a look at some of the scientists who continued to reject continental drift. By the 1970s the majority of geologists had come to accept drift, but some never did: Walter Bucher, Maurice Ewing, and Harold Jeffreys, for example. Those who continue to insist they were right the first time, in spite of accumulating evidence to the contrary, are stuck forever with their original belief. They are entitled to their opinions, but they can also influence their students and followers to stick with them long past the time at which dissent is reasonable. As the person responsible for the collection of most of the data that led to the discovery of plate tectonics, Ewing is the most interesting dissenter. Jeffreys, by all accounts the leading geophysicist of several generations, was willing to let fossils trump geophysics as a source of evidence in support of continental drift.
Allan Chapman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199681976
- eISBN:
- 9780191761737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681976.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
In this chapter we describe Edmond Halley’s undergraduate excursion to map the southern stars, and the establishment of his early career. We also discuss his relationship to Flamsteed, Hooke, and ...
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In this chapter we describe Edmond Halley’s undergraduate excursion to map the southern stars, and the establishment of his early career. We also discuss his relationship to Flamsteed, Hooke, and Newton, and describe his astronomical work on comets, nebulae, stellar distribution, the size of the solar system, and geophysics. Several of these advances were carried out while he held the positions of Savilian Professor of Geometry and Astronomer Royal.Less
In this chapter we describe Edmond Halley’s undergraduate excursion to map the southern stars, and the establishment of his early career. We also discuss his relationship to Flamsteed, Hooke, and Newton, and describe his astronomical work on comets, nebulae, stellar distribution, the size of the solar system, and geophysics. Several of these advances were carried out while he held the positions of Savilian Professor of Geometry and Astronomer Royal.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226816647
- eISBN:
- 9780226816661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226816661.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter shows Bruno Pontecorvo's pioneering contributions to wartime research in nuclear physics, illustrating how they propelled industrial and military endeavors. Pontecorvo had become one of ...
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This chapter shows Bruno Pontecorvo's pioneering contributions to wartime research in nuclear physics, illustrating how they propelled industrial and military endeavors. Pontecorvo had become one of the most prominent scientists in the Western nuclear research establishment. His presence in the Soviet Union was far more problematic than what a few government officials led the public believe. Pontecorvo's recent work on neutron well logging had caused him to consider the interaction of neutrons and hydrogen-baring or fissionable substances. The development of innovative counters marked a progress in the neutron well logging program. Pontecorvo's expertise in nuclear geophysics helped him in shaping trajectories of nuclear reactor research, which in turn allowed the beginning of a research program on neutrinos that eventually fed into both neutron well logging and pile physics.Less
This chapter shows Bruno Pontecorvo's pioneering contributions to wartime research in nuclear physics, illustrating how they propelled industrial and military endeavors. Pontecorvo had become one of the most prominent scientists in the Western nuclear research establishment. His presence in the Soviet Union was far more problematic than what a few government officials led the public believe. Pontecorvo's recent work on neutron well logging had caused him to consider the interaction of neutrons and hydrogen-baring or fissionable substances. The development of innovative counters marked a progress in the neutron well logging program. Pontecorvo's expertise in nuclear geophysics helped him in shaping trajectories of nuclear reactor research, which in turn allowed the beginning of a research program on neutrinos that eventually fed into both neutron well logging and pile physics.
Timothy S. de Smet
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683400738
- eISBN:
- 9781683400875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400738.003.0013
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
As a critical first step in underwater research, the authors stress the importance of using geophysics for detecting, locating, and determining the extent of archaeological deposits. Magnetometry, ...
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As a critical first step in underwater research, the authors stress the importance of using geophysics for detecting, locating, and determining the extent of archaeological deposits. Magnetometry, multibeam depth sounding, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling, airborne bathymetric LiDAR (ABL), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) are discussed. The hydrographic GPR case study of stratigraphy and bathymetry took place at the Ryan-Harley site. The ABL case study took place at the Lake George Point Site.Less
As a critical first step in underwater research, the authors stress the importance of using geophysics for detecting, locating, and determining the extent of archaeological deposits. Magnetometry, multibeam depth sounding, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling, airborne bathymetric LiDAR (ABL), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) are discussed. The hydrographic GPR case study of stratigraphy and bathymetry took place at the Ryan-Harley site. The ABL case study took place at the Lake George Point Site.
Douglas Kahn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520257801
- eISBN:
- 9780520956834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257801.003.0014
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
Pauline Oliveros’s notion of the sonosphere is described in terms of physical energies, natural and technological factors, and esoteric and New Age beliefs, with concentration on two compositions: ...
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Pauline Oliveros’s notion of the sonosphere is described in terms of physical energies, natural and technological factors, and esoteric and New Age beliefs, with concentration on two compositions: Primordial/Left, based on the Schumann resonances, and Echoes from the Moon, based on bouncing radio signals off the surface of the moon. Her esoterism is contextualized within similar interests of earlier American composers, Theosophical ideas of earth and larger scale sound, and the mystical music tropes in the theoretical physics of string theory. Her moon bounce composition is discussed in terms of Cold War exigencies, earth-scale television transmissions, the latency in President Nixon’s phone call to the moon during Apollo 11, and Katie Paterson’s more recent moon-bounce artwork.Less
Pauline Oliveros’s notion of the sonosphere is described in terms of physical energies, natural and technological factors, and esoteric and New Age beliefs, with concentration on two compositions: Primordial/Left, based on the Schumann resonances, and Echoes from the Moon, based on bouncing radio signals off the surface of the moon. Her esoterism is contextualized within similar interests of earlier American composers, Theosophical ideas of earth and larger scale sound, and the mystical music tropes in the theoretical physics of string theory. Her moon bounce composition is discussed in terms of Cold War exigencies, earth-scale television transmissions, the latency in President Nixon’s phone call to the moon during Apollo 11, and Katie Paterson’s more recent moon-bounce artwork.
William Rankin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226339368
- eISBN:
- 9780226339535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226339535.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Artillery in World War I was guided by the new cartographic technology of “map firing,” which required a rectangular mesh of evenly-spaced lines to be drawn on the maps used in the trenches. These ...
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Artillery in World War I was guided by the new cartographic technology of “map firing,” which required a rectangular mesh of evenly-spaced lines to be drawn on the maps used in the trenches. These systems, known generically as grids, were a powerful alternative to latitude and longitude and came to be useful not just for aiming guns but for a wide variety of civilian tasks as well – everything from recording property titles and laying out highways to stabilizing international boundaries. This chapter traces the long history of grids before World War II – from the work of César-François Cassini de Thury in the eighteenth century through the US State Plane Coordinate System and debates at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in the 1930s – and argues that they presented a serious challenge to the traditional experience (and politics) of using a map. Grid systems were not just lines on paper, but a new kind of full-scale coordinate system that was directly installed as a feature of the landscape. Grids can thus be seen as a mathematical realization of the often-humorous idea of a map at a scale of 1:1, but they were also an important new tool of geographic governance.Less
Artillery in World War I was guided by the new cartographic technology of “map firing,” which required a rectangular mesh of evenly-spaced lines to be drawn on the maps used in the trenches. These systems, known generically as grids, were a powerful alternative to latitude and longitude and came to be useful not just for aiming guns but for a wide variety of civilian tasks as well – everything from recording property titles and laying out highways to stabilizing international boundaries. This chapter traces the long history of grids before World War II – from the work of César-François Cassini de Thury in the eighteenth century through the US State Plane Coordinate System and debates at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in the 1930s – and argues that they presented a serious challenge to the traditional experience (and politics) of using a map. Grid systems were not just lines on paper, but a new kind of full-scale coordinate system that was directly installed as a feature of the landscape. Grids can thus be seen as a mathematical realization of the often-humorous idea of a map at a scale of 1:1, but they were also an important new tool of geographic governance.
Maurizio Forte, Nevio Danelon, David Johnston, Katherine McCusker, Everett Newton, Gianfranco Morelli, and Gianluca Catanzariti
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190498900
- eISBN:
- 9780190498924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190498900.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
Vulci 3000 is a multidisciplinary archaeological research project that applies cutting-edge technologies to produce a diachronic reconstruction of the Etruscan and Roman site of Vulci (tenth century ...
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Vulci 3000 is a multidisciplinary archaeological research project that applies cutting-edge technologies to produce a diachronic reconstruction of the Etruscan and Roman site of Vulci (tenth century BCE–fifth century CE). Located in the province of Viterbo, Italy, Vulci was one of the largest and most important cities of the Etruscan Dodecapolis—the federation of the most important cities of ancient Etruria, and one of the biggest cities in the first millennium BCE on the Italian peninsula. This project is aimed at the integration of different digital technologies of data capturing, simulation, and visualization for the interpretation and reconstruction of the ancient city.Less
Vulci 3000 is a multidisciplinary archaeological research project that applies cutting-edge technologies to produce a diachronic reconstruction of the Etruscan and Roman site of Vulci (tenth century BCE–fifth century CE). Located in the province of Viterbo, Italy, Vulci was one of the largest and most important cities of the Etruscan Dodecapolis—the federation of the most important cities of ancient Etruria, and one of the biggest cities in the first millennium BCE on the Italian peninsula. This project is aimed at the integration of different digital technologies of data capturing, simulation, and visualization for the interpretation and reconstruction of the ancient city.